Henri Becquerel Research Paper

Henri Becquerel Research Paper
Henri Becquerel was a Physicist, while doing some research, he found radioactivity. Henri was born in Paris in 1853, he was born into a family of
scientists. Alexander Becquerel, Aurelie Quenard, and Antoine CГ©asar were his family. His father and grandfather were scientists as well. His father
was an expert on solar radiation and his grandfather had invented an electrolytic method for extracting metals from their ores. He learned about physics
and chemistry through his university and joined the government department in 1874. He was appointed professor of profiled physics in the department
of natural history at the Paris museum. His discovery to radioactivity helped a lot of other scientists. If Henri hadn't discovered it Ernest Rutherford
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay about Cancer and Terry Tempest Williams' Refuge
Cancer and Terry Tempest Williams' Refuge
"I cannot prove my mother, my grandmothers, along with my aunts developed cancer from nuclear fallout in Utah. But I can't prove they didn't."
Epilogue, Refuge
In Terry Tempest Williams's Refuge, death slowly claimed almost all of the women of her family. Death took Williams' family members one by one
just one or two years apart. In every case, the cause was cancer. Williams insisted in the epilogue that fall–out from the 1951–62 nuclear testing in Utah
brought cancer to her family. Because there are many other causes of cancer, such as genetic andenvironmental factors, it is hard for one to insist that
nuclear fall–out causes cancer. Therefore, it is important to find out how and why ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, Iodine 131 causes thyroid cancer. It is a substance that dissolves into liquid such as water and milk. Other chemicals such as
Strontium–90 and Cesium 147 as well get into water, milk, soil, food and vegetables that we eat and cause bone, skin cancer and leukemia. Chemicals
like Strontium–90 and Cesium–147 remain for up to 200 to 300 years in the atmosphere (CancerSource.)
The United States tested nuclear bombs, "215 A– and H–bombs" (www.nukewatch.com) above ground between 1951 and 1963 in the Nevada Test
Site. Fifty years later, the U.S government studies stated that over 80,000 people who lived or were born in the U.S suffered from cancer caused by
radioactive fall–out from nuclear testing. Over 15,000 of them died. Many of whom were from the states close to the testing sites, called the
"downwinders," Utah, Idaho and other states. From the Nevada Test Site the winds carried nuclear radiation fallout, filled with "iodine–131" which
caused "75,000 thyroid cancers, ten percent of which are estimated to have been fatal, and strontium–90 and cesium–137, which are dangerous for
between 280 and 300 years," (nukewatch) likely causes of bone and skin cancer and leukemia. Therefore, there is some strong evidence that nuclear
fall–out in the 1950s did cause cancer.
"Downwinders" and people from the states close to the test site were severely exposed to the fallout and have suffered from all kind of cancers. The
Center for Disease

Y9 Radioactivity Research Assessment
Medicine
Y9 Radioactivity Research Assessment
Diagnosis– Radiation in medicine helps medical tests allow doctors to see inside the body, so doctors can diagnose, and treat conditions for humans
and animals. Some tests expose ionizing radiation which put patients at risk, could cause death.
Sterilising– Gamma rays which are high energy electromagnetic waves that can only be stopped by thick lead, this means they can pass through
medical equipment because they aren't made of lead, such as syringes. When gamma rays pass through packaging they inactivate viruses and kill
bacteria. If the equipment stays in a sealed plastic bag it will remain sterile.
Treatment– Radiation treatment is the most common therapy/treatment for cancer. Its users high energy particles such as X–rays to destroy cancer cells.
Killing the cancer cell, radiation treatment is also called radiotherapy, irradiation, or X–ray therapy. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can be used by performing X–rays or Gamma rays. Both are electrostatic radiations.
Tracing– a tracer is a chemical compound, where more atoms have been replaced by a radioisotope so by its virtue radioactive decay it can be used to
explore mechanisms of chemical reactions by following the path that the radioisotope follows from reacted products
Gauging– This is a tool used in petroleum (petrol) industry, also mining also archeology purpose. It consists of radiation which emits a cloud of
particles and a sensor that counts received particles that are reflected by the test material or pass through the middle of it.
Radioactive dating
Radioactive dating is a technique used to work out the date of materials like rock and other objects based on their decay rate. In which trace
radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed. Currently over 300 natural isotopes are

Compare And Contrast Marie And Carrie Curie
Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through some material or through space. Pierre and Marie Curie were partners that had both
become interested in the discovery Henri Becquerel made which was the discovery of radioactivity. Marie and Pierre Curie came up with the term
"radioactivity" to describe Becquerel's discovery. Marie and Pierre extracted uranium from ore and compared the pure uranium to the extracted uranium
ore samples. They found that the uranium ore samples contained more radioactivity. Marie's research concluded that the two uranium ore samples,
pitchblende and chalcocite, were more radioactive than the pure uranium and so because of the high radioactivity of both of the samples there had to
be additional radioactive

Nuclear Energy Is The Energy
What is Nuclear Energy
"Nuclear energy is the energy in the nucleus, or core, of an atom." Each nucleus has two kind of particles
Neutrons
Protons
There are two process to release nuclear energy
Fission and fusion
Process
Fission
A atom of one element is divided to create two small atom of different elements
Fusion
During this process, nuclear reactors use uranium to release energy
Two atoms are combined to made a large atom
This energy produces heat and warms the reactors cooling agent (usually water, liquid metal or molted salt)
The heat produces steam that turns on the turbines
Turbines propel generators that generates energy
BENEFITS
Low Pollution
Reduces the use of coil and fuel (fossil fuel) Decreases gas emissions
Uranium is inexpensive
The production costs are low
There is enough supply of uranium at least for 80 years
Dependability and efficiency

Works under any weather condition
Can work uninterrupted a whole year
RISKS
Pollution Hazard
Uranium is radioactive once it is extracted
Radioactive waste
Even low level of radioactivity needs hundred of years to become safe
Accidents
Biological and health effects
Costs are high Residual radioactive waste administration is expensive Start up costs are high
Target for terrorism
Nuclear power is used to create massive destruction weapon
NUCLEAR PLANTS ACCIDENTS
It is a nuclear accident when it involves radiation emission
Those are divided in incidents or nuclear accidents depending

