3. What is Hydraulic Machines?
Hydraulic machines are defined as those
machines which convert either hydraulic energy
(energy possessed by water) into mechanical energy
(P.E+K.E) or mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy.
May 23, 20173
4. What is Turbine?
The hydraulic machines, which converts the
hydraulic energy into mechanical energy, are
called turbines.
This mechanical energy is used to in running an
electric generator which is directly coupled to the
shaft of the turbine.
May 23, 20174
5. Types of turbines
1. Steam Turbines
2. Gas Turbines (Combustion Turbines)
3. Hydraulic Turbines (Water Turbines)
1 April 20155
6. Hydraulic Turbine
The hydraulic machines, which converts hydro
power (energy of water) into mechanical energy,
are called Hydraulic Turbines.
Mechanical energy is used in running an electric
generator which is coupled to the turbine shaft.
1 April 20156
7. Classification of Water Turbines
1. According to the type of energy at inlet:
(a) Impulse Turbine, and (b) Reaction turbine.
2. According to the direction of flow through runner:
(a) Tangential flow, (b) Radial flow,
(c) Axial flow, and (d) mixed flow.
3. According to the head at the inlet of turbine:
(a) High head, (b) Medium head, and
(c) Low head.
4. According to the specific speed of the turbine:
(a) Low specific speed, (b) Medium Specific Speed,
(c) High specific speed.
1 April 20157
8. Pelton Turbine (Pelton Wheel or Free Jet Turbine)
High head, Tangential flow, Impulse turbine,
Horizontal shaft.
This turbine is named after L.A Pelton, an
American engineer.
The water strikes the bucket along the tangent of
the runner.
Head= 50m to1300m
Specific speed= 8.5 to 30 (single jet)
Specific speed= 30 to 51 (two or more jets)
1 April 20158
10. Pelton Turbine – The Basic Working Principle
Working principle of Pelton turbine is simple.
When a high speed water jet injected through a
nozzle hits buckets of Pelton wheel; it induces
an impulsive force. This force makes the turbine
rotate.
1 April 201510
11. Number of Buckets in Pelton Wheel
One of the most important parameter of Pelton
turbine design is number of buckets on the disk.
If number of buckets is inadequate, this will result
in loss in water jet. So there should be an
appropriate number of buckets, which will make
sure that no water is lost.
1 April 201511
12. Pelton Runner with Buckets
Fig. Shows the runner of a
Pelton wheel.
The shape of buckets is of a
double hemispherical cup or
Bowl.
Water jet is split into 2 equal
components with help of a
splitter. The special shape of
bucket makes the jet turn
almost 180 degree. This
produces an impulsive force
on bucket.
1 April 201512
14. Francis Turbine
The inward flow reaction turbine having radial
discharge at outlet.
This turbine is named after an American scientist
J.B. Francis.
Mixed flow, medium head reaction turbine.
Head = 40-600 m.
Flow rate = 10-700 m^3/s.
Specific Speed = 51 to 255.
1 April 201514
15. Francis Turbine
In modern Francis
Turbine, the water enters
the runner of the turbine in
the radial direction at
outlet and leaves in the
axial direction at the inlet
of the runner. Thus the
modern Francis Turbine is
a mixed flow type turbine.
1 April 201515
16. Francis Turbine - Runner
Most important part of Francis turbine is its
runner. It is fitted with a collection of complex
shaped blades as shown in Fig.
1 April 201516
17. Francis Turbine - Runner
In runner water enters radially, and leaves
axially. During the course of flow, water glides
over runner blades as shown in figure below.
1 April 201517
18. Francis Turbine - Runner
Blades of Francis turbine are specially shaped.
So when water flows over it, a low pressure will
be induced on one side, and high pressure on
the other side. This will result in a lift force.
1 April 201518
20. Kaplan Turbine
This turbine is named after an Austrian Engineer,
V. Kaplan.
Axial flow, low head reaction turbine.
Kaplan turbines are suitable for power extraction
when water energy is available at low head and
high flow rate. Following are the operating
conditions Kaplan turbine is best suitable for
Head = 2-25 m
Flow rate = 70-800 m^3/s
Specific speed = 255 to 860
May 23, 201720
21. Kaplan Turbine
In an axial flow reaction
turbine the shaft is vertical.
The lower end of the shaft
is larger and is known as
‘hub’ or ‘boss’. It is on this
hub that the vanes are
attached. If the vanes are
adjustable then it is known
as Kaplan Turbine and if
the vanes are non
adjustable then it is known
as Propeller Turbine.
May 23, 201721
SHAFT
VANES
HUBB
OR
BOSS
22. Flow in Kaplan Turbine
In Kaplan turbine flow is entered through a spiral
casing. Decreasing area of casing makes sure
that flow is entered to the central portion almost
at uniform velocity throughout the perimeter.
Water after crossing the guide vanes passes
over the runner. Finally it leaves through a draft
tube.
May 23, 201722
Mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy.
Turbine is also known as Turbo Machine. Turbo is a Latin words which means Whirl or Spin.
In steam Turbine heat energy is transferred into mechanical Energy.
Gas Turbine uses the hot gases of combustion to produce the Mechanical power. Fuel used:- kerosene, coal, coal gas, gasoline etc.
The Hydraulic machines which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy are called pump.
Impulse Turbine:-If at the inlet the energy available is only KINETIC ENERGY, the turbine is known as impulse turbine.
Reaction Turbine:- If at the inlet of the turbine, the water possesses KINETIC ENERGY as well as PRESSURE ENERGY.
Tangential Flow:- If the water flows along the tangent of the runner.
Radial Flow:- If the water flows in the radial direction through the runner.
If the water flows from outwards to inwards, radially, the turbine is known as INWARD RADIAL flow Turbine.
If the water flows from inwards to outwards, radially, the turbine is known as OUTWARD RADIAL flow Turbine.
Axial Flow:- If the water flows parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner.
Mixed Flow:- If the water flows through the runner in the radial direction but leaves in direction parallel to axis of rotation of the runner.
The main parts of a Kaplan Turbine are:
Scroll Casing
Guide vane Mechanism
Hub with Vanes
Draft Tube