Disaster management is a process of effectively preparing for and responding to disasters. It involves strategically organizing resources to lessen the harm that disasters cause. It also involves a systematic approach to managing the responsibilities of disaster prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery.

2. What is Disaster Risk Management?
Disaster Risk Management is a process of mobilizing a group of people in
a systematic way towards achieving a common risk reduction objective
which takes place in a geographically-defined living area (or) in sector
groups.
The local people must know what disaster management and risk reduction
stand for, what their own responsibilities are, how they can help prevent
disasters, how they must react during a disaster and what they can do to
support themselves when necessary.
Awareness and knowledge will built the risk perception of local people. The
analyzing and understanding the risk of particular hazard to their lives
properties, local people can take steps to reduce those risks and minimize
the damages caused by the hazard.
The involvement and awareness of local community are therefore a critical
element of disaster risk management.

3. Circle of Disaster Risk Management

4. Generally, the disaster risk management process (cycle) is composed
of the following main elements –
 Prevention
Measures taken to avert a disaster from occurring, If possible! To impede a
hazard so that it does not have any harmful effects. (Risk identification,
analysis and prioritize)
 Mitigation
Measures taken prior to the impact of a disaster to minimize its effects,
sometimes referred to as structural and non-structural measures. (Planning
and implementation of structural interventions and non-structural measurers
for reducing the risk exposed to particular hazard).

5.  Preparedness
Measures taken in anticipation of a disaster to ensure that appropriate and
effective actions are taken in the aftermath. (activities and measures taken
in advance to ensure effective response to the impact of a hazard).
 Early Warning
Early Warning system is the provision of timely and effective information
that allows individuals exposed to a hazard to take action to avoid or reduce
their risk and prepare for effective action.
 Response
Actions taken immediately following the impact of a disaster when
exceptional
measures are required to meet the basic needs of the survivors.

6.  Recovery
The process undertaken by a disaster-affected community to fully restore
itself to pre-disaster level of functioning.
 Reconstruction
Permanent measures to repair or replace damaged dwellings and
infrastructure and to set the economy back on course.

7. Disaster risk management means the systematic process of using
administrative decisions, organization, operational skills and capacities to
implement policies, strategies and coping capacities of the society and
communities to lessen the impacts of natural hazards and related
environmental and technological disasters. This comprises all forms of
activities, including structural and non-structural measures to avoid
(prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) adverse effects of
hazards
Approach of Disaster Risk Management
Disaster risk management refers to a collective and integrated approach of
the people in a systematic way to understand natural and human induced
hazards, their characteristics and anticipated potential threats.
Disaster Risk Management involves activities and measure including
structural and non-structural to avoid or reduce adverse effects of hazards.

8. What is flood risk management?
Flood risk management aims to reduce the likelihood and/or the impact of
floods. Experience has shown that the most effective approach is through the
development of flood risk management program incorporating the following
elements:
Prevention: preventing damage caused by floods by avoiding construction of
houses in present and future flood-prone areas; by adapting future
developments to the risk of flooding; and by promoting appropriate land-use,
agricultural and forestry practices;
Protection: taking measures, both structural and non-structural, to reduce the
likelihood of floods and/or the impact of floods in a specific location;
Preparedness: informing the population about flood risks and what to do in
the event of a flood;

9. FLOODS
• Floods are the most common
climate-related disaster in the region
and include seasonal floods, flash
floods, and floods associated with tidal
events induced by tsunami and
cyclone in coastal areas.

10. Type of Floods:
FLASH FLOOD
Flash flood is a sudden and extreme volume of water, can flows rapidly,
sometimes in just a few minutes by dam failure, breakup of ice dam. Flash
floods often have a dangerous wall of roaring water that carries a deadly cargo
of rocks, mud and other debris and can sweep away most things in its path.
RIVER FLOODS
Slow building up usually seasonal by heavy rainfall, sometimes over a period of
days.
COASTAL FLOODS
Associated with storm surges, tsunami waves, tropical cyclones
Flood effects can be very local, impacting a community, or very large, effecting
entire river basins and multiple districts.

11. Heavy Rainfall
fills.
Rapid Snow
melting/Glacier
burst
Dam failure.
Low absorption
or no soil
percolation.
Cyclone or
Tsunami
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF FLOOD?

12. Impact of Floods
 There are many factors that contribute to the suffering of
individuals affected by flooding:
 Loss of Life & Injuries
 Loss of livestock
 Economical Losses
 Impact on agriculture
 Health-related effects
 Environmental Impacts
 Disruption of Communication
 Damages to properties & Infrastructures
 Contamination of Waters
 Evacuation of affected population

13. What to do before a flood?
 Identify if your locality is at flood-prone or high risk area.
 Keep a list of useful numbers for e.g. emergency services.
 Be prepared to evacuate.
 Learn your community’s evacuation routes & where to find high
ground.
 Talk to your family members or those you live with about
possible flooding.
 Plan a re-union place in case you are separated from one
another in a disaster & cannot return.
 Determine how you would care for surrounding populations who
may need your help in a flood.

14.  Prepare to survive on your own for at least three days.
 Keep a stock of food & extra drinking water.
 Make a flood kit, including a torch, blankets, waterproof clothing,
a portable radio, first aid kit, rubber gloves, medication & key
personal documents.
 Have a few sandbags or floor boards prepared to block
doorways.
 Construct barriers such as levees & floods walls to stop flood
water from entering the building.
 Know how to shut off electricity, gas & water at main switches &
valves.
 Install check valves in sewer traps to prevent flood water from
backing up into the drains.

15. What to do during a flood?
 Be aware of flash flood. If there is ANY POSSIBILITY of a flash
flood, move immediately to higher ground; do not wait for
instructions to move.
 Listen to radio or television for local information.
 Be aware of streams, drainage channels, & other areas known
to flood suddenly. Flash floods can occur in these areas with or
without such typical warning signs as rain clouds or heavy
rain.If local authorities issue a flood watch, prepare to evacuate

16. Secure your facility
 Turn off utilities at the main switches, disconnect electrical
appliances.
 Do not touch electrical equipment if you are wet or standing in
water.
 Do not walk through moving water. Six inches of moving water
can knock you off your feet. If you must walk in a flooded
area, walk where the water is not moving. Use a stick to check
firmness of the ground in front of you.
 Do not drive into flooded areas. A foot of water will float many
vehicles. You and your vehicles can be quickly swept away as
floodwaters rise.

17. What to do after a flood?
 Avoid flood waters. The water may be contaminated by oil, gasoline etc. The
water may also be electrically charged from underground or downed power
lines.
 Avoid moving water. Moving water only six inches deep can sweep you off
your feet.
 Be aware of areas where flood waters have receded. Roads may have
weakened & could collapse under the weight of any vehicle.
 Stay away from drowned power lines & report them to the power company.
 Return only when authorities indicate it is safe. Stay out of buildings if
surrounded by flood waters. Use extreme caution when entering buildings.
There may be hidden damage, particularly in foundations.

18. Consider your family health &
safety needs:
 Wash hand frequently with soap & clean water if you come in
contact with flood waters Through away food that has come in
contact with flood waters.
 Listen for news reports for information about where to get
assistance for housing, clothing & food.
 Seek necessary medical care at the nearest medical facility.
 Service damaged septic tanks, pits & leaching systems as soon
as possible. Damaged sewage systems are serious health
hazards.

19. Emergency Response: developing emergency response plans in the case
of a flood;
Recovery and lessons learned: returning to normal conditions as soon as
possible and mitigating both the social and economic impacts on the
affected population.