The Harsh Reality of Keeping Away From Radioactivity
Radioactivity is a looming threat that many people do not seem to know about. Ever since the Fukushima disaster in Japan, the internet has been
swarming with reports about how the radiation can reach the West Coast and harm Californians. This has been confirmed by experts; radioactivity
was expected to show up in April and has already been found in kelp along the sea. Radioactivity is a serious threat to humans, and people should
be more aware of the risks related to it, especially now, when there are signs of radioactivity in the West Coast. The main argument that people use
to keep themselves from accepting the harsh reality of radioactive poisoning is that since there have been no radioactive leaks in the United States
recently, we are not at risk. This also is untrue; back in April, there was a radioactive leak in New Mexico. So far, doses of radiation to the
surrounding population are low, but even those low levels of radioactivity can have harmful effects on the body in the long term. So what are these
harmful effects? To answer this question, we need to understand how radioactive isotopes decay. There are many different elements, and each has its
own radioactive isotopes. For example, one of the common plutonium isotopes produced by man is plutonium–239. When this radioactive isotope
decays, it produces energy. This energy is radioactivity. When the isotope decays, it produces alpha, beta, and gamma particles. These particles are
also a part of a general class of

The Effects Of Soil Radioactivity On The Levels Of The...
The concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K are measured in the material collected from two locations .The collected materials are analyzed using
gamma ray spectrometry. The activity concentration of the naturally occurring radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in building material it varies
from 12.6 to 121.4, 13.6 to 142 and 69.5 to 620.6 Bqkg_1, respectively. The radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose and
hazard index are also calculated. Keywords Radionuclides, radiological hazard, building material radioactive 1. Introduction Natural sources exists in
several geological formations such as soils, rocks, sediments, vegetation, water and air emit radiation. While 4% is of artificial origin (Chougan–kar et...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Currently, a world wide effort is underway to measure the activity concentrations in building materials (Tufail et al., 1992 [3]. A range of radionalytical
methods can be used for determination of activity concentrations in naturally occurring materials. Gamma–ray spectrometers are widely used for this
purpose. These are typically based on either germanium semiconductor or Na I(Tl) scintillator detectors. They are the preferred choice in cases where
the photo–peaks of concern are well separated (IAEA, 1992) [4]. Some radioactivity studies have been previously carried out in soil and sediment
samples in some parts of the world (Beaza et al., 1992 [5]; Kannan et al. [6], 2002; Kirchner et al., 2002 [7]; Mehra et al., 2007 [8]; Noordin, 1999 [9];
Patra et al., 2006 [10]; Selvasekarapandian et al., 2000 [11]; Senthilkumar et al., 2010) [12]. The materials used in building collected from soil, sand and
byproduct of industry, which contain varying amounts of natural radionuclides. The knowledge of the natural radioactivity level of building materials
is important for determination of population exposure to radiation, the affection of this exposure almost occur indoors .radioactivity statistics is useful
for understanding and monitoring the radiation hazard to human. Building materials contribute to

Dealing with Radioactive Waste
Radioactive Waste
"Regardless of the future of nuclear power, the need to control and manage radioactive waste will persist for many decades. The objective of any
radioactive waste management programme must be that undue burdens on future generations are avoided." – Nuclear Energy Agency
Radioactive Waste
Have you seen or heard the news lately? Radioactive waste water contamination... Contracts for the disposal of radioactive waste... Nuclear sites and
dumps leaking... Cancer and Death by Radiation... What is all this? More importantly what is radioactive waste?
Radioactive waste. What is it? Radioactive waste is what the name says it is; radioactive and waste. Basically, it is anything that has been exposed to
a radioactive nuclear substance and is not in use of anyone anymore so it is declared as trash. Also bear in mind that any definitions or information
varies in different countries. Now, there are many different types of waste, ranging from the least amount of hazard to the greatest amount of hazard.
The ones with the least amount of radioactivity tend to have shorter lives. They decay in less than 30 years and are called, "short–lived". The ones with
a greater amount of radioactivity perish in more than 30 years and are called, "long–lived". Let's break these types of wastes into three parts.
Low–level waste (LLW), Intermediate–level waste (ILW), and High–level waste (HLW).
Low–level waste are objects that we deem 'small' or 'unimportant' and have been infected with

Nuclear Waste Muller Summary
Nuclear Waste
The essay "Nuclear Waste" by Ricard A. Muller talks about the controversial matter of the disposure of radioactive waste. Despite the overwhelming
concerns of citizens, Richard Muller believes the dangers associated with the transportation and deposit of nuclear waste is not as paramount as the
issue may seem. The concepts that seems most alarming to the public are the number of year it takes for the radioactivity of the waste to subside and
where it will be stored in the mean time that will not affect their safety. As Muller explains, "Even after 100,000 years the radiation will still be above
10% of the level it had when it left the reactor."(Muller 254) As a solution, the US government has created a prototype of a nuclear waste ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to that, it cost hundreds of billions of dollars to build and operate this facility. Scientists have even tried to develop new alternative
such as sending the waste to the sun or sinking it to the bottom of the ocean. Although this is a problem that needs to be addressed, are the effect as
considerably high as one might think? According to Richard Muller the risk of not depositing the waste is higher the not doing so. He explains
"When I work out the numbers, I find the dangers of storing waste at Yucca Mountain to be smaller compared to the dangers of not doing so, and
significantly smaller than the dangers we ignore."(Muller 254) Regardless of the ideas from the politicians and scientists that more research is need,
Richard Muller argues that will be of no use. Just the fusion fragments will take about 10,000 years to become as radioactive as the uranium mined
from the grounds. There in no amount of research that can predict were our society and planet will be like in 10,000 years. Muller emphasizes how
"Ten thousand years ago humans had just discovered agriculture. Writing wouldn't be invented for another 5,000 years."(Muller 256) Many people do
not study the number or the actually effect of radioactivity already found on our earth before making

Maria Sklodowska Research Paper
Maria Sklodowska was born on November 7, 1867. She was born in Warsaw, Poland by her mother, Bronsitwa, and father, Ladislas. She was the
youngest child, and had three older sisters and one brother. Ladislas was a math and physics teacher, which later inspired Marie's interest for the
sciences. Bronsitwa passed away of tuberculosis when Marie was just eleven years old. She also had a sister, Bronya, who Marie worked to support
since their mother had passed. Eventually, she married Pierre Curie and had two daughters, Irene and Eve. Even though her family life was a struggle,
Marie still managed to become a legendary physicist later in life. Curie's father, Ladislas, being a physics and mathematics educator was the spark
which got her interested. From a young age, Curie was an excellent student; always intrigued by her father's profession. Curie and her sister always
dreamed of education at an elite level. However, with financial lacking and no mother, Marie and Bronya helped one another pay for a secondary
education. Since neither could enlist in Warsaw, Curie attended Sorbonne in Paris, France where she signed her name as "Marie" rather than Maria to
sound more French. At Sorbonne she earned a master's degree in physics and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1903, Curie was the first woman to ever win a Nobel Prize. Marie and Pierre won the Nobel Prize in 1903 based on their groundbreaking discoveries
in the field of physics. In 1911, Curie won yet another Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering elements polonium and radium. Not only did she win
two Nobel Prizes as a female physicist, but she was the first person overall to ever win two prizes over all.. Additionally in 1903 the Curies were
awarded the Davy Medal of Royal Society. Also, in 1906, she was the first woman to become the Professor of General Physics in the Faculty of

