2. Depression
It is often defined by those experiencing it as just not feeling right, not being your
usual self, not wanting to be with the people you care about
It can also be accompanied by outbursts of tears or temper with little
understanding as to why one feels like they do
It is persistent, on-going
It can also be accompanied by disturbed sleep patterns, weight problems,
concentration problems, self-harm and suicidal thoughts
There are differing types of depression
3. Depression – the NZ facts
1 in 7 will experience depression before they are 24
1 in 8 men
1 in 5 women
1 in 5 people will experience depression and anxiety at the same time
1 in 4 people will experience anxiety
(Ministry of Health, cited in Health Promotion Agency, 2017)
www.depression.org.nz
4. Depression – the causes
More than a chemical imbalance in the brain
Smaller hippocampus, development of neurons/nerves
Production of neurotransmitters in the brain
Memory (Acetylcholine)
Sleep, appetite, mood, pain (Serotonin)
Blood pressure, motivation, reward (Norepinephrine)
Movement, motivation, reward (Dopamine)
Excitement (Glutamate)
Inhibitions (Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA))
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qS83wD29PY
Basically your brain is a electro-chemical highway – when the wrong vehicles are on the road, you feel the effects
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOK1tKFFIQI
5. Depression – the Causes
Genes – the short version of the serotonin-transporter gene (5-HTT), stress
hormones
Temperament – whether you are the type to withdrawal/how you see the world
Life events – the way your body reacts to stress, early experiences of loss/trauma
Seasonal Affective Disorder (1-2% of population)
Medical problems – neurological conditions, nutritional deficiencies (B12), thyroid
problems and so forth
Medications
9. Cyberbullying
What is it?
How does it differ to traditional bullying?
What are the effects?
Does it differ between boys, girls, different cultures, ages etc?
10. Now build upon all
your answers with the
MD Approach
and the theories of
YD5101
11. Seeing it in action
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ovR3FF_6us&feature=youtu.be&list=FLdv8d
omEzeDFPchhXk56V4w
12. Key resource for practitioners
https://www.netsafe.org.nz/
http://au.reachout.com/
All the other resources
Editor's Notes
Kinds of neurotransmitters. Scientists have identified many different neurotransmitters. Here is a description of a few believed to play a role in depression:
Acetylcholine enhances memory and is involved in learning and recall.
Serotonin helps regulate sleep, appetite, and mood and inhibits pain. Research supports the idea that some depressed people have reduced serotonin transmission. Low levels of a serotonin byproduct have been linked to a higher risk for suicide.
Norepinephrine constricts blood vessels, raising blood pressure. It may trigger anxiety and be involved in some types of depression. It also seems to help determine motivation and reward.
Dopamine is essential to movement. It also influences motivation and plays a role in how a person perceives reality. Problems in dopamine transmission have been associated with psychosis, a severe form of distorted thinking characterized by hallucinations or delusions. It's also involved in the brain's reward system, so it is thought to play a role in substance abuse.
Glutamate is a small molecule believed to act as an excitatory neurotransmitter and to play a role in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Lithium carbonate, a well-known mood stabilizer used to treat bipolar disorder, helps prevent damage to neurons in the brains of rats exposed to high levels of glutamate. Other animal research suggests that lithium might stabilize glutamate reuptake, a mechanism that may explain how the drug smooths out the highs of mania and the lows of depression in the long term.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid that researchers believe acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It is thought to help quell anxiety.
From http://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression