Powerpoint looking at research paradigms and research ethics. For AS6230. The paradigms are based on the work of Denzin and Lincoln and show how questions determine all aspects of the research.

1. AS6230:
Introduction to
Research

2. 1.
Whakawhangatanga
We are in this together: The ID Crisis

3. 2.
Why are we here?
More Words = More Confidence

4. Hit the Target
First as individuals
Then in groups of four

5. 3.
It All Comes Down the to
Question

6. Recall First Class
✘ Observation methods (Spradley, 1980)
✘ Qualitative Analysis Coding (Abstracting and
Comparing) (Punch, 1998)

7. Your Question Determines Your Methodology
Which, in turn, determines your Methods of
data-gathering

8. Where to next….
✘Locating your questions within a paradigm of research
✘Outlining the constraints of your research
Time, money, contextual etc
✘Selecting an appropriate methodology
✘Make sure there is fusion between the questions, paradigm (theory),
constraints, and methodology

9. PARADIGM FOCUS QUESTION
Positivist/Postpostivist Statistics – Establishing truth and differences How many …
What quantifiable differences exist …
Constructivist Exploring and constructing truths How do …
Feminist Exploring gendered differences and perspectives What are the experiences of boys and girls …
How do girls …
Ethnic Exploring ethnic differences
and perspectives
What are the experiences of Maori and Pakeha …
How do Maori …
Marxist Exploring class differences and perspectives What are the experiences of lower socio-economic and middle-
class …
How do the poor …
Cultural Studies To critique and question current truths and critically
examine differences
What knowledges/ideas …
What are the implications of this particular knowledge …

10. Paradigm One: Positivist/Postpositivist
✘Aim
To track gender/culture/socioeconomic differences
To measure the effectiveness of boot camps as an intervention
✘Question/s
Are there any differences?
What are these differences? – quantified
✘Constraints
Numbers/Cash
Statistical knowledge
✘Methodology
Textual analysis
Tests/Survey research

11. Paradigm Two: Constructivist (1)
✘Aim
To explore why some young people dislike school
To understand the experiences of young people in an initiative
✘Question/s
How do young people experience school?
What were the experiences of youth in the initiative?
✘Constraints
Purpose is quite contained
Confusion over roles (esp youth workers and youth – if involved)
✘Methodology
Case study
Ethnography

12. Paradigm Two: Constructivist (2)
✘Aim
To construct an Asian theory of youth development
To construct an understanding of the elements needed for successful mentoring
✘Question/s
How do Asian young people experience adolescence?
What elements exist in successful mentoring programmes?
✘Constraints
External validity
Finances
✘Methodology
Case Study
Ethnography

13. Paradigm Three: Feminist
✘Aim
To explore gendered experiences of boot camps
✘Question/s
What are the experiences of boys and girls involved in boot camps?
Constraints
External validity
Finances
✘Methodology
Narrative storytelling
Ethnography
Case study

14. Paradigm Four: Ethnic
✘Aim
To explore ethnic experiences of boot camps
✘Question/s
What are the experiences of Pakeha and Maori involved in boot camps?
How are these experiences linked to their lived contexts?
✘Constraints
External validity
Finances
✘Methodology
Ethnographic case studies (post-colonial in nature)
Kaupapa research
Talanoa research

15. Paradigm Five: Marxist
✘Aim
To explore the ways mentoring reinforces/opposes structural inequalities
✘Question/s
What are the outcomes of mentoring programmes?
What structural differences exist?
How does mentoring work/not work as a hegemonic tool?
✘Constraints
Finances, Resources etc
External validity
✘Methodology
Discourse analysis
Survey research

16. Paradigm Six: Cultural Studies
✘Aim
To critique the forms of knowledge promoted by youth development initiatives
✘Question/s
What knowledges do youth development initiatives focus on?
How is this knowledge conveyed and implemented?
What are the implications?
✘Constraints
Time and knowledge
Knowledge capital
✘Methodology
Post-structural discourse analysis

17. Paradigm Seven: Mixed
✘Aim
To measure student success in boot camps and find the factors which lead to success
✘Question/s
To what rate do young people reduce offending after boot camps?
What factors led to evidence of improvement?
✘Constraints
External validity
✘Methodology
Survey research
Case study

18. Theory and the Paradigms
✘Theory before (Inductive Research)
Can sit within all the paradigms
✘Theory after (Deductive Research)
Positivist
Constructivist
✘Reflexive theory
Can sit within all the paradigms

19. Methods and the Paradigms
✘Textual analysis
Positivist, feminist, ethnic, Marxist, cultural
studies, mixed
✘Survey
Positivist, Marxist, cultural studies, mixed
✘Observation
Positivist, constructivist, cultural studies, mixed
✘Interviews
Across all – however differs moving from
structured, semi-structured to unstructured

20. 4.
Time for a Break

21. It All Comes Down to a Question

22. 5.
Research Ethics

23. Working ethically
✘Code of Ethics
✘More than a bureaucratic
process
✘Involves action and
reflection

24. The History of Research Ethics
✘Watson and Baby Albert
✘WW2 and Nazi Germany
✘Psychology – why are humans so evil
✘NZ Cartwright Inquiry
✘Today ? The Ketamine Incident?

25. What are ethics
✘Informed Consent
✘Confidentiality
✘No harm
✘Qualitative Research vs
Quantitative Research
✘Catalytic Validity

26. The ethical research journey
✘Where does ethics
start?
✘Where does it
finish?
✘What should we
learn along the way?
✘What about NGO
research?

27. The type of research you are doing and the type of
methodology you are using determines how ethics will
inform your research
Ethics and research

28. Getting through ethics applications
✘Know what the committee wants in addition to your application:
✘Copies of instruments, consent/information forms or valid
explanation
✘Letterheads on all information to participants
✘Lockable storage/passwords etc
✘But what if there is no committee?
✘Create a plan!

29. Questions and Reflections

30. 6.
Lunch

31. 7.
Revising and Cementing

32. Reading Backwards
✘ In groups, create a mindmap presentation showing:
✘The Research Topic
✘The Research Question
✘How it aligns to the Methodology and Methods
✘How Research Ethics have been incorporated

33. Your Turn

34. Hit the Target
Where are you at now?

35. thanks!
Any questions?

36. Credits
Special thanks to all the people who made and released
these awesome resources for free:
✘ Presentation template by SlidesCarnival
✘ Photographs by Unsplash