Degenerative condition of eye by faslu muhammed

1. OPTOM FASLU MUHAMMED

2.  Degenerations may be unilateral or bilateral
and are secondary phenomena after previous
disease

3. Degenerative Conditions of
Conjunctiva
 Concretions
 Pinguecula
 Pterygium
29th October 2006 dr sanjay shrivastava 3

4. Concretions (Lithiasis)
 They are minute hard, yellow, projectile lesions seen in
palpabral conjunctiva.
 Concretions are due to collection of epithelial cells and
inspissated mucous in depressions called Henle’s
gland.
29th October 2006 dr sanjay shrivastava 4

6.  They produce foreign body sensation. Commonly
found in elderly patients who have suffered from
Trachoma.
 Treatment: Removal under topical Anaesthesia with a
sharp hypodermic needle.

7. Pinguecula
 It’s a triangular patch on the bulbar conjunctiva in
palpabral aperture in elderly patients especially those
exposed to strong sunlight, dust ,wind , drying etc
 The pinguecula is due to hyaline infiltration and
elastotic degeneration in sub-mucous tissue.

9.  Yellow triangular raised lesion with apex away from
cornea are seen in palpabral aperture.
 Nasal side is affected first then the temporal.
 The patch looks like fat (pinguis = fat). The lesion is
stationary at a moderate size. The pinguecula becomes
more prominent in congested / inflammed eye.

10.  No treatment is usually required. If removal is desired
for cosmetic purposes

11. Pterygium
 Pterygium (A wing) is a triangular encroachment of
bulbar conjunctiva on to the cornea.
 The conjunctiva invade the cornea destroying the
superficial layers of the stroma and bowman
membrane , the corneal tissue is covered by
conjunctival epithelium.

13. Etiology
 Commonly seen in dry ,sunny, hot climate with sandy
soil, ultra-violet light also act as etiological factor

14. Signs
 A triangular encroachment of conjunctiva upon the
cornea with numerous small deep opacities in front of
the apex.
 It usually follows pinguecula first develop on nasal
side, in case of double pterygium temporal side is
affected later.

15.  Progressive pterygium is thick vascular growth with
punctate opacities in front of the apex.
 Atrophic pterygium is thin and pale growth with few
obliterated vessels. It is characterized by formation of
dense fibrous tissue and is associated with
considerable corneal astigmatism.

16. Prophylaxis
 UV rays filters, protective glasses
 Artificial tears

17.  If small and does not cause cosmetic problem, it be
left.
 Subconjunctival resection of pterygium leaving a bare
sclera adjacent to limbus
 Sub-conjunctival transplantation of pterygium.

18. Degenerative Conditions of Cornea
 Epithelial
 I. Keratitis sicca
 II. Recurrent erosion
 III. Keratomalacia
 IV. Neuroparalytic keratopathy

19. Stromal
 Arcus senilis
 Terrien’s ulcer
 Calcific band keratopathy
 Salzmann’s nodular degeneration
 Lipid keratopathy
 Limbus girdle of Vogt
 Delle
 Anterior crocodile shagreen

20. Keratitis sicca
 Because the watery part of the tear secretion is lacking,
corneal epithelial punctate erosions develop in
exposed areas

21. Recurrent erosion
 The epithelium forms small blebs and then desquamates
In recurring cycles.
 The condition usually follows incomplete healing of a
traumatic corneal abrasion, most commonly a fingernail,
paper, or plant injury.
 The cause is uncertain but seems to be a defect
in the epithelium that produces an abnormal
basement membrane.

22. Keratomalacia
 Keratomalacia, caused by a deficiency of vitamin A, is
characterized by diffuse, excessive keratinization of all
mucous membrane epithelia, including the cornea and
conjunctiva
 The condition occurs most often in children , who
characteristically complain of night blindness

23. Neuroparalytic keratopathy
 Early neuroparalytic keratopathy, which may resemble
recurrent erosion, often progresses to almost total
corneal epithelial desquamation.
 Frequently, it is complicated by secondary infection
that leads to perforation.