20. Cyclones
• Tropical Cyclones are large rotating, migratory
storms that form over the tropical oceans
• Tropical Cyclones are called Hurricanes in
Atlantic, Caribbean, and Eastern Pacific
• Typhoon in western Pacific
• Cyclone in Indian Ocean
• They occur primarily during the late summer
month

21. CYCLONE CATEGORY:
Cyclone are rated according to their wind speed on the Saffir-Simpson scale.
This scale ranges from categories 1 to 5, with 5 being the most devastating.
Under the right atmospheric conditions, cyclone can sustain themselves for
as long as a couple of weeks. Upon reaching cooler water or land, cyclone
rapidly lose intensity.
Category/Wind Speed
1. 74-95 mph
2. 96-110 mph
3. 111-130 mph
4. 131-155 mph
5. 156+ mph

22. Cyclone are formed from simple thunderstorms. However, these
thunderstorms can only grow to cyclone strength with
cooperation from both the ocean and the atmosphere. First of all,
the ocean water itself must be warmer than 81 degrees F. The
heat and moisture from this warm water is ultimately the source
of energy for hurricanes/cyclone. Cyclones will weaken rapidly
when they travel over land or colder ocean waters -- locations
where their heat and/or moisture sources do not exist.

23. Hurricane/Cyclone Structure
 Hurricane/Cyclone winds blow in a counterclockwise spiral around the calm,
roughly circular center called the eye. In the eye, which is roughly 20 to 30 miles
wide, it is relatively calm and there is little or no rain. The eye is the warmest part
of the storm. Surrounding the eye is the eyewall, a wall of thunderclouds. The
eyewall has the most rain and the strongest winds of the storm, gusting up to 225
mph (360 km/h) in severe storms. The smaller the eye, the stronger the winds. The
winds spiral in a counterclockwise direction into the storm's low-pressure center.
 Long bands of rain clouds appear to spiral inward to the eyewall -- these are called
spiral rainbands. Hurricanes/Cyclone can be hundreds of miles across.
 In addition to rotating with wind speeds of at least 74 mph, a hurricane/cyclone
travels relatively slowly across the ocean or land, usually at about 20 to 25 mph.
 If you are facing in the direction that the hurricane/cyclone is traveling, the right
side generally has the fastest winds, and the left side usually has the most rain.

24. Vulnerability to Tropical Cyclones:
 Settlement located in low lying coastal areas (direct impact);
 Geography of immediate vicinity;
 Poor building design, or construction, Irregular;
 Terrain Insufficient lead time for warning and evacuation;
 None compliance with evacuation procedures;
Inadequate shelter.

25. Immediate Effect:
 The most serious immediate consequence of cyclones is the loss of human
lives. The death rate is significantly higher where communications are poor
and warning systems and evacuation plans are inadequate.
 The most dramatic impact of cyclones is the damage they cause to houses
and other physical structures. In addition to damaging homes and buildings,
cyclones destroy or damage critical facilities, supply lines, crops, and/or
food stocks, disrupt economic activities and create financial burdens.
 They may destroy or damage facilities that are critical for responding to
disasters;. among these are communications installations; electrical
generating and transmission facilities; water storage, purification, and
pumping facilities; sewage treatment facilities; hospitals; police stations;
and various other public and private buildings.

26.  High winds destroy some standing crops, especially grains, and damage
orchards and forests. Flooding from intense rains damages certain crops,
and may cause excessive erosion. Storm surges scour and erode top soils;
deposit salts on fields, and may increase salinity in subsurface water,
damage to roads, bridges, railways, etc.
 During the emergency, people must leave their jobs and devote their time to
disaster-related activities such as search-and-rescue or caring for survivors.
 In addition, the cost of relief and reconstruction creates a financial burden
on the government. Increased expenditures for preventive and curative
medicine, aid to the unemployed, and repair or replacement of housing are
required, at a time when there is a decrease in public resources due to an
overall decrease in economic activity and tax receipts.

27. Immediate Needs in Cyclone Situation:
The occurrence of a disaster is a critical time and the response must be
quick and complete. The initial response by local authorities after a
cyclone includes:
 Search and Rescue operation
 Emergency Medical assistance
 Emergency Shelter for evacuation
 Food & Water for short term
 Special Nutritional need for children
 Water purification
 Debris clearance
 Re-establishment of communications network
 Damage assessment
 Epidemiological surveillance
 Strengthen Communities livelihood for; recovery, rehabilitation &
reconstruction

28. Long Term Risk Reduction
Coping Mechanism
Risk Mapping, Assessment and
Analysis:
The first and probably the most complex task of cyclone mitigation is to map
the hazard, risks and vulnerabilities of cyclone at all levels, analyze and
assess the levels of risks and monitor it continuously. It is only on the basis of
such a knowledge base that a proper and effective strategy for cyclone risk
mitigation and preparedness can be developed.

