Enviro Pro Green Innovations

“Multi-Stakeholder Workshop
on Responsible Tourism” in Tanintharyi Region
ENVIRO PRO GREEN INNOVATIONS (S) PTE LTD
Enviro Pro Green Innovations Pte Ltd
Presenters: Carsten Huttche MSc. | Aye Myat Mon (Emma) | ENVIRO PRO

Enviro Pro Green Innovations
Environmental Professionals | Enviro Pro Green Innovations (S) Pte Ltd | Singapore | Malaysia | Indonesia
Enviro Pro Green Innovations
Enviro Pro Green Innovations Pte Ltd
Enviro Pro is a regional
environmental advisory
and technology
company
headquartered in
Singapore with nearly
20 years of project
experience and
presence in South-East
Asia.
Technology Focus:
Water Management &
Green Infrastructure
Green
Infrastructure
Solutions
Pollution
Prevention &
Control;
Environmental &
Social
Safeguards
(ESIA, EIA)
Climate Change
Resilience;
Bio-Engineering
Designs, WSUD
Biodiversity Assessment
& Monitoring during
Development Process

Prensentation Outline
Presentation Outline
• Introduction
• Impacts of tourism on country’s economy, local communities
and environment
• Sustainable and Responsible Tourism – Planning & Design
Considerations
• Mitigation Hierarchy
• Land-use Planning and Siting
• Stormwater & Water Resource Management
• Green Infrastructure Design
• Energy Management
• Wastewater Management
• Solid Waste Management

Introduction
Introduction
• Tourism is an important economic driver for a
developing countries.
• Foreign exchange earnings, tax revenues and
employment, etc.
• Allows development of economic activities for small
and medium businesses, which support tourism
sectors with goods and services.

Introduction
Impacts of Tourism on Environment
• Although tourism can bring great economic benefits to a destination,
poorly planned and managed tourism activities could results in
detrimental impacts on the environment and rehabilitation actions to
those negative impacts will be costly and sometimes irreversible.
• Pollution of coastal waters and nearshore areas;
• Over-harvesting of aquatic animals (fish, crustaceans, etc.);
• Damages to marine ecosystem (e.g. coral reefs) & wildlife habitats.

Introduction
Frequent environmental impacts of tourism activities on the coastal zone

Introduction
Tourist area life cycle with four stages of development

Sustainable and Responsible Tourism
Why proper planning
and management of
tourism is important?

• In Myeik Archipelago,
islands with critical
marine, mangrove and
mudflat ecosystems
have been identified.
• Sustainable Tourism
Development should
aim to protect core
conservation areas
and develop buffer
zones based on
sustainable
management
principles.
Figure: Maps of identified
ecosystems in Myeik
Archipelago (FFI, 2017)

Sustainable And
Responsible Siting of
Tourism Development

Impact Mitigation Hierarchy
• Mitigation Hierarchy: Framework for managing
adverse impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem
services by propose projects. (CSBI, 2015)
Avoid Minimise Restore Offset
Figure: Schematic diagram on implementation of mitigation hierarchy (CSBI, 2015)

Pictures of Pattaya Beach, Thailand Walking Street in
Pattaya, Thailand
Level of Acceptable Change (?)

Pictures of Pattaya Beach, Thailand

Resident and tourist perceptions of Boracay, Philippines regarding changes related to tourism
development (1997)
Acceptable Level of Change (?)

The relationship between tourist resident relations and carrying capacity
Tourism development
needs to establish
social and ecological
carrying capacity.

Land-use / Master Planning Process
• Land use planning process will vary according to current level of
development.
• Gather existing data with the participation of all key stakeholders.
• Engage professionals such as engineers, architects, landscape architects,
biologists, ecologists and social experts, etc.
• Biophysical data: natural features, such as topography, geology, soil
types, hydrology, ecosystems, vegetation and wildlife.
• Social data: demographics, population distribution patterns, recent
construction growth rates, customs and lifestyles, historical and
archaeological heritage, current and potential uses of existing
biodiversity.

Site Selection Process for Tourism
• A site should be maintained in it original state as much as
possibly by locating all buildings with least environmental
impacts possible.
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) delivers the
necessary data on natural resources and the site’s
potentials and constraints to facilitate the location and
design of buildings and facilities.
• Existing coastal geomorphology and the physical
attributes and features of the coastal zone are of great
importance for the selection of suitable site.

Recommendations for Site Selection
• A: Zetaform bay, where a resort is best located in the
protected northern curve and away from the river
mouth. Other possible locations including the
exposed southern sector are along the length of the
bay but all should be away from river mouths.
• B: Non-zetaform bay, where the best location is
usually in the center of the bay as both ends of the
bay are subject to marked seasonal beach changes.
• C: Coastal barrier, where the beach resort is best
located landward of the lagoon (seasonal channel)
separating the barrier from the mainland.
• D: Low linear coast, where the preferred location is
away from any coastal erosion and river mouth.
• E: Estuary, where the preferred location is above the
flood level and away from the changes attendant with
spit formation.

