MCRB worked with Vermont Law School (supported by Heinrich Boll Stiftung), in cooperation with the Environmental Conservation Department (ECD) of MONREC, and local civil society networks, to hold workshops in Mandalay (30 November 2018 – with Green Justice Institute), Monywa (7 December 2018 – with MATA Sagaing National Coordination Unit), Taunggyi (14 December 2018 – with Mong Pan Youth Organisation) and Loikaw (20-21 December 2018 – with Eden Development Network). Read more: https://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/strengthening-public-understanding-of-eia.html

1. Identifying stakeholders,
issues and alternatives
myanmar.responsible.business
Vicky Bowman
Director, Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business
Loikaw
21 December 2018

2. What are social impacts?
2
Social impacts?
They’re just those
demonstrations
stirred up by NGOs,
aren’t they?
Comment at a MCRB/Vermont
Law School training workshop,
Yangon 2016
No, demonstrations are
what happens when you
haven’t identified and
mitigated/managed social
impacts.
Social impacts are impacts
on people.

3. Social impacts are impacts on people’s
 way of life
 culture
 community
 environment: the air, water they use, noise, dust etc
 health and wellbeing
 personal and property rights
 political systems
 fears and aspirations
3

4. Social impacts can be positive, or negative…
4
 Loss of income
and land
 Noise
 Pollution
 Inward migration
 Jobs
 Economic
growth
 New road
connections
 Better health
services

5. Environmental and social impacts are connected…..
5
Example: A mine attracts inward migrants
from a different area/ethnicity/religion who:
• change the nature and size of the local
population (demographic, cultural)
• create a shanty town (aesthetic, community)
• harass local women (community, gender,
psychological)
• pollute streams with the waste from their
temporary huts (health, environmental,
economic)
• put pressure on local schools due to increase
in children in the area (children, social and
human capital)
• hunt for ‘bushmeat’ (resource)
• increase malaria prevalence (health, children,
poverty)
This mine needs mitigation
measures which will reduce or
reverse inward migration and
manage its impacts.
Any ideas?

6. Guidance on Project-Induced In-Migration
6
www.ifc.org/HB-Inmigration

7. Not “EIA and SIA”: In Myanmar, EIA covers environmental and
social impacts
7
MyanmarEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentProcedure(2015)
Article2(h)EnvironmentalImpactmeanstheprobableeffectsorconsequence
onthenaturalandbuiltenvironment,andpeopleandcommunitiesofa
proposedProjectorbusinessesoractivitiesorundertaking.Impactscanbe
directorindirect,cumulative,andpositiveoradverseorboth.Forpurposesof
thisProcedure,EnvironmentalImpactsincludeoccupational,social,cultural,
socio-economical,publicandcommunityhealth,andsafetyissues.Moreover,
socialimpactsincludeInvoluntaryResettlementandrelatingtoIndigenous
People.

8. EIA requires a single assessment, with
specialists
8
Impact
s
Gender Health Cultural
Enviro
nment
Human
Rights
Economic
Impact
Assessment
 Social impacts, environmental impacts, health impacts etc usually
cannot be separated: a single impact assessment is required, with
relevant experts
 Not separate processes for Cultural Impact Assessment, Health Impact
Assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment, Social Impact
Assessment etc etc
 To determine social impacts (Impacts on people), the
company/consultant needs to talk to people (stakeholders/rights-
holders)

9. Stakeholders and Rights-holders
Stakeholders are individuals or groups who affect, or are
affected by an organization and its activities.
ပါ၀င္ပပ္ပက္ပန ကူမ ်ား ဆိုကညပမမ အဖြဲ႔အစညပ်ား္တိုုမ္ပင့္
၎၏လိုပပ္ ပ်ား နဆ ္ပရ္ပမႈမ ်ား္ို ္ ်ားက္ပနရ ္ပနစနက
(ကို႔) လိုပပ္ ပ်ားနဆ ္ပ ရ္ပမႈန္ ္ပင့္ အ္ ်ားက္ပနရ ္ပမႈ
တံရုို္ပနက လူပိုဂလပ္စပးခ်ားတ္ပ်ား(ကို႔မဟို္ပ) လူအိုပပစိုမ ်ား္ို
ဆိုလိုပါကညပ။
Rights holders are those potentially affected by the company’s operations
(sometimes called project-affected people (PAPs) – definitely need to be
consulted in an EIA
Rightsholders
Stakeholders

