The document presents a concept overview for the IPSAEP (ICT Professionals Skills Assessment and Enhancement Program). It outlines that the program aims to address issues like unemployment of ICT graduates and declining university enrollment by assessing skills and providing training. It details IPSAEP's mission to meet industry needs for professionals and improve graduate quality. The concept proposes a 5-year plan to assess and train over 15,000 professionals and become self-sufficient through fees. It outlines services, modules, operations, and securing commitments from stakeholders like industry, academia and government.
2. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 2
IPSAEP: Background
Local ICT Industry needs more HR than
available
Many ICT graduates are still un-employable !
Many Universities are having decreasing
student enrolment in ICT disciplines
Crisis looming in the horizon for high quality
ICT graduates & professionals
Our Industry has long been planning for a
“Finishing School” Concept since 1999
Our Academia has also been thinking seriously
to tackle the ICT enrolment crisis
3. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 3
Why IPSAEP ?
Create opportunities for the otherwise
unemployable ICT and other competent
graduates (both home & abroad)
Bring back confidence into the CSE / ICT
courses in the Universities
Benchmark the ICT Industry HR Demands
Benchmark the local universities’ ICT graduates
Satisfy the Industry Demand
4. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 4
IPSAEP: Mission
To help our local ICT Industry to meet their
growing needs for competent ICT Professionals
To improve the quality of prospective ICT
Professionals for better career path
To be responsible to large pool of competent
fresh graduates willing to become ICT
Professionals, local ICT firms, local universities
& colleges, and other relevant stakeholders
Prudent operations to become self-sustainable
within 5 years
Committed to succeed to contribute to national
economic growth
5. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 5
The Future
Be self-sufficient within 5 years of
Operation
Assess, Train and place approx 2500 ICT
& other competent graduates into job in
first 2 years
Assess, Train and place approx 15,000
ICT Professionals in 5 years
A Globally Renowned Institute by 2012
6. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 6
IPSAEP: Vision
Glorious National organization with full
government support initially, and active
participation and ownership from the Academia
& Industry
Grow & pursue leadership positions in each of
our services
Assist the Academia to produce more high
quality ICT graduates
Create new opportunities for the competent
non-CSE or non-ICT graduates
7. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 7
Who We Are ?
A Committee formed by BCC
14 member committee
Composed of Academia, Government
Representatives and Representatives from
Industry
8. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 8
IPSAEP: Core Values
Customer Delight -> Focus on the Customers’
ultimate delight, and all else will follow !!
Respect for Individuals -> One Individual can
change the World !
Integrity everywhere -> Honest, Transparent, &
Integral Business eventually wins!
Meritocracy in all Actions -> Only Merit prevails
9. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 9
IPSAEP: Overall Strategy
Build & Grow to a financially sustainable level
within five years
Differentiate through High Quality Assessment
and Enhancement Programs
Replicate success through the Universities /
Institutes
Liaison with Global Training & Consulting
Players after that
10. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 10
IPSAEP: Objectives
To assess and train ICT Human Resources
To identify and categorize specialization in ICT
Profession
To study Local and International Job market
To develop curriculum and content depending
on job market requirement
To Conduct Test/Assessment
To conduct skill development program for
professional enhancements
To ensure quality of need-based professionals
11. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 11
IPSAEP: Who Are Our Targets ?
Academic Qualification:
Minimum 16 Years Education
4-Years Bachelor Degree
3-Years Bachelor with honors + 1 Year Master Degree
2-Years Bachelor + 2-Years Master Degree
Target Group:
Unemployed Graduates
Employed Graduates
12. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07
What’s in it for Industry ?
•
The number of employable graduates will go up
•
The cost of recruitment will go down
•
The skill of existing employees will be refreshed and this
will lead to higher productivity
•
Salary cost will be benchmarked
13. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07
What’s in it for Academia ?
•
Employability of graduates will go up
•
As a result, the enrollment of CS programs will go up
•
In the mid and long term, the curriculum and training
method will be aligned according to industry needs
•
The quality of education will be benchmarked
14. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 14
Why Should Government Invest?
Respond to the National Need
Govt played the pivotal role in ICT HR Growth
all over the world
ICT can change our future
Local Industry can grow
Local Universities can grow
15. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 15
Target Number of Participants &
Required Number of Centres Needed
Year> 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total
Total Number of IPSAEP Program
participants 500 2000 3500 4000 5000 15,0000
Number of Centres for
“Assessment/Screening” 4 10 20 20 20
Number of Participants to enroll in Skill
Enhancement Program 350 1,200 1,700 1,700 2,100 7,000
Number of Centres Needed for running
“Enhancement Program” 6 10 11 10 13
16. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 16
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Assessment, Screening & Course Development (All Figures in Bangladesh million Tk.)
