The document discusses measurement and analysis (M&A) in project management. M&A includes measuring a project's state, analyzing the data, and communicating results. It outlines the key goals and subpractices for each step, such as establishing objectives, specifying measures, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating results. An example scenario at a company developing web applications demonstrates how M&A can provide insights into project costs and budgets to improve estimation accuracy.

1. Measurement and Analysis
Software Engineering: Project Management
Feras Tanan, Christoph Bohr, Mayar Davari,
Oleksii Donets, Jakob Eichler, Hosam Nima

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Introduction to Measurement and Analysis (M&A)
• What is Measurement and Analysis?
• What is used for?
• M&A includes:
Measuring the state of a project
Analyzing the measured data
Communicating the results of the analysis

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• SG 1 Align Measurement and Analysis Activities
• SP 1.1 Establish Measurement Objectives
• SP 1.2 Specify Measures
• SP 1.3 Specify Data Collection and Storage Procedures
• SP 1.4 Specify Analysis Procedures
• SG 2 Provide Measurement Results
• SP 2.1 Obtain Measurement Data
• SP 2.2 Analyze Measurement Data
• SP 2.3 Store Data and Results
• SP 2.4 Communicate Results

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SP 1.1 – Establish Measurment Objectives
Goals:
• Specify the objectives for
measuring data.
• Specify the need of data, with
respect to the goals
• Specify how to act upon the
measured data

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SP 1.1 – Subpractices
1. Document information needs and objectives
2. Prioritize information needs and objectives
3. Document, review, and update measurement objectives
4. Provide feedback for refining and clarifying information needs and
objectives as necessary
5. Maintain traceability of measurement objectives to identified
information needs and objectives

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SP 1.1 – Examples
• Reduce time to delivery
• Reduce total lifecycle cost
• Deliver specified functionality completely
• Improve prior levels of quality
• Improve prior customer satisfaction ratings

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Sp 1.2 – Specify Measures
• Goal: Specify measures to address the measurement objectives.
 Decision depends on information which can be obtained by
doing measures
 Each organization determines what measures are important for
managing their organizational goals
 As much as the Measurement is precise , as much as the
decision is correct

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SP 1.2 - Subpractices
1. Identify and categorize candidate measures based on documented
measurement
2. Identify existing measures that already address the measurement
Objectives.
3. Prioritize, review, and update measures.

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SP 1. 2 - Measurment types & categories
• Measures may be either base
or derived.
• Measures can also be
categorized
• Common categories are:
 Schedule and progress
 Effort and cost
 Size and stability
 Quality

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SP 1. 2 – Measurement Types
• Base Measurement : Results of base measure are obtained by
direct measurement.
• Examples :
 Estimated and actual measures of work product size (e.g.,
number of pages, working hours, ).
 Quality measures (e.g., number of defects by severity)
• Derived measure are usually optained by combining two or more
base measures.
• Examples
 Average annual profit
 Defected products ratio
 Earned Value

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1.2 - Examples

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SP 1.3 - Specify Data Collection And Storage
Procedures
• Specifies how measurement data is collected and stored.
• Work Products:
 Data Collection Procedures
 Data Collection Tools.

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SP 1.3 - Subpractices
1. Identify existing sources of data that are generated from
current work products, processes, or transactions.
2. Identify measures for which data are needed but are not
currently available.
3. Specify how to collect and store the data for each required
measure.
4. Create data collection mechanisms and process guidance.
5. Support automatic collection of data as appropriate and feasible.
6. Prioritize, review, and update data collection and storage
procedures.
7. Update measures and measurement objectives as necessary.

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1.3 - Example

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• Goals:
 Specifying of analysis
procedure
 Ensure, that analyses will
be carried out and
reported
SP 1.4 - Specify Analysis Procedures

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SP 1.4 – Subpractices
1. Specify and prioritize the analyses to be conducted and
the reports to be prepared
2. Select appropriate data analysis methods and tools
3. Specify administrative procedures for analyzing data
and communicating results
4. Review and update the proposed content and format
of specified analyses and reports.
5. Specify criteria for evaluating the utility of analysis
results and for evaluating the conduct of measurement
and analysis activities

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• Goal: Obtain the specified data
for the analysis and check the data
for completeness and correctness.
SP 2.1 - Collect Measurement Data

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SP 2.1 - Subpractices 1/1
1. Obtain the data for base measures
 Collect all the base data as definied in SP 1.3
2. Generate the data for derived measures
 Generate the derived data as definied in SP 1.3
3. Perform data integrity checks
 Missing data
 Out-of-bounds data values
 Unusual patterns
 Correlation across measures

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• Goal: Analyse the collected
data and identify missing
information needs. Review
the results and revision the
analysis process.
SP 2.2 - Analyze Measurement Data

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1. Conduct initial analyses
2. Conduct additional measurement and analysis as
necessary
3. Review the initial results with relevant stakeholders
4. Refine criteria for future analyses
SP 2.2 - Subpractices

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 Goals:
 Enable timely and cost effictive use as historical data and results
 Provide sufficient context to interpret the data and the analysis
results
• What information has to be stored?
 Measurement plans
 Specifications of measures
 Collected data sets
 Analysis reports and presentations
 Maintenance period for data stored
SP 2.3 – Store data and results

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1. Review data to ensure their completeness, integrity,
accuracy and currency.
2. Store data according to data storage procedures.
3. Make stored contents available for use only to
appropriate groups and staff members.
4. Prevent stored information from being used
inappropriately.
SP 2.3 - Subpractices 1/1

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SP 2.4 - Communicate Results
Goals:
• Communicate results of measurement and analysis
activities to all relevant Stakeholders (end users,.data
analysts, sponsors, data providers)
• Support decision making
• Assist in taking corrective action

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1. Keep stakeholders informed in a timely manner
2. Assist stakeholders in understanding the results
 Communication in clear and concise manner
 Results are understandable, easily interpretable and tied to
information needs
SP 2.4 - Subpractices 1/1

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Real Life Example
 KEMWEB
 Development of web
applications
 Approximately 30
employees
 Located at Mainz

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Example: Scenario
• A customer wants a new web application
• KEMWEB estimates their own costs (mainly in person
hours) to realize the application
• KEMWEB makes an offer based on the estimation
• The application is developed
• The customer pays to KEMWEB the money for the
estimated effort

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Example: Measurement Objectives
Information needs:
 How accurate are the cost estimations for projects?
 How much budget is left in a running project?
Measurement Objectives
 Provide insight into actual and estimated cost of each
project during the development process
 Give access to remaining budget

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 Measure the running cost of each project (base measure)
 In person hours
 Measure the remaining budget (derived measure)
 In person hours
Example: Specify Measures

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 The used budget (working hours) are collected via a web
interface and stored in a database
 Each employee enters the time he worked on the project at
the end of each working day
Example: Data Collection and Storage Procedures

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 The management can access the total amount of done work
and the remaining budget in the same web application
 Each day the project manager inspects the remaining
budget. If it is below the estimated budget for the remaining
work, the management is informed for further instructions
 After the project is finished, the management takes a look at
the actual cost. If it differs more than 15% form the
estimation, further investigation will be started
(interviewing developers for reasons)
Example: Analysis Procedures

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• The Measurement and Analysis
 Provides guidance on establishing a working measurement
program.
 emphasizes the need for clear objectives and defined
measures
 Measurement results are then collected and used to assess
progress towards these objectives.
• The best implementations of M&A focus on what is most
important to a business.
Summary

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Thanks for your attention!