KHAN UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
IRD 1O3: DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND ITS APPLICATION
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Conceptualization of Development
Economic, Social, Political and Environmental Conceptions and indicators of Development
2. Theories of Development:
Rostow, Smith, Marx
3. Characteristics of transitional Societies
Low incomes, Dual Economies, Poverty, Population Growth, Scarce Strategic Natural Resources, Demonstration Effects and Unemployment.
4. Africa’s Development Objectives
Alleviation of Mass Poverty, Self-sustaining Growth and Development, Regional Integration and Collective Self-reliance.
5. Sectorial Development
Agricultural and Rural Development, Industry and Informal Sector, Tourism, Infrastructural Development- water, institutions such as schools, colleges e.t.c. for manpower development; roads, airways, telecom, railways, shipment.
6. Organization Strategies for Development
Top down Planning and Bottom up planning
7. Definition of Foreign Aid
· Why countries accept foreign aid
· Why donors give foreign aid
8. Structural Reforms and their impact on Development
The rationale of Structural Reforms, Impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes in specific sectors (e.g. education, Health, Agriculture)
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
By the end of the lesson the student should be able to:
1. Have an understanding of the economic aspects of development process.
2. Appreciate development problems experienced by the Less Industrialized Countries.
3. Suggest solutions to these problems.
DEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT
Historically the word development in its present context is of a very recent origin. It was used in the covenant of League of Nations and much later by the charter of the United Nations. The concept of development acquired more significance after the Second World War in 1945, partly as a requirement to help reconstruct the countries, which had been ruined by the two world wars, and later extended towards development of countries emerging from colonial rule.
From the general Literature of development and from the descriptions of development projects one may deduce that development represents a process through which relatively simple traditional, agrarian societies become industrialized and therefore modernized. This philosophy, characterized planning and development, was thought in most developing nations in the 1950s and 1960s.
In the 1950s and 1960s development tended to be looked at in strictly economic terms. Economic growth was considered synonymous with economic development, and thus the total development of a society. While economic growth is an essential component of a country’s development process, it is not sufficient. During this period, also referred to as the first development, meant the capacity of a national economy, whose initial economic condition has been more or less static for a long time, to generate and sustain an annual i
5. Topographic theory
The mind contains three levels
The unconscious, pre conscious and the conscious
The unconscious
Contains repressed thoughts and feelings that are
not available to the conscious mind
Uses primarily process thinking which is
associated with primitive drives, wish fulfilment,
immediate gratification and pleasure seeking
6. It has no logic or concept of time
Freuds proof of the unconscious
Dreams, parapraxes,hypnosis
7. Topographic theory
Preconscious mind
Contains memories that are not immediately
available but can be accessed easily
Example the names of the cranial nerves
Conscious mind
Contains thoughts that the person is currently
aware of
12. Structural
component
Topographical
level of operation
Age at which it
develops
Characteristics
Id Unconscious Present at birth Contains
instinctive sexual
and aggressive
drives Controlled
by primary process
thinking Not
influenced by
external reality
Ego Unconscious,
preconscious, and
conscious
Begins to develop
immediately after
birth
Controls the
expression of the
id to adapt to the
requirements of
the external world
primarily by the
use of defense
mechanisms
13. Structural
component
Topographical
level of operation
Age at which it
develops
Characteristics
Superego Unconscious,
preconscious, and
conscious
Begins to develop
at about 6 y of age
Associated with
moral values and
conscience
Controls the
expression of the
id