Marie Curie Research Paper
A Radioactive Pioneer Impactful discoveries of the past have greatly changed and aided the field of medicine. Marie Curie is the pioneer of radiation
research and has made many contributions to the health care field, in particular, to that of radiologic sciences. Curie's accomplishments as a physicist
and chemist have brought about enormous scientific breakthroughs in Radioactivity. These discoveries have paved the way for how radiology is
practiced today. Marie Curie was born on November 07, 1867 in Warsaw, Poland. Both her parents where school teachers and they placed extreme
importance on education (Huso). Curie was exceptionally brilliant and had an obsessive thirst for knowledge. However, Poland at this time was
overruled by Russia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While working on her dissertation she became fascinated by the work from Henri Becquerel. Becquerel's discovery of uranium salts emitting rays
inspired her to conduct further research. Within a couple months of beginning her research she made two important discoveries that "led her to
formulate the theory that the rays were the result of something happening within the atom itself, a property she called radioactivity" (Goldsmith). She
discovered that the rays were emitted from the anatomical structure of the atom and the outcome was not due to the interaction of molecules. Pierre
Currie later abandoned his own research in crystals to help his wife in testing minerals that revealed high levels of radioactivity. From Marie Curie's
testing she concluded that a new more powerful element was responsible for the high levels of radioactivity. The Curies confined their research to the
mineral pitchblende because it emitted the strongest rays. They then diligently and progressively separated pitchblende by chemical analysis. They
measured the radioactivity of the separate components. "In July, 1898, she and Pierre successfully extracted an element from this ore that was even
more radioactive than uranium; they called it polonium in honor of Marie's homeland" (Goldsmith). Within that same years they identified a more
radioactive element. This element which was embedded in the pitchblende was named radium. To prove their discovery they needed to isolate a pure
form of this element. Which was no easy task, considering that these elements were extremely small and almost unnoticeable. In 1902 they were able
to isolate enough radium to confirm its existence. Marie Curie then received a doctorate degree from the Sorbonne University, making it the first
awarded to a women in Europe. In 1903 Pierre and Marie Curie and Henri Becquerel where jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for their

Analogy Essay
What do Kingda Ka and the discoverer of radioactivity, Marie Curie, have in common? Actually, there is a lot more than you would think. You
might say to yourself that they are completely different, which is correct, yet incorrect. One thing is a rollercoaster and the other is a famous
scientist, but when you look past just their physical descriptions, you will see how much they actually are alike. They both follow similar paths and
they both faced many hardships, but also many great things. Firstly, they both start off slowly. Marie was just an average girl who was born in
Poland in 1867. Kingda Ka was just a rollercoaster when construction began. They weren't anything special. Marie grew up like all other girls in
Poland did at that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Much like Kingda Ka, Marie was struck down by the fact that after a while, Marie had learned all she could. If she wanted further education, she
would have to wait a while to save up enough money to keep going. As they had before, they didn't let this obstacle stop them. Kingda Ka was
eventually repaired and it continued working as it had before, even though it had many more light breakdowns than it had before. Marie and her
sister had worked out a plan as well. First, they would save up enough money between them to send Marie's sister to college in France first. Then,
they would send Marie when they had enough money. Of course, there was a small issue. Since the college was in France, all of the lectures were
in French, so Marie would have to learn French in order to understand what was being taught. But this was only a small issue because Marie did
know some French, so it was easy for her to learn the rest of the language. But after these early issues, things seemed to be going well. There was
nothing major that stopped them. Kingda Ka ran smoothly for quite some time and Marie's interest in science really grew. This part in their lives
seemed like the initial hill on Kingda Ka. It was a huge obstacle and it seemed difficult to make it all the way up, but they found a way to make it
work. Of course, though, it didn't stay this way. Marie was a very intelligent person. She had made many huge impacts on science, such as

The Discovery of Radioactivity and its Effects Essay
During the 1800's, the late 1800's, scientist discovered radioactivity. The study of radio activity became a phenomenon amongst scientist during this
time period. With the discovery of new elements polonium and radium by Marie and Pierre Curie, the use of radioactivity to probe the center of an
atom, provided the instructions of a nuclear weapon that will kill innocent Japanese, leaving there face disfigured, and permanently changed. The
majority of people know of the effect of radioactivity but not how it was discovered and its close relation to physics.
The discovery of radioactivity can also be referred to the dawn of the nuclear age. Many scientist, were interested in satisfying their curiosity and began
to explore nature and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just like the other scientist before him, he performed experiments to satisfy his curiosity about radioactivity. Rutherford first, bombarded gold foil
in particles from a radioactive source. Rutherford saw that some of the particles seeming through the gold foil. Rutherford concluded that matter
was made up of empty space, but there was also a small dense portion of matter that deflected the particles. He defined this dense area as being a
nucleus. Through this finding, we were able to find discoveries that lead to the discovery of radioactivity. Some people argue that radioactivity
should not be used at all mainly because it harms people and fatal, while others say that it should be used for weapons in a war. From the two
atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945 the effect of radioactivity waves are clear. The effects of radioactivity are not always through a nuclear
bomb. Radioactive waves are transmitted through the sun and cosmic radiation. This simply means that people at higher elevations such as the Rocky
Mountains and the Colorado mountains are more expose to radioactive waves compared to people that live on or at sea level. Radioactive waves are
also transmitted through some fabricated technology, soil, and rocks. The majority of people pose the question why do doctors or nurses where aprons
when giving an x–ray. This is to protect them from radioactive waves. Nurses give countless numbers of x–rays a day. While you

