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Riassunto di:
Extended summary of “Multi-visit
drone routing problem” ​
Filippo Borghetto
E-COMMERCE
LAST-MILE DELIVERY
VERSO UNA SOLUZIONE ALTERNATIVA…
OBIETTIVO
PROBLEMA: K-MVDRP
ALGORITMO
ALGORITMO: ordine di visita
ALGORITMO: fermate & clienti 1/2
ALGORITMO: fermate & clienti 2/2
SIMULAZIONI…E RISULTATI
CONSIDERAZIONI
• Poikonen, S., Golden, B., 2020. Multi-visit drone routing
problem. Comput. Oper. Res. 113, 104802 https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.cor.2019.104802
BIBLIOGRAFIA

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Extended summary of “ Multi-visit drone routing problem”

Editor's Notes

  1. I servizi di e-commerce permettono di acquistare dei beni online e riceverli direttamente a casa; la comodità che ne deriva ha fatto crescere rapidamente il volume degli ordini e a questa crescita corrisponde una richiesta di qualità del servizio (rapidità, l'accuratezza e l'affidabilità) sempre più esigente da parte dei clienti. Le aziende che si occupano di e-commerce si trovano quindi di fronte a sfide logistiche sempre più complesse; infatti, il processo che va dalla produzione del bene acquistato, fino al suo arrivo a casa dell’acquirente (ossia la catena di approvvigionamento) è caratterizzato da diverse fasi ed ognuna di queste contribuisce ad aumentare la complessità logistica complessiva.
  2. Tra queste fasi della catena di approvvigionamento, l'ultima fase di spedizione, ossia quella fase che trasporta il prodotto dal magazzino dove viene conservato, alla casa del cliente (chiamata last-mile delivery), ha catturato l'attenzione delle grandi aziende: essa, infatti, a causa degli enormi costi e dell’impatto cruciale sulle tempistiche, rappresenta la sfida logistica più critica
  3. in un momento in cui gli avanzamenti tecnologici (raggiunti in ambiti come AI, guida autonoma, autonomia di volo dei droni) permettono soluzioni alternative a quelle tradizionali, finalizzate all’abbattimento di costi, alla minimizzazione dei tempi di consegna e alla riduzione delle emissioni.
  4. l'obiettivo dell'articolo è quindi quello di ottimizzare le consegne last-mile (per servizi di e-commerce) utilizzando un approccio ibrido tra soluzione tradizionale e alternativa, ossia realizzando le consegne mediante dei droni, che vengono utilizzati in coppia con un camion. per raggiungere tale obiettivo, l'autore formula un problema di PLI, il K-MVDRP e per tale problema propone un algoritmo euristico risolutivo, chiamato RTS
  5. il problema proposto cerca di minimizzare il tempo necessario a consegnare un insieme di pacchetti ad un insieme di clienti, utilizzando un camion (che funge da deposito mobile) e dei droni (che effettuano le consegne). I pacchetti da consegnare e i droni sono trasportati dal camion che parte dal magazzino dove sono conservati i pacchetti, e vi fa ritorno una volta terminate le consegne. Prima di fare ritorno al magazzino di partenza, fino a che non vengono terminati i pacchetti, il camion effettua delle fermate dove uno o più droni possono decollare, in modo da consegnare dei pacchetti a più clienti, per poi tornare al camion che nel frattempo può recarsi in un’altra fermata Il problema formulato si distingue dalle precedenti pubblicazioni perché include i vincoli energetici a cui sono soggetti i voli dei droni; infatti, il modello tiene conto della capacità della batteria, del peso dei pacchi, e del dispendio energetico (espresso in funzione del carico trasportato e del tempo di volo del singolo drone). Tuttavia, l'autonomia di volo dei droni, recentemente (raggiunta grazie agli sviluppi tecnologici), rende possibile molte combinazioni di consegne quindi la formulazione può rapidamente diventare intrattabile al crescere del numero di clienti e delle possibili fermate che il camion può effettuare.