• Environmental zoning provides clear
guidance for the selection of building
sites.
• Maintain the overall environmental
quality of a site, such as biodiversity,
drainage, water quality, slope stability and
natural vegetation.
• The distribution of the zones is based on
criteria such as proximity to sea or coral
reefs, slope gradient, presence of coastal
vegetation and wildlife.
• Shoreline setbacks and locating facilities
away from the coast.
• Setback regulation for coastal areas
can vary from country to country.
Indonesia requires a 100m
shorelines setback for all buildings
from the mean high water line.
• Avoid siting in identified critical areas by
implementing mitigation hierarchy.
Recommendations for Site Selection

Sustainable And
Responsible Design of
Tourism Development

Stormwater Management
• Mitigate coastal flooding, erosion and polluted sediment run-off and to protect
wildlife habitat and marine ecosystem.
• Runoff contains large amounts of suspended materials, nutrients, and BOD as
well as freshwater influx to coastal waters, all of which are detrimental to coastal
ecosystems.
Planners should considers the following to minimise the impacts of runoff:
• Minimise disturbances to the existing landscapes (buffer zones);
• Minimise paves areas such as roads and parking areas;
• Use of shrubs which require little or no fertiliser;
• Use contouring to divert runoff to storage areas.

Sustainable and Responsible Tourism 2

Integrating Stormwater Management in Tourism Masterplanning
Example: Roundhill Properties, Bintan Island, Indonesia

• Sustainable stormwater management solutions.
• Vegetation slows down the runoff, allows
infiltration and recharge the ground water.
• Instead impervious surfaces, pervious surfaces
should be utilised so that peak runoff could be
minimised.
Figures: pervious surfaces, bio-retention basin for stormwater filtration, rainwater fed water features.
Figures: Bioswale

Source: PUB ABC Waters Design Guideline (Singapore)

Water Resources Management and Usage
• Proper water resource management and planning is important in the future with
potential rise in water demand due to influx of visitors as well as to support
natural process involving plants and wildlife.
• Implement water-saving guidelines and programmes:
• Develop operating manuals for efficient water use in tasks related to
cleansing, laundry, food preparation, swimming pool maintenance.
• Reuse water where possible.
• Implement greywater recycling system and rainwater harvesting system.
• Use special devices to reduce water consumption in showers and
bathrooms: efficient showerheads, compact-tank toilet, etc.
• Set up leak detection and repair programme.

Selected common planning standards to determine carrying capacities of coastal areas
Water Resources Management and Usage

Water Resource Management and Usage
• Rainwater harvesting system

• Greywater recycling system
Water Resource Management and Usage

Green: WSUD
Features
Blue: Waterscape
Features
Orange: Rooftop
Rainwater
Catchment Area
Water Sensitive Design – Rainwater Harvesting
Example: “The Tembusu” Residential Development, Singapore

Rainwater
Flow
1
2
3
Water Sensitive Design – Rainwater Harvesting
Example: “The Tembusu” Residential Development, Singapore

Downstream (After treatment)
• “Green Infrastructure (GI) uses vegetation, soils and other elements and
practices to restore some of the natural processes required to manage
water and create healthier urban environment.” (USEPA)
Photo: Park Royal Hotel on Pickering Street/
Singapore (Source: BCA)
Photo: Green Terraces at Park Royal Hotel
(Source: Design Singapore Council)

• Vegetation intercept, retain the
stormwater and release it gradually
• Filter pollutants
• Decrease urban heat island effect
through evapotranspiration process
• Protect from heat & UV radiation by
direct shading
Figure: Green wall at The Nanjing South Railway Station Figure: Green roof (Source: Zinco)
Figure: Green roof in National Technological University

Wastewater Management
• Wastewater typically consists of sewage (black-water) as well as
stormwater
• Wastewater comes from toilets, urinals, and animal fecal matter dumping
sites. It is contaminated by fecal substances and has a high contents of
organic matter, cellulose (toilet paper), nitrogen (urea), and a very high
pathogen concentration.
• Wastewater contains human bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Therefore, if
it is discharged into rivers or other sources of water for human
consumption it may result in serious epidemics.
• Wastewater may cause wildlife death, particularly fish, when discharged
into water sources because it consumes oxygen.
• Discharging it into continental marine waters is also hazardous, since it
can contaminate seafood, particularly water-filtering organisms, such as
mussels, cockles, and clams, among others.

Wastewater Treatment Solutions for Sustainable Tourism Development

• Lack of centralised sewage treatment plants in developing
countries.
• Appropriate wastewater treatment system should be
designed and implemented.
• Septic systems
• Soakage pits
• Anaerobic digester
• Engineered wetlands
• Treated wastewater can be reused to water lawns, shrubs
and golf courses or can be diverted for agricultural use
• Reuse of treated wastewater is inexpensive and saves supply
costs for potable water.