Curriculum & Course Material Development 8 3 2 2 2 17
Screening & Assessment Test Development 7 1 1 1 2 12
Total Cost for Assessment, Screening & Course
Development 15 4 3 3 4 29
Support/Investment Needed for Assessment,
Screening & Course Development (% of cost) 100% 100% 50% 25% 10%
Amount of Support/ Investment
Needed 15 4 1.50 0.75 0.40 21.7
Skill Enhancement Program Delivery
Cost for the Program and Amount of Investment Needed
17. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 17
IPSAEP Benefits
Additional Employment Creation:
3 Ways
Reduce unemployment after graduation (20% participants)
Decrease of Job Searching Time (6-12 months) by the
graduates (40% participants)
Increased salary as a result of the program (40%
participants)
18. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 18
IPSAEP Benefits
Export Earning by the Nation
2 Ways
Additional Export by the Software and other IT
companies in Bangladesh (30% of the participants)
Overseas Employment of the participants (30% of the
participants)
19. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 19
Benefits From Additional Employment Creation
Participants Benefit per participant
Total Financial Benefit
(During the project time)
A. Reduce unemployment
after graduation
(20% participants) 3,000 Tk. 10,000 salary/Month million Tk . 360
B. Decrease of Job
Searching Time (6-12
months) by the graduates
(40% participants) 6,000
6 months salary per
participant @ Tk.
12,000 million Tk. 432
C. Increased salary as result
of the program
(40% participants) 6,000
On average Tk. 3000
additional income per
participant million Tk. 216
Total 15,000 million Tk. 1,008
Total Economic Benefit : BDT 100 Crores
IPSAEP Benefits
20. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 20
Additional Export Earning by the Nation
Number
Additional
Export per
participant Yearly Additional Export
Additional Export by the
Software and other IT
companies in Bangladesh
(30% of the participants) 4,500
US $ 15,000 per
year million US $ 67.50
Overseas Employment of
the participants
(30% of the participants) 4,500
US $ 10,000 per
year million US $ 45.00
Total million US$ 112.50
(million US $ 11)
IPSAEP Benefits
21. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 21
Services
Initial Screening
ICT Skills Assessment
Gap Analysis for Enhancement
Enhancement Training Programs
Placement Help for Trainees with Industry
Liaison
TOT
22. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 22
IPSAEP: How will we Assess / Enhance ?
On Academic knowledge and Basic ICT Skills
(mostly based on University curriculum)
On Soft Skills like Teamwork, Communications
On Technology and tools (Based on Industry
needs)
Method of Assessment:
Written Test (MCQ and Subjective like GRE/GMAT)
Online Test (like TOEFL)
To be automated as much as possible
23. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 23
IPSAEP: Who will Assess / Enhance ?
Source of Trainers/Curriculum Developers:
From Universities (Acdemia)
From Industry (ICT experts)
From NRB Pool (Academia & ICT experts)
Place of Training:
Universities (CS Department/Institute)
Bangladesh Computer Council
Training facilities of the Industry
24. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 24
Number of Modules to assess/enhance
6(six) months should be maximum time for a weak fresh
graduate who needs to be upgraded for the industry
If each module is designed for a duration over a month,
6(six) should be the optimum number of modules for
enhancement
25. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 25
IPSAEP: Operating Functions
Initial Applications Filtering
Registration for the first Screening Exam &
other 6 Modules’ Exams
Taking Screening & 6 Modules’ Exams
Assessing Candidates’ required ICT knowledge
& skills
Preparing High Quality Training Materials:
Fundamental Problem Solving & Systems Design Issues
Soft Skills and Industry Orientation Issues
Specific Technology Skills, as and when needed
Conducting Skills Enhancement Training
Sessions
33. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 33
Marketing Approach
Initiate the Skills Assessment & Enhancement
Service
Kick-off in 2008
Direct Marketing for Local Clients in 2008
Establish strong Services brand
Use Local Success Stories
Use Overseas Placement Success Stories to
expand the business
34. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 34
Location & Administration
Central Office in Dhaka
Different Specialised Assessment & Training
Centres at different Universities all over
Bangladesh
Centralised Administration with Distributed
areas of Control
Strong Quality Assurance Activities led by the
Strategy & Policy Board and the Executive
Committee
35. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 35
Organization & Management
Strategy & Policy Board
Executive Committee
Screening & Assessment Unit Course Design & Modification Unit
Training Unit Industry Liaison and Placement Unit
Academia Liaison & Induction Unit
36. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 36
Risk Analysis
Risk Item Probability Impact Exposure Risk Mitigation Step
Lack of Professional
Management may
hamper progress
Medium High High Appoint skilled,
professional, and
result-driven
managers
Lack of Industry &
Academia
Collaboration may
hurt the program
Low High Medium Develop strong PR &
social Networking
among key Academia
& Industry Leaders
Inadequate Instructors
may lengthen the
program
Medium Medium Medium Grow Local Expertise
through strong TOT
Lack of Infrastructure
may cause trouble