Nuclear Chemistry Essay
Types of Radiation: List the three types of Radiation and describe conditions under which each case occurs. Alpha, Beta, Gamma. Alpha radiation
/emission – Alpha particles are the nuclei of a Helium atom 42He. Consisting of two protons and two neutrons, positively charged. The nuclei are
ejected from heavy, unstable nuclei so as to remove excess protons and neutrons. However, the formed nuclei may still be radioactive in which even
further decay will occur. Alpha emissions occur in nuclei with atomic numbers greater than 83. E.g 23892U пѓ 42He + 23490Th (both mass and No.
of protons are conserved during the reaction) Beta radiation/emission – Beta particles are electrons (0–1e) that have been released from the nucleus of a
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Transuranic Elements – are elements that have been artificially synthesised, and have atomic numbers greater than 92 Neutron Bombardment:
Neptunium (Z = 93) can be made in nuclear reactors by neutron bombardment of uranium–238, achieved in 1940 by Glenn Seaborg. 23892U + 10n пѓ
23992U пѓ 23993NP + 0–1e Alpha Bombardment – Alpha particles are able to produce transuranic elements. E.g. when plutonium–239 is bombarded
with alpha particles an isotope of Curium (Z = 96) is formed. 23994Pu + 42H пѓ 24296Cm +10n Ion accelerators – To produce elements with higher
atomic numbers, the approach of firing accelerated particles into a target is used. The accelerated particles, usually ions produced in a linear
accelerator, are fired towards the target element at velocities near the speed of light. Nuclear reactions occur in the target elements nuclei and are then
analysed, velocity filters using electrical and magnetic fields separate the products of the reaction and determines their mass. E.g Roentgenium (Rg, Z
= 111) was synthesised in 1944 as nickel–64 ions were accelerated towards bismuth–209, Rg was formed and rapidly decayed. 6428Ni + 20983Bi пѓ
272111Rg + 10n Commercial Radioactive Isotopes: What are commercial radioisotopes and explain how they are produced Commercial radioactive
isotopes (radioisotopes) are radioisotopes used for commercial/industrial use such as medicine, e.g.

The Is A Nuclear Waste Site
The ancient Greek culture and the Egyptians only survived for about two thousand years. The United States has been a country for only about two
hundred and thirty nine years. In ten thousand years the United States may or may not be around. This is significant because a nuclear waste site will
be dangerous for a span of ten thousand years. The WIPP,Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, is a nuclear waste site that is the result of testing nuclear
weapons from the United States government. The United States citizens must be protected from the radioactive wastes being regulated by the Nuclear
Regulatory Commission. (1)The primary goal of the WIPP is to create a sustainable marker or message to warn the citizens of America, and to any
future generations, about the harmful site. The markers and messages must be able to last for ten thousand years so future humans will be aware of the
dangers the area contains. Due to the nuclear testing, the WIPP will mark the hazardous nuclear waste that remains in New Mexico for a period of ten
thousand years.
(2)The cultures have greatly changed over the last two thousand years. Languages, food, clothing, religion, and other aspects of culture have been
created, used, and disregarded. It is difficult to know if the future generations will be able to comprehend our English language, that has been around
for thousands of years. Also a good amount of infrastructure has been damaged or completely renewed over the years. For example, natural disasters

Electron Radiation
Atoms are the microscopic building blocks of all matter in the universe. Everything around us are made of atoms, including radiation. The centre of an
atom is called the nucleus, it is made of two particles: protons, which carry a positive charge and neutrons, which have no charge. Electron carry a
negative charge and it is outside of a nucleus. The attraction of these negative electrons to the positive nucleus is what keep the atom together. All the
atom of the given elements has a specific number of protons and neutrons, but sometimes it will have too many of those and become radioactive and
an unstable atom is called a radioisotope. When radioactive want to be stable again, they must release energy until they get back to a balanced state. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant leaks radioactive water into underground and to sea. The effect cause earthquake in 2011. After
the earth quake on June 2011, scientists measured that 5,000 to 15,000 terabecquerels of radioactive material was reaching the ocean. Since the
incident in 2011, scientists measured levels of radioactivity in fish and other sea life. Several species of fish from this area had caesium levels that
exceeded Japan's regulatory limit for seafood. Scientists say the groundwater leaks could become worse, but warn against drawing conclusions about
the impacts on sea life before peer–reviewed studies are completed. Secondly, gamma rays can be used in medical treatment to kill cancer cell.
However gamma can be extremely dangerous because they are a very powerful source of power, if they delivered in an unmonitored and uncontrolled
way they can kill humans, animals and plants. Gamma rays however can also disrupt the physical properties of materials. They can cause plastics and
steel to become brittle and to eventually break.
In conclusion, radioactivity has both negative and positive aspects. Negative impacts include the radiation leaking and damage healthy organism or cell
during treatment while positive aspects consist of many different uses in medical science, security and daily life items. I support the uses of
radioactivity because the positive aspects outweigh the negative aspects and I believe that in the future the radioactivity can be used positively in many
other

How To Write An Essay On Chernobyl
Many animals live in the exclusion zone. Most of the small animals are getting cataracts in the eyes and the brain. The wolf's there are 7 time higher
population in the world. The wolfs with so much radiation are getting wilder and more harmful. The most popular animals there are brown bear, roe
deer, and wolves. The animals took over the town and 1,600 acres of grassland and forest. Now that everything has settled for now the animals are
reuniting with each other. The smaller animals of Chernobyl have a lower population because of the Chernobyl disaster. In the winter the animals are
taking over the abandon buildings for shelter, but the most common animals in the building are barn swallows. In the winter time, they have the
advantage of crossing the river when it's all ice. Now the animals have been taking over the Chernobyl
The food chain has changed since the disaster. The cheetahs are eating dead grass, mushrooms, and bark of the dead trees. Animals that have been
left behind like cows, horses, and pigs don't have any food like corn and beans. There have been 48 animals researched in the Chernobyl area. Most of
the 48 animals have now started finding out how hard it is to survive without food around Chernobyl area. The mushrooms ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Over 30,000 animals were affected by the Chernobyl explosion. Wolfs that are eating the deer are more radioactive because the deer have a lot of
radioactivity in them. Lots of insects have been affected by the disaster. Most of the animals that did get affected were mostly mammals. The smaller
the animals more radioactivity is in them. The barn swallows are deforming like smaller brains, longer tails and there noticing mutations. The
radioactivity will ruin the DNA of the animals. The livestock animals are deforming and they can't have baby animals. The dead animals bodies are
harmful to touch and you can not eat them because they have so much radioactivity inside