Schematic of a septic tank

• Septic systems
• Least expensive and utilised by small to medium sized hotels
• Contain 2 components: septic tank which breaks down the sewage through anaerobic
action and soakage pit which operates aerobically.
• Reduce BOD by 30- 50%
• But fecal content is only slightly
reduced.
• Will be discharged into
unsaturated soil of the if the
soakage pit for further removal.

• Cleansing Wetlands: ‘Green Infrastructure’ viable alternative;
• Beneficial in rural areas in it does not require much mechanical and
electrical equipment.
• Little maintenance is required.
• Can be used as a combination of septic tank and engineered wetlands.

Cleansing Wetlands – River Rehabilitation
Example: “By The Sea” Development, Penang Island, Malaysia

Energy Management
• Energy management is a critical aspect of tourism development.
• Bio-climatic architectural solutions (using natural shading, lighting,
ventilation, etc.)
• Locate the swimming pool and water sources in the wind direction to
create an evaporation, condensation, and cooling effect that then
penetrates buildings through corridors
Figure: Natural lighting and ventilation through
bioclimatic architecture (Credit: Mansyur Hasan)
Figure: Building design for natural ventilation

Energy Management
• Access to grid electricity in Myanmar in 2014 is 52%. (World Bank).
• Renewable energy technologies (RETs):
• Example: A study conducted in three hotels in the northeast Aegean area in Greece
estimated average energy savings of 6,820 MWh/year per hotel, corresponding to an
emission reduction of 7.2 tCO2 /year per hotel due to the use of solar air conditioning
(Mamounis & Dimoudi, 2005).
Figure: Solar air conditioning systems Figure: Solar water heating systems Figure: Solar photovoltaic systems

• Solar photovoltaic systems, consist of panels that are exposed to light in order to
generate direct current (DC) electricity, which is then converted to alternating current
(AC) through an inverter.
• PV systems can be mounted in three main modalities: roof mounted, building integrated,
and ground mounted.
• Solar PV systems: on-grid (needs power purchase agreements) or off-grid.
• For off-grid systems, install a PV system that includes storage, typically with batteries.
Figures: Off-grid PV system in Sumba, Indonesia
Off-Grid Rural Electrification with Photovoltaic Systems
Example: Sumba Island Rural Electrification, MCA-I, Indonesia

Solid Waste Management
• Solid waste classification criteria
• Chemical: organic or inorganic.
• Composition: plant, animal, and edible waste, paper and cardboard, metal, plastic, glass,
and other waste.
• Disposal and management of solid wastes can be a issue in developing
countries due to lack of regulation enforcement.
• Best management practice is 3Rs: reduce, reuse and recycle.
• Reduction at source:
• Avoid using disposal plates, cups and utensils.
• Use washable napkins and towels.
• Reduce plastic bag consumption.
• Reuse:
• Reuse plastic and glass containers as storage.
• Reuse old cloth for cleaning.
• Reuse plastic caps, bottles or others as arts decoration
• Recycle:
• Use recyclable materials such as paper, glass, plastic, and metals.

• During construction
• Construction waste shall be separated – e.g. land clearing waste or construction
debris and disposed regularly. Salvage if possible.
• Open burning of waste should be avoided.
• Petroleum, oil and lubricant shall be handled in a manner to minimise the potential
for spills and properly contained.
• During operation
• Waste during the operation shall
be separated and dispose regularly
according to guidelines.

• Organic waste such as food scraps and garden waste can be treated
through composting process. Composting breaks down the organic waste
naturally at proper conditions of air and moisture.
• Adequate stirring required to keep the smell away.
• Compost can be used as a natural fertilizer.

Benefits of Sustainable and Responsible Tourism
Summary Sustainable and Responsible
Tourism
Development Aspect Sustainability Response Remarks
Master Planning & Siting Locate buildings and facilities with least possible
impacts, sufficient shoreline setbacks, plan
within ecological and social carrying capacity.
Integrate with ESIA/EIA
process
Design : Stormwater
Management
Manage stormwater run-off and pollution, allow
for pervious surfaces and infiltration via bio-
retention systems within site.
Integrate stormwater
management with
masterplanning process.
Design: Water Resources Implement water-savings systems such as
rainwater harvesting / greywater recycling
systems.
Combine with green
infrastructure, such as
green roofs/walls.
Design: Wastewater
Management
Install cost-effective, robust treatment system
with low energy/resources consumption, siting
away from sensitive areas.
Phyto-remediation
(treatment wetlands).
Design: Energy
Management
Design with natural ventilation & lighting, utilize
renewable energy systems such as solar
photovoltaic systems (off-grid), wind, etc.
Integrate with
architectural design.
Design: Solid Waste
Management
Practice 3Rs; composting organic wastes, waste
can be a valuable raw material.
Waste-to-Energy for co-
generation of electricity.

8
Thank you!
Q & A

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