Low Medium Low Get all necessary infra in
place
37. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 37
Perspectives & Stakeholders
Knowledge, Dreams –
Industry, Academia
Deep Understanding, Biz Plans –
Industry / Academia
Financial Support –
Government
Marketing Support –
Govt / Industry / Academia
Overall Synthesis –
Govt / Industry / Academia
Vision & Leadership –
Strategy & Policy Board
38. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 38
Stakeholders’ Commitments
Local ICT Industry:
Ensure Job Guarantee for the IPSAEP Certified HRs
(Approx 20-30 companies may sign MoU with IPSAEP to take
assessed / trained HR from IPSAEP)
Participate to develop IPSAEP Assessment Tests &
Training Modules with required Quality
Provide ICT Mentors / Trainers for IPSAEP
ICT Academia:
Ensure Availability of Best Teachers / Mentors for
IPSAEP
Lead IPSAEP Assessment Tests & Training Modules
Development Efforts with continuous quality
improvements
Provide Assessment & Training Centers
Government:
Ensure needed Investment, Logistics and Support
39. IPSAEP: ICT Professionals Skills Assessment &
Enhancement Program
Concept Overview29.sep.07 39
FAQs
How reliable is the Industry Demand Data for
Human Resources ?
Can the local Industry ensure jobs for the
“finished products” from this IPSAEP?
How will the Universities be able to support this
extensive training program by their already
overloaded Teachers?
What is the best model for the TOT program?
Is the Government really serious into this
initiative without its own management control?
Editor's Notes
http://www.businessweek.com/print/smallbiz/content/jul2006/sb20060717_402629.htm Let's start with the good that comes with venture capital money. 1. Experience, advice, and mentoring. Whether you work in the tech world or the film world, the principles of building a business are the same. Those who have done it before can provide tremendous value. Venture capitalist firms are usually staffed by experienced executives who have not only been successful on their own, but have also watched dozens of startups succeed and fail. They can guide you through your journey. 2. Objectivity. What drives the most successful entrepreneurs is their vision and their determination to succeed at all costs. It's very easy to believe your own press and lose objectivity. Having experienced partners there ready to throw cold water on you can provide a healthy balance. 3. Networking. It's always about who you know. Venture capitalists maintain extensive contacts with other venture firms, executives of firms with whom they've done business or served on boards, investment funds whose money they manage, and so on. Their Rolodexes are usually worth more than their weight in gold if you don't want to make cold calls (see BusinessWeek.com, 06/06/05, ""Ask for Help—and Offer It"" ). 4. Recruitment. It is hard to know what to look for when you're interviewing for all the diverse positions you have to fill (see BusinessWeek.com, 05/19/06, "Countdown to Product Launch, Part III" ). What do you ask when you're interviewing a lawyer, for example? How can you tell if the VP of sales is more adept at selling himself than your product? Management teams are usually the top priority of venture capitalists, and they'll help you recruit the best. 5. Credibility/prestige. During the first couple of years of your startup, you'll feel like adding "we've never heard of you either" to every conversation. You can't even get the local press to write about you. Yet everything seems to change when you complete an investment from a venture firm. It's like joining a special club that gives you respectability. Even customers feel more assured when you tell them about your strong financial backing. 6. Shared risk. Things will go wrong. The market will tank at some stage, deals will fall through, and key employees and customers will defect. Venture capitalists usually have deep pockets and keep reserves for subsequent rounds of funding. Good venture capitalists will support you when things get tough. 7. Big picture. It is very easy to be focused on your product and market and lose sight of the forest. With the hundreds of business plans that VCs review every month, they develop a good feel for the trends. 8. Exit assistance. Nothing lasts forever. If things are going well, you will want to climb the next mountain. But the best strategy may be to cash out and start again. Your venture capitalists will watch for the best exit strategy. All this seems too good to be true. What are the downsides? 1. Mandatory exit. Venture capitalists are in it just for the money. Most are not out to do good for the world. They manage money on behalf of pension funds, insurance companies, educational endowments, and wealthy individuals. Their concern is not for your employees and customers, or to build a long-term business. Their only priority is to sell the company or take it public, so that they can get the 5- to 10-times returns their investors seek. In their world, the need to create high shareholder returns always triumphs over personal relationships. 2. Loss of independence. You may still be the chief executive officer, but you answer to the board now and it's not just your company anymore. The VCs will ask for one or more board seats and the right to veto key decisions and control the firm's capital structure. They will ask you and your managers to sign non-compete agreements. You won't be able to give your stock away to anyone without their approval and they may demand that your stock vests over a three to four year period so that if you leave the company you don't take it all with you. 3. They will have the right to fire you and your management team. You could find yourself reporting to a new CEO, or be ousted from the company you founded. 