10. Which of these stakeholders are rights-holders?
Investor/shareholder/
members
ရ္ပ်ားုမခ်ားမႈပပုမံကူႈပ္ႏွံသူ၊
ပါ၀င္ပပ္ပ က္ပကူမ ်ားႈပ္ႏွံသူ၊
အဖြဲ႔၀င္ပမ ်ား
Customers and
potential customers
စ ်ားကံို်ားကူမ ်ားုမ္ပင့္စ ်ား
င့္စ ်ားကံို်ား ကူဖစပရ ပ
အလ ်ားအလ
ရမကူမ ်ား
Suppliers/business
partners
္ို ပနပ်ားက္ပ်ားကူမ ်ား
်ားႈပ္ႏွံသူ၊ စခ်ားပ ်ားနရ်ား
ပါ္ မ ်ား
Employees
အလိုပပကမ ်ားမ ်ား
Government and regulators
(national and local)
အစို်ားရုမ္င့္ပ စညပ်ား္မပ်ား ပ်ား
ကမပ်ားကူမ ်ား (ုို္ပ္ံ္္ပ်ားုမ္ပင့္
န က္္ပ်ား
Media
မခ ခယ
Trade Unions
အလိုပပကမ ်ား
အဖြဲ႔အစညပ်ားမ ်ား
NGOs and pressure
groups
လူမႈအဖြဲ႔အစညပ်ားမ ်ားႈပ္ႏွံသူ၊
NGOမ ်ားုမ္ပင့္ဖအ ်ားနပ်ားကူ
အိုပပစိုမ ်ား
Host communities
န ကတံရပပ္္ပပညပကူမ ်ား
Competitors/peers
ပ္ပဆို္ပကူမ ်ား
Opinion leaders
အ္ံး ဏပႈပ္ႏွံသူ၊ အန္်ားအနတၚႈပ္ႏွံသူ၊
အယူအဆမ ်ား္ိုလမပ်ားမို်ားုို္ပ
နက ္္ပ္ကညပင့္နတါ္ပ်ား နဆ ္ပမ ်ား
Academia and the scientific
community
ပည ရပပန္ ္ပ်ားမ ်ားုမ္ပင့္
ကပၸံပည ရပပဆို္ပရ အ
ကို္ပ်ားအ၀ငို္ပ်ား
Supranational institutions
ုို္ပ္ံ္ုို္ပ္ံ ္ပပိုိ၎၏လိုပပနဆ ္ပမႈရမရနက
အဖြဲ႔အစညပ်ားမ ်ား

11. Groups and subgroups of stakeholders
ပါ၀င္ပပ္ပက္ပန ကူအိုပပစိုမ ်ားုမ္ပင့္ အိုပပစို္ယပမ ်ား
Host communities န ကတံပညပကူမ ်ား
Farmers
associations
လယပကမ ်ားအ
ဖြဲ႔အစညပ်ားမ ်ား
Local
organisations
ရပပ္္ပအိုပပစို
္ယပမ ်ား
Temples,
religious
authorities
ဘိုရ ်ားန္ ္ပ်ားႈပ္ႏွံသူ၊
ဘို ပ်ား္ခ်ား
န္ ္ပ်ား
အ ဏ ပို္ပမ ်ား
Teachers
ဆရ /မ မ ်ား
Neighbors
အမပ ခ်ားတ္ပ်ားမ ်ား
Land owners
နမယ ပို္ပဆို္ပကူ
ကူမ ်ား
Growers
စို္ပပ ်ားကူမ ်ား

12. Benefits of Stakeholder Consultation and Engagement
 Better management of social impacts and risks (ထိခိိုက္သက္ေရ က္္မ္မ ်ားႏွ ္င့္
ဆိို ကမိ သက္ေရ က္ေ ်ားိို ္္မ္မ ကိို ပိို္ိိုိေက ္ ္စမြ္ စ ီ္ံေဆ ္ရစက္ ်ားိို ္ရမြ္
(လူ္မေရ ်ားႏွ ္င့္ ူ႔ခစ ္င့္႔ေရ ္မ )
 More equitable and sustainable social development ပိို္ိိုိညီတူညီ္ႏွမရႏွိေသ ေရရႏွည္႔
ကမိ ေကမ းူ ္မ ျ ္ထစမြ္ ေ ေသ လူ္မ စံ႕ျ ိ တိို တက္္မ
 Empower stakeholders ပါ၀ ္ပတ္သက္သူ္မ ကိို စ္္ ႔ ္ျ္ႏွ ္င့္တ ္ေပ ရမြ္
 Maintain and enhance legitimacy of institutions ဒီ္ိိုကေရ ီ ႔ေဆ က္႔ဦ ္မ ၏
တရ ၀ ္္မက္ိုထိမြ္ သိ္္ ၊ တိို ျ္ႏွ ္င့္ရမြပ
 Build trust between a organization and its stakeholders
႔ စြဲ႔ ည္ ်ားႏွ ္င့္၎၏ပါ၀ ္ပတ္သက္ေမြ သူ္မ ႔ၾက ယံိုၾကည္္မတည္ေဆ က္ရမြ္
 Secure social “license” to operate လူထို သေဘ တူ ၾကည္ျ ခစ ္င့္ျပ္မမရရႏွိ ရမြ္