24.  The condition is caused by a lesion any where along
the course of the ophthalmic division of the fifth
cranial nerve and results in partial or complete loss of
corneal sensitivity

25. Stromal
Arcus senilis
 Lipid deposit is limited to the peripheral cornea and
central sclera.
 It starts earliest at the inferior pole of the cornea, then
involves the superior, becoming annular in the late
stage.
 lipid first concentrates in the area of Descemet’s
membrane, then in the area of Bowman’s membrane

27. Terrien’s ulcer
 The lesion, a limbal depression or gutter, starts as fine,
yellow-white, punctate opacities supranasally,usually
bilaterally, and spreads circumferentially,rarely
reaching inferiorly.

29. Calcific band keratopathy
Calcific band keratopathy starts in the nasal and temporal
periphery with a translucent area at the level of Bowman’s
membrane; the semiopaque
The extreme peripheral cornea remains clear, but the central
cornea ultimately may become involved.

31. A deposition of calcium salts on and in Bowman’s
membrane apparently is related to abnormal epithelial
activity.
Calcific band keratopathy may be secondary to primary
hyperparathyroidism; increased vitamin D absorption;
chronic renal failure; ocular disease,especially uveitis ;
long-standingglaucoma; local pilocarpine therapy

32. Salzmann’s nodular degeneration
 The condition, an elevated white or yellow corneal area,
usually is unilateral (but may be bilateral)
 occurs mainly in women
 It is superimposed on an area of old corneal injury

33.  the epithelium shows areas of both hypertrophy and
atrophy, with a marked increase of subepithelial
basement membrane material and scar tissue.

35. Lipid keratopathy (secondary lipidic degeneration)
 Lipid keratopathy may be unilateral or bilateral and
follows old injury, especially surgical.
 Clinically, it appears as a nodular, yellow, often
elevated corneal infiltrate.
 Histologically, the lipid deposition is located mainly
in between Bowman’s membrane and epithelium.

37. Limbus girdle of Vogt
The limbus girdle of Vogt appears as a symmetric,
yellowish-white corneal opacity forming a half-moon–
like arc running concentrically within the limbus
superficially in the interpalpebral fissure zone, most
commonly nasally

38. Delle (singular form of dellen)
A delle is a reversible, localized area of corneal
stromal dehydration and corneal thinning owing to a
break in the continuity of the tear film layer secondary
to elevation of surrounding structures

39. Anterior crocodile shagreen
The condition consists of a central corneal opacification at the level
of Bowman’s membrane that presents as a mosaic of polygonal
gray opacities
1. The condition may occur as a dystrophy
with bilaterality and a dominant inheritance pattern.
2. It also may occur as a degeneration after trauma or associated
with such conditions as megalocornea, iris malformations, and
band keratopathy.
3. A peripheral variety may be seen as an aging

40. Degenerative Conditions of retina
Microcystoid Degeneration
 Outer plexiform layer is the commen site of the
lesion
 All persons 8 years of age or older show the lesion.
 The tendency is toward relatively equal bilateral
involvement. The temporal neural retina is involved
more than the nasal, and the superior sectors are
affected more than the inferior

41.  The degeneration always seems to begin at the ora
serrata.
 Early, the cysts are limited to the middle layers of the
neural retina. Later, they may extend to the external
and internal limiting membranes of the neural retina.

42.  The septa separating the cysts are composed of glial–
axonal tissue rich in the cytochrome oxidase enzyme
system.
 microcysts coalesce, an intraneural retinal macrocyst
or retinoschisis cavity is formed when the macrocyst is
at least 1.5 mm in
 length

43.  Reticular peripheral cystoid degeneration
 Reticular peripheral cystoid degeneration appears
clinically posterior to typical peripheral microcystoid
degeneration.
 The subsurface retinal vasculature arborizes into fine
branches throughout the reticular lesion.

44.  The inferior and superior temporal regions, each
involved to approximately the same extent
 Reticular peripheral cystoid degeneration are located
in the nerve fiber layer of the neural retina.