4. Onerous conditions. Venture capitalists usually ask for: •Anti-dilution protection. If the company's stock price goes down any time in the future, they get additional stock for free. •Dividends. In addition to stock, they get a guaranteed rate of return. •Liquidation preferences. VCs get their principal and dividends back before anyone else gets a penny. •Participating preferred. They get to double dip—they first get their investment plus dividends, then the value of their stock. •Mandatory redemption. This requires the company to buy their stock back by a certain date, establishing a deadline for an exit event. •Demand registration rights. The VCs can force the company to file a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission to initiate an initial public offering—another way of forcing an exit event. •Approval rights. The VCs must approve any new financings and have the right to participate. •Reps and warranties. You'll also have to accept personal liability for representations you've made about key aspects of the company. They will have the right to sue you for all you own if you forgot to give them any bad news. And what's the ugly? 1. VC conflicts. It's a cutthroat world and VCs routinely compete with each other for deals. At the same time, they reduce their risk by co-investing with other firms. The more big backers a company has, the better its odds of success and the bigger the safety net. Yet differences in opinion usually emerge and personal interests often come into play. It can be a full-time job for a CEO to manage VCs. 2. Ethical conflicts. Fiduciary rules require board members to act solely in the interests of shareholders. Yet venture capitalists demand board seats to manage and protect their own investments. Conflicts invariably arise (see BusinessWeek.com, 11/08/05, "Integrating Ethics at the Core" ). 3. Unfulfilled promises. VCs can only reach out to their contacts for a limited number of favors, and use their Rolodexes sparingly. They also have multiple investments to manage and their own funds to raise. So you don't always get what's promised. 4. Egos. Disagreements about strategy often arise between the entrepreneur who is on a mission to change the world, and the venture capitalist who can do no wrong. Like entrepreneurs, VCs aren't created equal and they often know less than the entrepreneur about the product, customer needs, and market opportunity. Bottom line: There are no easy choices here. Venture capitalists can be the best thing that happened to your company or your worst nightmare. Your choice is to finance your startup yourself and stay small, or take the risk and raise venture capital. Just be aware that in this marriage, there is no divorce.
http://www.businessweek.com/print/smallbiz/content/may2006/sb20060512_948264.htm A business model is the nuts and bolts of how a business generates revenue and profits. When preparing a business model, there are seven basics you should consider: 1. Reaching customers. How are you going to find customers or have them find you? 2. Differentiating your product. What makes you better than everyone else? 3. Pricing. What can you charge that will bring profit to you and value to the customer? 4. Selling. Learn to sell for survival and develop a sales process. 5. Distribution strategy. How will you deliver the goods? 6. Support. What does the customer do if your product breaks? 7. Customer satisfaction. How are you going to turn customers into loyal fans? There's nothing magical about a business model. It's simply the nuts and bolts of how a business plans to generate revenue and profits. It details your long-term strategy and day-to-day operations. Entrepreneurs like me thrive on the invention and innovation that comes with building a product. To seek funding, we often put together elaborate business plans showing optimistic market-share projections. Even 1% of a billion-dollar market seems lucrative, right? Wishful thinking is great, but when it comes time to create your business model, you need to be realistic. The challenges are different in every industry, but here are seven basic points everyone needs to touch upon in their business model: 1. Reaching customers. Ralph Waldo Emerson famously said, "Build a better mousetrap, and the world will beat a path to your door." The reality is that even if you did, no one would find you. Even when you know who your prospects are, it's usually difficult and costly to reach them. You have to connect via ads in print, broadcast media, or the Internet, through direct mail, telemarketing, e-mail, or the old fashioned way -- by cold calling or through references. And these potential customers are not likely to be waiting to hear from you and may not take your calls. So be sure you know how you are going to find and reach them. 2. Differentiating your product. You think you've got the very best solution, but so does the other guy. There's always competition, whether you realize it or not. Smart marketing executives know how to develop unique product-positioning strategies that highlight a product's true value. You need to thoroughly understand the competition and effectively communicate the unique advantages of your product. 