Radiotherapy
Radioactivity was first discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. He used fluorescent minerals to study the properties of x–rays. He had photographic
plates, which had been wrapped around in black paper with potassium uranyl sulfate that had been exposed to sunlight on top. This had been believed
that uranium had absorbed the sun's energy, then released to create an x–ray. His first experiment had failed due to an overcast over in Paris, but this
didn't stop Becquerel from developing his photographic plates. Although Becquerel was the one to discover radiation, the term radioactivity was
formed by Marie Curie and her husband, Pierre. This was a little after the phenomenon that had recently been discovered by Becquerel. Extracting
uranium from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some forms of radiation can be man–made or found naturally, but both are pretty harmful. When radiation merges with molecules in living cells, it
can severely damage them. This cell may become cancerous if the DNA has been damaged. This will mean that it can't repair itself. The cell will go
out of control, causing serious health issues, meaning it can increase the risk of both animals and to ourselves in getting cancer. Although radiation is
harmful to living cells, too much of it being merged into a living cell will more likely die completely. Sunlight, which is one of the most essential
forms of radiation can be extremely harmful in large quantities.
Overall, radioactivity has both positive and negative effects on people and the environment. Radioactivity is used in modern day medical equipment
and radiotherapy. But alongside this, radioactivity can be really harmful to the environment and to people through UV rays (from the sun), which can
then lead to killing enzymes in our bodies, or even lead cancer. Although radioactivity can be harmful towards people and the environment, I believe
that radioactivity is more of a blessing then a curse as it's really important concerning doctors and a lot of people rely on

Should Yucca Mountain Be A Nuclear Waste Disposal Site?
Introduction:
The task we are in charge with is determining if Yucca Mountain is a suitable long term nuclear waste disposal site, if it is a suitable short term
nuclear waste site until other sites are found or other scientific ways to dispose of the waste are found, and lastly if Yucca Mountain is not
determined to be a long or short term option for nuclear waste disposal. Option one would be to go ahead with the Yucca Mountain plan of long term
storage since it is the only answer we have currently for nuclear waste. Option two would be to use Yucca Mountain as a short term storage unit until
we find another more stable site or if we find a way to deactivate the radioactivity in the waste. The last option is to not use Yucca Mountain as a short
or long term storage unit because the site is shown to have water leakage and would therefore contaminate the surrounding area.
Option One:
In 1987 Congress amended the Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) which made the department of energy (DOE) responsible for investigation and
determination of the Yucca Mountain site. For more than twenty years the DOE has investigated and come up with preliminary designs for the
mountain. Option one is to continue with the plan to use Yucca Mountain as the permanent storage site for nuclear waste. Yucca Mountain would
function by Receiving spent nuclear fuel and high–level radioactive waste in shipping casks certified by the NRC, then unloading, handling, and
packaging spent nuclear fuel and

Marie Cure Essay
What does the word radiation bring to mind? Some picture nuclear bombs, others a nuclear power plant producing radioactive waste. However,
one of the first uses of radiation was for medical treatment, not destruction or energy. The scientist who discovered this potential was Maria
Salomea Sklodowska, also know as Marie Curie. Michael Hart, in his book The 100, stated, "It seems to me, however, that her great fame is based
not so much upon the importance of the scientific work she did as upon the fact that a woman did it." (Hart 515). Some people would argue that
Marie Curie's research was influential because she grew up in Russian controlled areas of Poland, where learning about certain things was not allowed,
she isolated the elements polonium and radium in pitchblende, and that her work helped advance the development of nuclear technologies. Growing
up, Marie Curie was not in the best of situations, however this gave her the hunger to learn more. She was born in the Russian controlled Kingdom of
Poland on November 7, 1867 (Britannica). Her mother was a principal at a local school, and her father a physics teacher. When Marie was only five her
mother developed tuberculosis, separating her from her family until the time of her death. Despite this Marie learned incredibly well, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
"This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by Irene and Frederic
Joliot–Curie of artificial radioactivity" (Britannica). Marie Curie had stockpiled enough radium so that her daughter, Irene Curie, and her husband
discovered artificial radioactivity. This led to ease of locating tumors using radioactive isotopes of certain elements and to the discovery of the neutron
in nucleus of atoms. It solved many occurrences that scientists couldn't explain, such as what happened during alpha decay and atomic masses of

Female Scientists In The 1800's Essay
During the 1800's, there were not a lot of female scientists. Marie Curie became the first woman to receive a nobel prize, and also the first to receive
two of them. She was a Polish–French physicist and chemist who discovered two elements and was famous for her work with radioactivity. She got her
love of science from her father, a physics and mathematics teacher. She moved to Paris to further her education and there met her future husband, Pierre
Curie, and took his place at Sorbonne when he passed away as the first women to hold that position. Those were not the only thing she accomplished
as a female scientist in the 1800's. Marie paved the way for many more female scientists in the future. Marie Curie was extremely intelligent as a child.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896, it inspired Marie and Pierre to investigate it further. They researched a lot of substances for
any signs of radioactivity, and discovered something that was more radioactive than uranium. They discovered radium, an element that damaged tissue,
so they used that to fight against cancer. "They found that the mineral pitchblende was more radioactive than uranium and concluded that it must
contain other radioactive substances. From it they managed to extract two previously unknown elements, polonium and radium, both more radioactive
than uranium" (Nobel Media). These discoveries led to radium being used to treat cancer and other diseases, and them getting their first Nobel Prize
in Physics in 1903. After Pierre passed away, she continued with her own studies. Marie successfully isolated radium and proved its existence. She
also studied the properties and compounds of these radioactive elements. "She also documented the properties of the radioactive elements and their
compounds. Radioactive compounds became important as sources of radiation in both scientific experiments and in the field of medicine, where they
are used to treat tumors" (Nobel Media). This discovery led to the further development of X–rays and her receiving her second Nobel Prize in
Chemistry in 1911. Marie Curie was the first woman ever to win two Nobel Prizes in two fields and in multiple sciences, two incredible

How Does Nuclear Decay Place
Discussion Question 1 Why and how does atomic nuclear decay take place? Explain. Atomic nuclear is a phenomenon also known as radioactivity.
According to NDE–ED the stability/instability of the nucleus is linked with the paring of spins between neutrons and the pairing of spins between
protons. In a non–radioactive, isotopes are found that a nuclei having even numbers of protons and neutrons to be more abundant. The even numbers
help with spin paring as the odd numbers indicate the unpaired spins. Nuclei with an odd number of neutrons or protons may indicate less stability
compared to a nucleus with even numbers. However, the isotopes that are considered the least stable are the odd number of neutrons and protons
(NDE–ED, 2016). The numbers... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over a hundred radioisotopes have been utilized to facilitate in various diagnostic testing as well as treatments. Radioisotopes make it convenient since
they can produce gamma radiation, a short life, and be eliminated after a procedure such as diagnostic testing or treatments are done. Radio diagnostic
procedures generally consist of radioactive tracers (monitor the biochemical elements in the body) and iodine 131 (treatment for over active thyroids
and detection of internal hemorrhages) (World Nuclear, 2016). What are the future trends in healthcare with respect to the use of radioactivity? In
diagnostic techniques utilizing radioactive racers it generally produces gamma rays with in the body. The tracers are typically short–lived isotopes
connected to chemical elements that allow a specific physiological procedure to be done. It may be injected, inhaled, or orally administered. For
instance, a procedure used to monitor the function of organs can be done with a gamma camera that gives off images of the distribution of radioactivity
with the combination of a computer (World Nuclear,