29. Cyclone Shelter:
 A large number of people in the
coastal areas live in thatched
houses which cannot withstand
the high velocity of wind and
storm surges resulting in
extensive damages of such
houses and deaths and injuries of
a large number of poor people.

30. Early warning of cyclones and its dissemination to the coastal
habitations is an important preparatory measure to reduce the
losses of life and property during cyclones.
Early Warning and Communication:
It is important that warning should reach every one in least
possible time and in right (understandable language) format
particularly to people living in the shoreline/coastline.
People should be oriented about the warning signals and system.
Warning message should be short & clear; in phases to avoid
panic.

31. Community Based Disaster Preparedness:
Communities are the first real time responder to any disaster
situation. However developed or efficient a response mechanism
could be there would always be a time gap between the disaster
and the actual response from the government and other agencies.
If the communities are mobilized and trained to assess their own
risk through participatory risk assessment process, develop their
own contingency plans and set up their own teams for evacuation,
search and rescue, emergency shelter, first aid etc, the risks of
cyclones can be managed with significant reduction in number of
deaths and injuries.

32. Capacity Development and Training:
Capacity development is the most cost effective method of reducing the vulnerabilities of the
people living in the coastal areas. The coastal communities have a certain degree of capacities
built into their social systems and practices acquired through inherited experiences of
generations. Therefore, the local capacities have to be continuously upgraded and further
developed according to the changing needs and the developments of science and technology
and other improved practices in various sectors.
Training programs have to be practical, scenario based and exercise and problem solving
oriented so that the functionaries are aware of their specific responsibilities and are able to
discharge those responsibilities efficiently before, during and after the cyclonic disasters.
Such trainings may include maroon search and rescue, first aid, evacuation, temporary shelter
management, arrangements of drinking water and sanitation, provision of cooked food etc.

33. Awareness and Education:
While training and capacity development target specific groups
according to their specific training needs, awareness generation
is more of a general in nature which sensitizes common masses
about the risks, vulnerabilities of cyclones and the preventive,
mitigative and preparedness measures that can be taken at the
government, community, household and individual level.

34. General (Repair Work):
Roads/culverts/bridges in the cyclone prone areas need to be maintained well
and if they are in a bad shape their repair and strengthening works also to be
given utmost attention.
Roads are always associated with culverts and bridges as the terrain demands,
and routine maintenance of these infrastructures is crucial for post disaster
response.
Where the general road condition is found to be bad due to poor sub grade, and
the bridges and culverts are in a distressed condition their restoration work has
to be accorded high priority.

35. Awareness Programs for
population prone to cyclone
Preparation for Cyclone:
 Listen to radio and TV for warnings. If possible have a battery
radio available.
 Well before the storm, move your vehicle out of low lying areas to
a higher ground and park away from trees or other high wind
hazards.
 Secure your facilities and bring outdoor object to indoor.
 Store several days water & food for each member of family.
 Act quickly when advised to evacuate to other safe areas.

36.  Follow instructions of local authorities or follow your own
evacuation plan If not required to evacuate, stay indoor.
 Secure yourself & away from windows & blast doors.Have
access to flashlights. Do not use candles or any open flame
lantern, etc. These are highly dangerous in a power outage.
 Since the floors can get wet, all articles such as shoes, rugs,
clothes, bags, suitcases, etc., should be placed on closet
shelves, in dresser drawers, or on a bed.
 All loose objects should be placed in drawers or closets. Papers,
books, etc. , should not be left on top of desks or dressers.
 Valuables should be placed in a theft secure place (or securable
location). All doors should be locked when the occupants are not
in the room or apartment.