3. Pricing. One of the most basic decisions you have to make is how much you're going to charge for your product or service. Start by understanding how much customers value what they're buying from you. Then you need to estimate your total costs, analyze the competitive landscape, and map out your long-term strategy. Your price simply must be greater than your overall costs for you to survive. 4. Selling. Persuading a customer to buy a product that they need is one of the most important skills an entrepreneur must learn (see BW Online, 7/12/05, "Selling for Survival" ). You're going to be selling at every juncture. So you've got to understand what it takes to close a deal and put together the necessary sales process. And this process has to be perfectly conceived. Be sure you test your selling strategy as you would your product. 5. Delivery/distribution strategy. Big-ticket items usually require a direct sales force, mid-range products are sold through distributors or value-added resellers, and low-price items go through retail outlets or the Internet. It's different in every industry and for every type of product, but you've got to get this right. Your products need to be designed and packaged for the channel through which they will be distributed to customers. 6. Support. In addition to teaching customers how to use your product, you need to ensure that you can deal with defects and returns, answer product questions, and listen to and incorporate valuable suggestions for improvement. You may need to provide consulting services to help customers integrate and implement your products. If your product is a critical component of a business, you may also need to provide 24/7 onsite support. 7. Customer satisfaction. The ultimate success or failure of a business depends on how much it helps customers achieve their objectives. Happy customers will become your best sales people and buy more from you -- unhappy customers will become your biggest liability. Marketing in 3 Phases: First Phase: Target BD Local TVCs, Film Promos, Film Songs, and Film Archival / Restoration Projects (if possible) Second Phase: Target full length local Feature Films in Bangladesh. Do others Film DI jobs with the facility Third Phase: Target local Film Production and market DI services globally
http://www.businessweek.com/print/smallbiz/content/may2006/sb20060519_512798.htm 1. Top leadership. You need a competent leader who can make the final decisions on business strategy, hiring and firing, and resource allocation. The leader needs to take all responsibility for the business's success or failure, motivate the team, communicate with the outside world, build the corporate culture, and ensure that sound ethics and values permeate the organization. The leader doesn't have to be the founder of the company. 2. Operations. Someone has to worry about the operational details. This means watching the bottom line and making sure products are delivered on time, customers are happy, and that your company is meeting legal obligations. 3. Product development. You, the entrepreneur, often fit perfectly into this role because of your passion and vision. Chef, movie director, chief technology officer are all good examples of those in charge of product development in different industries. 4. Marketing. The world needs to know that your business exists and what it offers. You also have to be able to differentiate your products from your competition and figure out how to reach your prospective customers creatively (see BW Online, 12/07/04, "Seduction, Hollywood-Style" ). 5. Sales. Closing deals is the most important part of any business. Every employee who deals with customers must be able to sell. Bear in mind that your sales director should be able to perfect the sales process and orchestrate the sales team (see BW Online, 07/12/05, "Selling for Survival" ). 6. Finance. You have to balance the books, pay taxes, build financial forecasts, manage budgets, and collect revenue. It doesn't matter what industry you're in, someone has to able to tell you when you are getting into trouble (see BW Online, 04/11/05, "Lights! Camera! Overruns!" ). 7. Legal and HR. You have to find good lawyers to protect your interests, and human resource experts to help you hire and manage your employees.
Risk Item Probability Impact Exposure Mitigation HR Turnover 0.5 9 4.5 Strong Corporate Culture This slide shows the so far identified Risk Items with Probability, Impact; and thus exposure to that Risk. Risk Exposure = Risk Probability X Risk Impact. Here Risk Probability range is from 0 to 1 ( 0 means no Risk At All; and 1 means it will surely happen; which then becomes a “Problem”; not a Risk anymore ) Here Risk Impact range is from 1 to 10 ( 1 means lowest Impactl; and 10 means Highest Impact ) Risk Exposure is the Multiplication Product ; which can range from 0 (NO RISK) to 10 (A PROBLEM). If a Risk is highly probable (i.e. 0.9 ); but its impact is minimal. Then it shows a low Risk Exposure. Similarly, If a Risk has very high Impact; but with very low probability; then it also shows a low Risk Exposure. Any Risk Item with high Probability and High Impact needs Mitigation Steps / Actions so that we can either avoid it or can minimize its impact.
Tie the TIE !! 3 Key Stones of any modern / high tech Business: 1. Technology, 2. Investment, 3. Entrepreneurship Accordingly, 3 Key Roles to run the Business: (a) Technologists; (b) Investors; (c) Entrepreneurs