Radioactivity Lab Report
Objective
Radioactivity is present all throughout the environments on earth, which relates to the unstable atomic nuclei. Going into detail, radioactivity occurs in
unstable atomic nuclei and is caused by the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei. Radiation is used in numerous ways that are used in
experiments and medical procedures. In this article, radioactivity will be defined, the three types of radioactivity will be explained, and the different
methods of radiation will be illustrated.
Introduction Nuclei are formed with a higher stability after unstable atomic nuclei spontaneously decompose, and this process is called radioactivity.
Therefore, radioactivity refers to the particles that are released from nuclei due to nuclear ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The alpha particles have an atomic mass of 4 and a charge of +2. When an alpha particle is released from the nucleus, the mass number of the particle
decreases by four units and the atomic number decreases by two units. An example of this would be where the helium nucleus is the alpha particle. The
energy is a collection of stable nucleons, and those heavier nuclei that can be perceived as collections of alpha particles, such as carbon–12.01 or
oxygen–16.00 are also stable. Beta radiation is a stream of electrons that are called beta particles. When the beta particle is released, a neutron is
transformed to a proton in the nucleus, thus maintaining the mass number of the nucleus. Although, the atomic number increases by one unit. An
example of this occurring is when the electron is the beta particle. Pursuing this further, gamma rays are high–energy photons with a very short
wavelength of 0.0005 to 0.1 nm. The emission of gamma radiation results from an energy change within the atomic nucleus. Gamma emission changes
neither the atomic number nor the atomic mass. Alpha and beta emission are often accompanied by gamma emission, as an excited nucleus drops to a
lower and more stable energy

Carrie Curie Discovery
Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland on November 7, 1867. In her earlier years of research was able to develop methods for separating radium
from radioactive. Marie and Pierre her husband did many studies that examined many substances and minerals in order to find signs of radioactivity.
From studies done, they learned that the materials that they examine contained known radioactivity. The major elements that they studied were uranium
and thorium, which were found to have intensity radiation. Marie also discovered that because these elements were able to emit radiation it did not
depend on the arrangements of the atom, but it could also be linked to the interior of the atom itself. From this discovered she find two new radioactive
elements radium and polonium. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was able to find this discovery because of studying uranium salt, which was affected by light. By accident, he was able to discover that uranium
salt was able to spontaneously emit a penetrating radiation that can show on a photographic plate this is how he discovered radiation. He also
studies the physical properties of cobalt, nickel, and ozone and on now crystals absorbs light, and researched the polarization of light. And lastly,
Becquerel was able to discover beta particles. Wilhelm Roentgen was the first person to discover a type of radiation because of his investigation of
cathode rays. From his studies, he was able to discover the x–ray, which was a powerful tool for physical experiments and examining the interior of the
body. In his discoveries, he found out that fluorescence was caused by an agent that infiltrate, which is impermeable to visible or ultraviolet radiation.
This how he was able to termed the known agent as an x–ray. He was also greatly involved with the physics and medicine

The Long Term Health Risk For The General Population...
Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1PURPOSE OF PROJECT To quantify the long term health risk for the general population exposed to radiation by the
Fukushima–Daiichi Nuclear disaster in the aftermath of the 2011 Great Eastern Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. 1.2BACKGROUND On the 11th
March 2011, following a magnitude 9 earthquake in the Pacific, a fifteen meter tsunami hit Honshu, the main island of Japan, killing over 19,000
people and damaging the Fukushima–Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Over the following days while workers worked to contain the accident days the
crippled Nuclear Power Plant released dangerous nuclear isotopes into the atmosphere resulting in the biggest nuclear disaster since Chernobyl in April
1986. Experience from the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The exposure to the radiation released will not only result in heightened risks for cancer in populations, but may also result in other, non–cancer related
health problems such as thyroid diseases, visual impairment, circulatory diseases, hereditary disorders and teratogenic defects (developmental defects
in fetuses). It is important that exposure to radiation be estimated so that cancer risks can be estimated and appropriate responses and health measures
can be implemented by governments to deal with future development in health problems related to the release of radiation from Fukushima. In 2013
the World Health Organization released its health risk assessment for the Fukushima–Daiichi Nuclear disaster concluding that for the general
population "the lifetime risk for some cancers may be somewhat elevated above baseline rates for certain age and sex groups that were in the areas
most affected" and that disease attributable to the disaster is likely to remain below detectable levels. In 2012 Ten Hoeve and Jacobson provided the
first estimates of the health impact of the Fukushima nuclear accident, estimating an additional 15 to 1100 (most likely 130) cancer related mortalities
for the general population. Both Sophisticated modeling to come to these conclusions. This work to attempts to independently without reference to
either's methodology

The Father Of The Nuclear Age Essay
Nowadays, we all know that the development of education is very fast. It can be proved by so many new things created by the combination of
education, especially in science. Long time ago, in New Zealand, there was a man called "The Father of The Nuclear Age" who became the main
figure in radioactivity and nuclear physics. His name is Ernest Rutherford. Born as the second son and the fourth of twelve children in his family in
New Zealand, on 30th August 1871, Ernest Rutherford grew up by believing that education can be a tool to make a big change in the world. During
his studies, he got so many awards because of his efforts developing the modern education of physic and chemistry. For instance, he got the Nobel
Prize in Chemistry and a Baronetcy both in 1908 and 1931. He also did some experiments to developing the atom theory for several years. Finally,
Ernest Rutherford results from all of his experiment now used in the physic and chemistry education. In addition, to regard him, his picture appeared
in the $100 New Zealand Dollar. He is a very important person behind the development of modern science and will be remembered for a long time
because of his effort to discovering the theory of radioactivity, found the segment direction from his radioactivity experiment, and dissecting the atom.
Ernest Rutherford firstly developing the modern science by found the theory of radioactivity from an experiment. Radioactivity is "the emission of
energetic particles or waves from atoms"