37.  All windows and drapes/curtains must be closed tightly.
 Due to heavy rain and wind, move all personal belongings away
from the outside wall(s) in your room. Have a container with
some fresh water in case water supply is affected.
 Check food for spoilage in case electrical current is interrupted.
 If caught outside, avoid contact with dangling or loose wires,
likewise, do not touch trees or other items outside, because
they may conduct electricity.
 Emergency shelters may be set up at various locations.

38. What to do after a Cyclone:
 Stay turned to local news organizations, such as a radio or television
station, for important announcements, bulletins, and instructions concerning
the storm area, medical aid and other forms of assistance, such as food,
water and shelter.
 Remember that you may not have immediate access to your home.
Emergency rescue crews, power crews, and other personnel may be
attending to special needs. Roads could be blocked, power lines could be
down, and people may be trapped and in need of assistance.
 Make sure that you have current identification. You may have to pass
through identification check points before being allowed access to your
home/neighborhood.
 Avoid driving, as roads may be blocked. Avoid sight-seeing, or entering a
storm ravaged area unnecessarily. You could be mistaken for a looter

39.  Avoid downed power lines, even if they look harmless. Avoid metal fences
and other metal objects near downed lines.
 DO NOT use matches in a storm ravaged area, until all gas lines area
checked for leaks (Keep flashlights and plenty of batteries at hand).
 Avoid turning the power on at your home if there is flooding present. Have
a professional conduct a thorough inspection first.
 Consider having professionals/licensed contractors inspect your home for
damage and help in repairs. This includes electricians, as well as
professionals to inspect gas lines, remove uprooted trees, and check
plumbing. Remember that downed or damaged trees can contain power
lines that can be a hazard.
 Use a camera or camcorder to record thoroughly any damage done to
your home, before any repairs are attempted.

40.  In certain areas, the flooding rains that accompany a storm
can create pest problems. Be aware of potential pest
problems in your area, such as mice, rats, insects or snakes,
that may have "come with the storm".
 Telephone lines will likely be busy in the area; use a phone
only for emergencies.
 Flooding brings with it the risk of waterborne bacterial
contaminations. You should assume that the water is not safe
and use properly stored water, or boil your tap water.

41. Earthquake
Earthquakes are sudden, rapid vibrations of
the earth caused by sudden rupturing and
shifting of rock beneath the earth surface.
The vibration of earth can range from barely
noticeable to extremely destructive.
Earthquake vibrations occur in a variety of
frequencies and velocities. The actual rupture
process may last from a few seconds to as
long as one minute for a major earthquake.

42. Classes of earthquake:
There are three classes of earthquake that are known & recognized as,
tectonic, volcanic and artificially produced
Tectonic: Tectonic quake are by far the most
common, devastating and most difficult to predict. They
are caused by stresses set up by movements of a
dozen or so huge plates that form the earth’s crusts.
Most earthquakes occur at the boundaries of these
plates. Where two plates slides over and collides
against each other; some earthquakes do occur in the
middle of plates.

43. Volcanic: Volcanic quakes are seldom
very large or destructive; they often precede
or accompany volcanic eruption.
Artificial: Artificially produced earthquake
are induced by activities such as the filling
of new reservoir or the pumping of fluid
deep into the earth through wells. This type
of earthquake can be noticeable but are
hardly destructive.

44. Affects of earthquake
Earthquakes are one of the most destructive of natural hazards. They may
occur at any time of year, day or night, with sudden impact and little warning.
Destroy buildings and or damage structure of the building, bridges, and
communications -
 Loss of human lives
 Dense casualties/injuries
 Extensive property damages
 Disruption/Disturbance to normal human
life activities
 Destabilize the government, economy and
social structure of a country.

45. Secondary Hazards
When earthquake occur, a variety of secondary and related
hazards can happen simultaneously. The ground shaking from
earthquakes can cause landslides, rock fall, debris flow, soil
liquefaction, avalanches, tsunami, fire etc.
Factors contributing the vulnerability
Several key factors contribute to vulnerability of human populations:
Location of settlements in seismic areas, especially on poorly
consolidated soils, on ground prone to landslides or along fault
lines.
Building structures, such as homes, bridges, dams, which are
not resistant to ground motion.