  6. Per ottenere una soluzione in tempi ragionevoli viene quindi descritto un algoritmo euristico che riconduce il problema a 2 sotto-problemi per i quali già esistono delle soluzioni efficaci: il primo sotto-problema riguarda l'individuazione dell'ordine di visita dei clienti, mentre il secondo si occupa di cercare le fermate che il camion dovrà effettuare e di stabilire il numero di clienti che i droni serviranno tra una fermata del camion e la successiva.
  7. Per risolvere il primo sotto-problema, ossia per stabilire l'ordine secondo il quale verranno serviti i clienti viene determinato in modo che clienti consecutivi siano tra loro vicini. Per ottenere questo ordine di visita dei clienti si risolve il problema delle consegne last-mile in maniera tradizionale: date le posizioni dei clienti e del magazzino, utilizzando un algoritmo euristico, viene determinato il percorso che il solo camion, senza l'ausilio dei droni, dovrebbe effettuare per consegnare tutti i pacchi nel minor tempo possibile, partendo e tornando dal magazzino;
  8. una volta stabilito l'ordine di visita, bisogna determinare quali fermate del camion conviene effettuare (tra quelle disponibili) e quanti clienti conviene far servire ai droni mentre il camion si sposta da una fermata alla successiva. per fare ciò è necessario generare tutte le possibili combinazioni di fermate del camion e numero di clienti serviti; infatti, i droni ed il camion si possono trovare, per ogni fermata effettuabile dal camion, ad aver già servito uno specifico numero di clienti che va da zero a tutti i clienti si utilizza quindi una matrice in cui ogni elemento identifica una combinazione di fermate e clienti serviti: la riga di un elemento della matrice rappresenta la fermata del camion in cui potrebbe trovarsi assieme ai droni, mentre la colonna rappresenta il numero di clienti già serviti secondo l’ordine prima stabilito
  9. A questo punto, associando ad ogni coppia di elementi della matrice (quindi combinazioni di fermate e clienti serviti) il tempo impiegato dal camion e dai droni per passare dall'una all'altra, è possibile scegliere la sequenza di coppie che inizia dal magazzino con 0 clienti serviti e termina nel magazzino con tutti i clienti serviti, impiegando il minor tempo possibile, cioè si sceglie la sequenza di coppie che minimizza la somma del tempo associato ad ogni coppia appartenente alla sequenza, utilizzando un algoritmo euristico già esistente.
  10. Per testare l’algoritmo proposto sono state generate 100 diverse istanze del problema, in cui le posizioni dei clienti e delle fermate del camion sono state scelte casualmente su un’area di 625km^2, secondo una distribuzione uniforme. Ognuna di queste istanze casuali viene testata su dei parametri di input: la velocità costante dei droni, la densità energetica della batteria, il numero di rotori ed il numero di droni utilizzato. Modificando i valori dei parametri su cui ogni istanza viene testata e analizzando la variazione del tempo impiegato per terminare le consegne che ne consegue, si può concludere che ad un aumento del numero di droni e della velocità costante che questi utilizzano, corrisponde una diminuzione del tempo necessario per terminare le consegne, più significativa rispetto ad un miglioramento degli altri parametri.
  11. È necessario osservare però, come questa conclusione riguardi esclusivamente il modello proposto, che NON considera fattori esterni, inevitabili nella realtà (condizioni metereologiche oppure il traffico stradale) Tuttavia, a differenza degli articoli presenti in letteratura, affronta in maniera completa la questione energetica dei voli dei droni e utilizza parametri di input che riflettono le più recenti ricerche scientifiche nell’ambito dell’efficienza energetica, della velocità e della capacità di carico dei droni, utilizzando valori attualmente raggiungibili da droni già in commercio, e altri ipoteticamente raggiungibili dai droni in un futuro prossimo.