Informative Essay On Radiation
I have found that radiation can either be very helpful or very dangerous, this all depends on the amount and how it's used.The definition of radiation
is the process by which energy is emitted as either particles or waves(mirion 2010).Radiation is measured in waves or curies. Curies is named after
one of the radiation founders Marie Curie. Radiation was discovered by many different people. Radiation is used in many helpful ways such as
medical and home use. It can also used to kill bacteria and parasites in food to make them last longer.
Henri Becquerel was the scientist that discovered radioactivity in 1896. Becquerel found radioactivity when he was experimenting with x– rays on a
cloudy day in Paris. He found radioactivity without ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By using radiation you can kill bacteria and parasites in food. If they parasites and bacteria weren't killed they would cause food borne illnesses. By
killing these germs you extend the freshness and quality of food. One example of using irradiation is the pasteurization of milk. Some may believe
that doing this may cause the food to become radioactive or unsafe. You many also think that using irradiation could cause the nutritional value to
decrease or become lesser. Many studies have been done to prove that irradiation has no effect on the food itself. Along with it having no effect on the
food it has no effect on the person or animal consuming the treated

Marie SkГ«odowska Research Paper
This is about a scientist who has succeeded in Chemistry and Physics, won two Nobel prizes, and done many other achievements. This scientist is
the famous Marie SkЕ‚odowska Curie. She has done many things in her lifetime. She was poor and didn't have a really good education but soon
after she became the first scientist to find out about radioactivity and other things. She has even done good things that benefited the world. This all
started on November 7, 1867, in Warsaw, Poland because this was day when Marie SkЕ‚odowska was born. She lived in a family with two parents
who are teachers and she had five older siblings. She took after her father who was a physics and math teacher and she was really smart in school, but
something horrible happened

Fukushima Accident: Article Analysis
The article I have chose to read and write about is, Impact of the Fukushima accident on marine life, five years later. In the article it is stated that about
five years ago the largest single release of human–made radioactive discharge to the marine environment resulted from an accident at the Fukushima
Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan. The article states that approximately eighty percent of the fallout happened over the Pacific ocean. The article
then discusses how a new study explores the environmental consequences in the marine environment of the accident. Lastly the article outlines the
status of the current research about the impact of the fallout on plant and animal life and what remains to be done as the radioactivity continues to
spread. The issue of the subject in this article is how the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So therefore this can relate to fishing, and feeding situations. This issue lastly can relate to groups of people such scientists and people in those
affecting areas as well. The scientist assessed to this human–made radioactive discharge, and I would say are responsible for the accident of it being
released into the Pacific ocean. This also relates to the people over in Japan and the surrounding areas of which the radioactivity is going on at and I
believe everyone should be doing their part to get this situation taken cared of. This article does not discuss solutions to the problem. The article does
not discuss solutions to the problem because they stated that additional research and studying need to be done for further investigation. I believe that
their are more complications rather than solutions for this issue. Why I believe this is because there is not further evidence or facts that have been
brought up in this article. The subject of this article concerns me personally because I soon would like to become a marine biologist and I am very
much interested in the ocean and all the living organisms within this environment. The subject of this

Nuclear Energy As A Safe And Reliable Clean Energy...
When nuclear energy was first put into practice the public was fascinated by the new energy source that emerged from the atom and its efficiency.
However, public fascination has turned to fear due to accidents at nuclear reactors and the dangers of radioactivity. While the dangers are apparent,
advancements in technology and safety mechanisms make nuclear energy a safe and reliable clean energy alternative. In a time of growing
environmental concerns of CO2 emissions and dependence of fossil fuels society should not let its fears from the past limit its future in a safe and
clean energy alternative.
As technology advances society's need for energy grows exponentially. Nuclear energy can help provide the energy that society desperately needs, but
there is a lot of controversy around nuclear power. Many people are afraid that potential risks that arise when there is a disaster and the long term
health effect of radiation. Others are concerned with the storage practices for radioactive material. These concerns are always prevalent in nuclear
discussions and an implicit bias and stigma around nuclear energy especially in the United States. The public's fear can lead into decisions based only
on emotion when controversial decisions should be made with a clear and unbiased mind. It is important that people understand and learn all of the
pros and cons of nuclear energy and base their opinions on facts rather than irrational fear. Nuclear energy is a complex energy source with

The Pros And Cons Of Radioactivity
Radioactivity has been around since the 1800s. It is very popular in the medical field. It is used my many professionals to help diagnose and treat
people every single day. Although it does have some advantages and disadvantages, people still use it to this day. Radioactivity is defined as "the
spontaneous emission of particles". (Nuclear Energy). Radioactivity is caused by an unbalanced nucleus in the cell. This happens because there is either
an uneven number of protons and/or neutrons. When this happens, the element is considered to have multiple isotopes. Anisotope is an atom with the
same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. Thus, they have different atomic weights. This is important to know because there is a
such thing as a radioactive isotope. These elements just have additional energy, and they release radiation in different forms. "There are over 800
radioactive isotopes, some of which are natural and some synthetic." (Helmenstine). Radioactive elements can be both artificial and natural. However,
in medicine, most of them are more than likely synthetic, since they are the most popular types. The use of radioactive elements in medicine is still
growing to this day. Many oncologists use it to treat their patients who have cancer. Many cancer patients use this option. They use the radiation to kill
off cancer cells. X–ray technicians or radiologists will also use it to administer x–rays to people who may have a broken bone, or need an MRI. The
patient is injected with a radioactive material that helps the doctor be able to see inside the body better, whether it be with pictures or ultrasound.
Radioactive material is defined as "material that contains radioactivity and thus emits ionizing radiation. It may be material that contains natural
radioactivity from the environment or a material that may have been made radioactive." (The Healthy Physics Society). This happens when someone
needs a colonoscopy. They have to drink or are injected with this liquid that helps their organs and all other masses in the body be seen better by the
radioactive materials. There are many advantages and disadvantages to the use of radioactive elements in medicines. Some advantages include the fact
that

The Contamination Of The Marine Environment
Unless an accident or in case of nuclear war, man is relatively protected from direct radioactive contamination, ie caused by breathing air contaminated
by radioactive bodies. Actually, the current main danger comes from the high degree of biological concentration of radioactive along the food chain
substances. Thus an indirect radioactive contamination that begins with the warehouse in soil and water of radioactive pollutants from the atmosphere
fallen occurs. In animals and plants that draw their nourishment from the soil and water bodies such focus, transmitting them to their predators
dangerous proportions. In the marine environment it is clearly seen this phenomenon. Algae often come to have a radioactivity specifies thousand
times higher than the surrounding water, and plankton concentration factor that can become of 5000. aquatic animals that feed on such organisms can
reach concentrations even more high. Radioactivity in plants focuses on the leaves and stems more than seeds. It is a factor that hurts herbivores. In
the final link in the food chain, man, cross–contamination occurs via the digestive tract after taking contaminated food or food plant. Milk, for
example, is one of the main vehicles for cross–contamination in some countries. This explains why the bones of children, which constitutes the main
food milk containing strontium–90 more than those of adults.
It has been estimated that the world population is exposed to natural radiation environment comprised