46.  Dense groupings of buildings with high occupancy.
 Lack of access to information about earthquake risks.
Earthquake Fault line
An earthquake fault is a zone within the earth’s crust where the rocks have
been weakened by previous earthquake, and where we expect earthquake
slip to occur.
Where earthquakes most often occur?
The earth’s surface is broken into a dozen or so major plates, plus a
number of smaller plates and those plates are moving with respect to each
other. The motion between two major tectonic plates is the main causes of
occurring of earthquakes.

47. Whether earthquakes are predicted?
The seismological research has indicated the seismic zones and
geologic fault and has warned that where earthquakes are going
to occur, but difficulty is that it cannot be predict when it will
occur.
Foreshock and after shock
Foreshocks are small scale earthquakes that occur before a
large earthquake. Aftershocks may occur hours, days, weeks, or
even months following the large quake.

48. PREPAREDNESS FOR AN EARTHQUAKE
Be prepared for an earthquake
“Earthquakes don’t kill people, un-safe buildings do”
By planning and practicing what to do before, during and after an
earthquake, your family can learn to react correctly and
automatically when the shaking begins. During an earthquake,
most deaths and injuries are caused by collapsing building
materials and heavy falling objects. Learn the safe spots in each
room of your home. Participating in an earthquake drill will help
children understand what to do in case you are not with them
during an earthquake.

49. Before the tremors:
 Secure heavy furnishings and keep heavy objects on lower shelves
 Secure your water heater with wall and floor
 Do not hang decorative items, fancy lights, pictures and mirrors above
beds or seating areas.
 Store weeds killers, pesticides and flammable products securely in close
cabinets with latches and on bottom shelves.
 Check roofs and wall foundation for stability
 Repair defective electrical wiring and leaky gas connections
 Keep list of Emergency phone numbers, Police, Fire Service, Ambulance
Service, Rescue, Electric & Gas Depts.
 Develop an emergency survival Kit
 Food items (rice, noodles, canned food, milk power, beverages, water)
Solid fuel and matches – A First Aid Kit – A portable battery-operated
transistor radio.
 Decide where family members will reunite if separated

50. During the tremors
 Ground shaking in earthquake is lasting for not more than 15-30 seconds
During these few seconds, stay calm, do not run or panic.
 If indoor, stay indoor and minimize your movements to a few steps to reach
a nearby safe place. Know the danger & safe spot in home.
 Take shelter under a sturdy table, desk or bed and protect your head and
face as that will provide you with provide you with air space and protection
against falling objects.
 Stay away from windows, doors, walls, display shelves and heavy objects
that could fall and hurt you, like lightings, furniture or fixtures.
 Do not use elevators, use stairways in multi-story buildings.
 If you are outdoors, stay away from buildings, trees, overhead power lines
and overpass. Remain in the open until the tremor stops.
 If you are driving, stop as quickly as safety permits & stay in your vehicle.
Avoid stopping near or under trees, buildings, bridges, over passes or
overhead electrical cables.

51. After the tremor stops
 Check yourself and others for injuries…administer first aid quickly and
carefully.
 Do not touch any damaged electrical wiring. Also, report to concerned
authorities. Learn how to cut off utilities.
 Do not use candles, matches and other naked flames during and after
tremors, as there might be a gas leak.
 Check your home for any structural defects. Get expert advice if there are
signs of structural defects.
 Use the telephone to report life-threatening emergencies only.
 Be prepared for aftershocks which may cause additional damage and
may bring weakened structures down. Aftershocks may occur hours,
days, weeks, or even months after the quake.

52. Enhancing Your Survivability
If Trapped Under Debris or Rubble
 Avoid unnecessary movement so that you don’t kick up dust.
 Maintain moral and fighting sprits high.
 Periodically move your fingers and toes to ensure blood
circulation.
 Cover your mouth and nose with anything you have on hand.
Try to breathe through the available cotton material.
 Shout only as a last resort -shouting can cause a person to
inhale dangerous amounts of dust.
 Tap on a pipe or wall so that rescuers can hear where you
are.If available use a flashlight to signal your location.