45.  Early, the cysts are located completely within the nerve
fiber layer;
 later, they may extend from the internal limiting
membrane to the inner plexiform layer.
 The cysts contain hyaluronic acid

46. Degenerative Retinoschisis
 reticular degenerative (adult) type ,typical
degenerative senile (adult)type
 defined as an intraneural retinal tissue loss or splitting
at least 1.5 mm in length
 It is most common after the age of 40, and rare before
the age of 20 years.

47.  it is found in the peripheral inferior temporal quadrant
 Neural retinal holes are seen in this condition
 area of the retinoschisis enlarges, the involved neural
retina is destroyed

48.  Paving Stone (Cobblestone)Degeneration
 The lesions are located primarily between the ora
serrata and equator and are separated from the ora
serrata by normal neural retina.
 The lesions are nonelevated, sharply demarcated,
yellow–white, single or multiple, and separate or
confluent.
 most common in the inferior temporal quadrant

49.  the lesions are characterized by:
Neural retinal thinning in an area devoid of pigment
epithelium
 An absent choriocapillaris or a partially obliterated
choriocapillaris or sometimes only minimal
abnormalities such as thickening of the walls of the
choriocapillaris are seen
 The disorder involve outer retina
& result in RPE atrophy

50. Peripheral Retinal Albinotic Spots
I. Areas of hypopigmentation in the neural retinal
periphery are caused by depigmentation of the RPE.
II. Although the lesions probably are degenerative, a
congenital cause cannot be ruled out.

51.  Myopic Retinopathy
 “high” myopia (greater than 6 diopters of myopia)
affects the neural retina most severely in the posterior
pole and in the periphery
 The globe is enlarged mainly in its posterior third,
with thinning of the sclera.

52.  optic disc and usually extending temporally
 Thinned sclera bulges posteriorly to form a staphyloma
that is lined by a thin and atrophic choroid.
 Bruch’s membrane may develop small breaks
 peripheral neural retina also becomes thin and
atrophic

53. Macular Degeneration
 It is characterized by a sharply demarcated, dome-
shaped elevation of the RPE.
 Most RPE detachments are between one-fifth to one-
half disc diameter, rarely reaching two disc diameters.

54.  The symptoms are those of metamorphopsia, positive
scotoma, and micropsia. Decreased contrast
Decreased color
 The condition recurs in approximately one-fourth to one-
third of patients and occasionally may become bilateral.
 the involved area, most often in the macula, shows fluid
under the neural retina
 Most cases heal spontaneously with restoration of normal
vision.

55. Age-Related Dry Macular Degeneration
 Dry ARMD is characterized by a gradual reduction of
central vision.
 The cause is unknown.

56.  High intake of saturated fat and cholesterol is
associated with an increased risk for early ARMD.
Exposure to sunlight and soft and hard drusen also
have been implicated as a risk factors.
 the retinal damage is limited to the foveomacular area
and causes a gradual and subtle visual loss

57.  increased and decreased pigmentation are seen in the
macula.
 The atrophy of the RPE tends to spread and form well
demarcated borders, called geographic atrophy of
macular degeneration.
 Hyperopia also may be a risk factor.

58.  The changes usually are bilateral and found in people
older than 50 years of age
 The choriocapillaris may be partially or completely
obliterated.

59. Age-Related Exudative Macular Degeneration
 exudative ARMD rarely occurs in people younger than
60 years of age.
 The cause is unknown.

60.  risk increases with age, especially 75 years and older,
and in women.
 main risk factor is age-related macular choroidal
degeneration
 High intake of saturated fat and cholesterol also is
associated with an increased risk for early ARMD.
 .

61.  Exudative ARMD may be associated with moderate to
severe hypertension, particularly among patients
receiving antihypertensive therapy.
 Hyperopia also may be a risk factor
 Large, soft drusen seem to predispose the eye to
exudative ARMD.

62.  The age-related macular choroidal degeneration
becomes complicated by neovascular invasion.
 The new vessels grow from the choroid (from the
choriocapillaris) through Bruch’s membrane, usually
under the RPE
 Finally, a hemorrhage between Bruch’s membrane and
RPE occurs

63.  the haemorrhage may remain localized, it usually
breaks through the RPE under the neural retina; rarely
it may extend into the choroid, the neural retina, or
even the vitreous.