Fukushima Argumentative Essay
Since some countries in the region have already embarked on the nuclear energy option and some others are planning to do so, an increased attention in
the country has been given to protective measures in case of a nuclear/radiological emergency. Experience from nuclear accidents at Chernobyl and
recently, in Fukushima showed a lack of sufficient capacity for screening internal contamination of the public and pointed out the necessity for its
development [1]. Additionally, increasing the national applications of nuclear technology in industry, nuclear medicine and researches involved
radioisotopes utilization, resulted in legal and technical provisions adopted on the national level supporting protection of the public and radiation
workers against

Marie Curie Research Paper
Marie Curie Biography
On November 7, 1867, Maria Sklodowska was born in Warsaw, Poland during a time of confusion and chaos in Europe. At the time, Warsaw was
controlled by a czar, who wanted to eliminate all Polish nationalism by keeping the people away from their cultural traditions. In response to this
hypocrisy, Polish rebels ignored their Russian leader and continued with their traditions, which, in the long run, caused major chaos to take form in
Poland. Maria's parents, who were professors that feared matters would worsen, focused on educating their daughter in hopes of keeping her away
from the problems in Warsaw. Their teachings allowed Maria to comprehend the lessons at a much quicker pace than most other children her age;
therefore, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Her work ethic included late nights with her studies as well as providing help to her younger siblings with their school work. The homework
seemed effortless to her, even if challenged or when trying times became a road block in the way of her success; however, some of life's
challenges are known to have affected even the talented. During a three year time period, Maria and her family had lost her older sister and her
mother to tuberculosis, which caused them to fall into a state of depression. Maria suffered from fatigue, anxiety, and nervous twitches, all of which
severely impacted her academics. One day, however, her father decided to send her to her cousin's house in hopes that she would relieve some stress
and perhaps become herself again. Once there, Maria began to open her eyes and realized that Warsaw's situation had worsened and her future was
unknown. After she returned from her cousin's house, she immediately wanted to go to college to earn an advanced degree, especially since she came
home to an unemployed father. However, the problem Maria faced was that the University of Warsaw, the school that she had wanted to attend, only
accepted male students. She did not let that deter her. Maria and her sister attended the Floating University, which was an illegal night school that met
in various locations in order to avoid being caught by the czar. While having attended the University, she gained more knowledge in the new
developments within the scientific

Environmental Pollution: What Are The Problems With...
What are the problems with America currently today? One problem we have faced in America is environmental pollutions. Environmental pollutions
are the harmful filth in the air, we breathe everyday. Perhaps we do not notice them as we breathe. Some filth is seen from a far distance. Factory filth
is the main pollution producer in the USA now.
One environmental pollution are caused by factories because the product they produce causes the filth out of them. This could be the car production
or agricultural production. America produces a lot of cars for all the people to drive. More cars makes more carbon dioxide (filth) which causes
deaths, health problems and global warming. Perhaps we can switch to a different energy source to power these vehicles.

The Natural Radioactivity Of Soil Samples
Abstract The concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K are measured in the material collected from two locations. The collected materials are tested
using gamma ray spectrometry. The activity concentration of the naturally occurring radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in building material it
varies from 12.6 to 121.4, 13.6 to 142 and from 69.5 to 620.6 Bqkg_1, respectively. The radium equivalent activity, the absorbed dose rate, annual
effective dose and hazard index is also calculated Keywords Radionuclides, radiological hazard, building material radioactive 1. Introduction Natural
sources exist in several geological formations such as soils, rocks, sediments, vegetation, water and air emit radiation. While 4% is of artificial origin
(Chougan–kar et al., 2003; El–Daly and Hussein, 2008) [1]. The natural radioactivity of soil samples determined from the 226Ra, 232Th and40K
contents. Rocks and soils contribute considerably to indoor and outdoor exposure to the environmental radioactivity by gamma radiation emitting
mainly from 226Ra, 232Th and 40K contents, and beta radiation. The soil radioactivity is a good indicator of the distribution and accumulation of
radioactivity in the environment and knowledge of these concentrations provides useful information in the monitoring of environment radioactivity
(kessaratikoon and Awaekechi, 2008) [2]. Even though these radionuclides are extensively distributed, their concentrations have been proven to depend
on the local geological

The Discovery Of Roentgen Rays And Radioactivity
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY Radiation has been an ever present ingredient in the evolution of life on the Earth. It is not something new, invented
by the ingenuity of man in the technological age, it has always been there.
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF RADIATION THERAPY
THE DISCOVERY OF ROENTGEN RAYS AND RADIOACTIVITY
On Friday, November 8, 1895, while passing an electric current through a Hittorf–Crookes high– vacuum tube, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen noticed a
light coming from a workbench about a yard away. He identified the shining object as a piece of paper painted with barium platinocyanide. He
realized that this light must be caused by a new kind of ray, which he called x– rays and which later became known as roentgen rays. He continued
investigation of these rays and found that when he replaced the fluorescent screen with a photographic plate, he could obtain pictures. The most
dramatic was one showing the bones in his wife's Bertha Roentgen hand, which was taken on December 22, 1895. X–ray image of Bertha Roentgen's
Left Hand Wilhelm Roentgen (1845–1923)
On December 28, 1895, Roentgen delivered a written presentation of his discovery to the Physical – Medical Society of Wurzburg. Within a few
weeks, this Preliminary Communication entitled

Why Do Nuclear Power Plants Go Wrong
From an environmental standpoint nuclear power plants are extremely clean when it comes to electrical power generation. However, there are a lot of
ways where nuclear power plants can go wrong. Improperly functioning a nuclear power plant can create problematic situations. Take the Chernobyl
disaster for instance, because of their poorly designed nuclear power plant it released tons of radioactivity which scattered across the atmosphere. This
resulted in everyone leaving the city. Another recent incident was in Fukushima (Japan), a tsunami hit the nuclear power plants which caused the tins
to break and release radioactivity as well. Still to this day there is radioactive dust scattered all over the ground. Moreover, mining and purifying
uranium

Henri Becquerel Research Paper

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Henri Becquerel Research Paper

Similar to Henri Becquerel Research Paper (9)

More from Erin Thompson

More from Erin Thompson (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Henri Becquerel Research Paper