13. Stakeholder consultation helps to shape the project
 Learn from stakeholders
ပါ၀ ္ပတ္သက္သူ္မ ထံ္ႏွသ ္ယူရမြ္
 Understand complex environment
ရမပ္ေထစ ေသ ႔ေျခ႔ေမြကိို မြ လည္ရမြ္
 Increased understanding of expectations and
requirements လိို႔ပ္ခမက္္မ ်ားႏွ ္င့္ ေ္ႏွမ ္လ ္င့္ခမက္
္မ ကိိုပိို္ိိုိ မြ လည္္မရႏွိလ ေ ရမြ္
 Identification of new strategic opportunities
မြည္ ဗမ ႔သ ္ ႔ခစ ္င့္႔လ္္ ္မ ကိို
ေ ္ထိုတ္ရမြ္

14. Stakeholder consultation in EIA helps to identify ‘alternatives’
May be alternative:
 Activity
 Location
 Process
 Demand
 Scheduling
 Input
 Routing
 Site
 Scale
 Design
 Technology

15. Alternatives
Analysis used
for ESIA for
Letpadaung
Copper Project,
ESIA July 2015

16. POWER or
CAPACITY TO
INFLUENCE
လႊမပ်ားမို်ားုို္ပကညပင့္
စမပ်ားရညပ
(ကို႔) ပါ၀ငါ
INTEREST IN, or DEGREE IMPACTED BY PROJECT
စ္ပ၀င္ပစ ်ားမႈ (ကို႔) စခမံ္ ပ်ားန္ ္ပင့္ က္ပနရ ္ပုို္ပမႈ ခဂရခပမ ဏ
High
မ္ပင့္
Low
မပင့္
High
မ္ပင့္
Keep satisfied
န္ ပပမႈရမနစရ ပ
Engage closely,
Influence actively
ခ်ား ခ်ား္ပပ္ပပ ပါ၀င္ပနဆ ္ပရ္ပ/
္္ပ္စ က္ပနရ ္ပလႊမပ်ားမို်ား
Monitor (minimum effort)
နစ ္ပင့္္ညပင့္စစပနဆ်ားန
(အ ်ား ို္ပမႈအ ညပ်ားဆံို်ား)
Keep informed
က္္ပ်ားအတ္ပအလ္ပနပ်ား
Low
မပင့္
Mapping stakeholders

17. Supportive
န ္ပတံ
Negative
ဆ ပ႔္္ပ
Neutral or Supportive
with conditions
္ ်ားန / အနတအန နပၚမူ္ညပ န ္ပတံ
Stakeholder list for a Thanlwin River
hydropower project
• Ministry of Energy
• Environmental Conservation Dept
• Shan State Government
• Wa Government
• Ta-ang People’s Liberation Army
• Regional MP
• National MP
• Local construction company
• Project Affected People (PAP) who
will be relocated
• Environment NGO
• Thai government
etc

18. POWER or
CAPACITY TO
INFLUENCE
လႊမပ်ားမို်ားုို္ပကညပင့္
စမပ်ားရညပ
(ကို႔) ပါ၀ငါ
INTEREST IN, or DEGREE IMPACTED BY PROJECT
စ္ပ၀င္ပစ ်ားမႈ (ကို႔) စခမံ္ ပ်ားန္ ္ပင့္ က္ပနရ ္ပုို္ပမႈ ခဂရခပမ ဏ
High
မ္ပင့္
Low
မပင့္
High
မ္ပင့္
Low
မပင့္
MoEECD
PAP
NGO
Local
MP

19. EIA Scoping phase
 Identify major issues and potential
problems, in consultation with project-
affected people (PAP) and other
stakeholders
 At least two public meetings
 Outputs (for ECD approval):
 detailed Terms of Reference (ToR)
for the EIA, including alternatives
analysis
 Public Participation Plan.

20. Stakeholder Mapping Exercise
Imagine you are an EIA consultant scoping an EIA for
1) A 30 room hotel/resort at 7 Lakes outside
Dimawhso, being developed by a Yangon
businessman married to a woman from Dimawhso or
2) A new tin mine in Mawchi Area, Chinese company

21. Stakeholder Mapping Exercise
Imagine you are an EIA consultant scoping an EIA for
1) A 30 room hotel/resort at 7 Lakes outside Dimawhso,
being developed by a Yangon businessman married to a
woman from Dimawhso or
2) A new tin mine in Mawchi Area, Chinese company
Your tasks
 List the stakeholders (including rights holders)
 Identify whether they are likely to be positive (green), neutral
(black) or negative (red)
 Place them on a stakeholder map (interest v. influence)
 Identify the main issues they may be concerned about,
which the Environmental Impact Assessment should
consider
 Identify possible ‘alternatives’