Detailed description on the topic Planning in Public Health Dentistry.

1. STEPS IN PLANNING

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Uses of planning
 Information needed for planning
 Steps in planning
 Identify the problem
 Determining priorities
 Development of goals , objectives and
activities
 Resource identification

3.  Identification of constraints
 Identification of alternative strategy
 Develop Implementation strategy
 Implementation
 Monitoring
 Evaluation
 Conclusion
 References

4. INTRODUCTION
 DEFINITION: Planning is a systematic
approach to defining the problem , setting
priorities ,developing specific goals and
objectives and determining alternative
strategies and methods of implementation

5.  Planning results in the formulation of a plan
 E.C.Banfield has presented a basic definition
of the term PLAN: “A plan is a decision about
a course of action”

6. USES OF PLANNING
 To match limited resources with many
problems
 To eliminate wasteful expenditure or
duplication of expenditure
 To develop the best course of action to
accomplish a defined objective

7. INFORMATION NEEDED FOR PLANNING
Informatio
n needed
for
planning
Sociodemographic
population profile:
Age
Ethnicity
Population
mobility
Existing service provision:
Availability of services
Range of treatment available
Costs of care
Access to service
Effectiveness of intervention
Disease level:
Epidemiological data
Range of condition
Severity of disease
Disease distribution
Trends in disease
Public concerns:
Population priorities
View of health service
Demands on health
service

8. STEPS IN PLANNING
1. Identify the problem
2. Determining priorities
3. Development of program goals , objectives
and activities
4. Resource identification
5. Identifying constraints
6. Identify alternative strategies
7. Develop implementation strategy
8. Implementation
9. Monitoring
10. Evaluation

9. 1.IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM
Conducting a needs assessment:
 cause of the problem
 Identify cause and severity of problem
 Evaluate effectiveness of a program

10.  Information required are:
 Number of individuals
 Geographic distribution
 Rate of growth
 Population density and degree of
urbanization
 Ethnic background
 Diet and nutritional levels
 Standard of living

11.  Health care facilities available
 Public and private school system
 General health profile
 Patterns and distribution of dental disease
 History and current status of dental disease
 Fluoride content of water

12.  Analysis of the data:
once the data is obtained from the needs
assessment the information must be
analyzed before the priorities are determined

13. 2.DETERMINING PRIORITIES
 Priority determination is a method of imposing
people’s values and judgment of what is important
onto the raw data
 When setting a priority for a community the planner
must ask;
 How serious is the problem?
 What %of the population is affected by it?

14. 3.DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAM GOALS ,
OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES
 GOALS:
A goal is defined as the ultimate desired state
towards which objectives and resources are
directed,
They are not constrained by time or existing
resources nor necessarily attainable

15.  OBJECTIVES:
objectives should specify the following:
what:
extent:
who:
where:
when:

16.  ACTIVITIES:
activities include 3 components:
1)what is going to be done?
2)who will be doing it?
3)when will it be done?

17. 4.RESOURCE IDENTIFICATION
 The term resource implies the manpower ,
money, materials , skills , knowledge , and time
needed or available for the performance or
support of action directed towards specified
objectives
 Criteria used:
appropriateness
adequacy
effectiveness

18. 5.IDENTIFYING CONSTRAINTS
 While planning there can be many constraints or
difficulties.
 By identifying these constraints ,one can modify the
design of the program and create a more practical
and realistic plan.
 To identify a constraint is to bring together a group of
citizens who might in some of capacity be involved in
or affected by the project.
 A group that is familiar with local politics and
community structures can be chosen

19. 6.IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY
 It is important to generate a sufficient number of
alternatives
 However the planner must be aware about the
alternatives that sound good on the surface but may
have limitations when closely examined
 He should choose the activity that is most effective

20. 7.DEVELOP IMPLEMENTATION STARTEGY
 Ask the following questions:
 why
 what
 who
 when
 how
 how much

21.  To develop an implementation strategy the
planner must know what specific activity
he/she wants to do
 The most effective method is to work
backward to identify the events that must
occur prior to initiating the activity

22. 8.IMPLEMENTATION
 DEFINITION:
The process of putting the plan into operation is
referred to as implementation
 4 phases:
 pilot phase
 controlled phase
 Actualization phase
 Operational phase
 Implementation process involves individuals,
organization and the community

23. 9.MONITORING
 DEFINITION:
Monitoring refers to the maintenance of an
ongoing watch over the activities of a health service
 Monitoring often denotes not only watching but using
the observation as a basis for continual modification
of goals , plans or activities

24.  The data collected for monitoring include:
 Input data
 Process data
 Output data

25. 10.EVALUATION
 It measures;
 The degree to which objectives and targets are fulfilled
and the quality of the results obtained
 The productivity of available resources in achieving
clearly defined objectives
 How much output or cost effectiveness is achieved

26. CONCLUSION
 A plan can play vital role in helping to avoid
mistakes or recognize hidden opportunities .
 Planning helps in forecasting the future ,
making the future visible to some extent
 It bridges between where we are and where
we want to go
 However planning is worthwhile only if
changes is seen to be necessary and if the
plans are capable of being implemented

27. REFERENCE
 Textbook of Essentials Of Public Health
Dentistry - Soben Peter 5th Edition
 Textbook of Preventive And Community
Dentistry – S S Hiremath 7th Edition
 Textbook of Preventive And Social
Medicine –
K Park 19th Edition