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Extraction and Applications of
Rare Earth Metals and
Alloys
(Uranium, Lithium, Beryllium, Selenium, Platinum
Metals,Tantalum, Silicon, Molybdenum,
Manganese, Chromium, Cadmium, Boron,
Titanium,Tungsten, Zirconium)
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Introduction
Metals & Alloys is a primary source of the lanthanide rare earth metals
(including yttrium and scandium) and of rare earth metal alloys. The
oxides produced from processing rare earths are collectively referred to
as rare earth oxides. Although rare earths are relatively common in the
earth’s crust, they often do not occur in high enough concentrations, or
occur along with high levels of radioactive elements to make their
extraction economic. The oxides that are produced from processing the
rare earth elements constitute the basic material that can be sold to the
market or further processed into metals or alloys.
Rare earths are essential constituents of more than 100 mineral
species and present in many more through substitution. They have a
marked geochemical affinity for calcium, titanium, niobium, zirconium,
fluoride, phosphate and carbonate ions. Industrially important
minerals, which are utilized at present for rare earths production, are
essentially three, namely monazite, bastnasite and xenotime. In
modern time techniques for exploration of rare earths and yttrium
minerals include geologic identification of environments of deposition
and surface as well as airborne reconnaissance with magneto metric
and radiometric equipment. x
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There are numerous applications of rare earths such as in glass making
industry, cracking catalysts, electronic and optoelectronic devices,
medical technology, nuclear technology, agriculture, plastic industry etc.
Lot of metals and alloys called rare earth are lying in the earth which
required to be processed. Some of the important elements extracted
from rare earths are uranium, lithium, beryllium, selenium, platinum
metals, tantalum, silicon, molybdenum, manganese, chromium,
cadmium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium etc. There are different methods
involved in production of metals and non metals from rare earths for
example; separation, primary crushing, secondary crushing, wet
grinding, dry grinding etc.
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The rare earths are silver, silvery white, or gray metals; they have a
high luster, but tarnish readily in air, have high electrical conductivity.
The rare earths share many common properties this makes them
difficult to separate or even distinguish from each other. There are
very small differences in solubility and complex formation between
the rare earths. The rare earth metals naturally occur together in
minerals. Rare earths are found with non metals, usually in the 3+
oxidation state. At present all the rare earth resources in India are in
the form of placer monazite deposits, which also carry other
industrially important minerals like limonite, rutile, zircon, sillimanite
and garnet.
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Rare earth metals and alloys that contain them are used in many
devices that people use every day such as computer memory, DVDs,
rechargeable batteries, cell phones, catalytic converters, magnets,
fluorescent lighting and much more.
Some of the fundamentals of the book are commercially important
rare earth minerals, exploration for rare earth resources, rare earth
resources of the world, some rare earth minerals and their
approximate compositions, rare earths in cracking catalysts, rare
earth based phosphors, interdependence of applications and
production of rare earths, uranium alloys, conversion of ores to
lithium chemicals, characterization and analysis of very pure silicon,
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derivation of molybdenum metal, electroplating and chromizing,
electrolytic production of titanium, heat treatment of titanium alloys,
tensile properties of alloys etc.
The book covers occurrence of rare earth, resources of the world,
production of lithium metals, compounds derived from the metals,
chemical properties of beryllium, uses of selenium, derivation of
molybdenum metals, ore concentration and treatment and many
more. This is a unique book of its kind, which will be a great asset for
scientists, researchers, technocrats and entrepreneurs.
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Table of Contents
Natural Abundance
Occurrence of Rare Earths
1. Placer Deposits
2. Vein Type Deposits
3. Bastnasite Deposits
4. Ion Adsorption Type Ores
5. Other Rare Earth Sources
Commercially important Rare Earth Minerals
1. Monazite
2. Bastnasite
3. Xenotime
Exploration for Rare Earth Resources
Rare Earth Resources of the world
1. China
2. United States of America
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3. India
1. Beach Placers and Dunes
2. Inland Placers
3. Reserves of Monazite
4. Occurrence of Xenotime
4. Australia
1. Placer Deposits
2. Hard rock Deposits
1. Mount Weld Deposit
2. Mary Kathleen
3. Port Pirie
4. Olympic Dam
5. Brazil
Other countries
Table 1.
The Content of Rare Earths and Some Common Elements in the
lgneous Rocks of the Earth's Crust
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Table 2.
Some Rare Earth Minerals and their Approximate Compositions
Table 3.
Typical Placer Minerals and their Specific Gravity
Table 4.
Mineralogial Composition of Typical Placer Samples, as mined in India
and Australia
Table 5.
Rare Earth Distribution in Various Rock Forming and Accessory
Mineral of Host Rock
Table 6.
The Rrare Earth Pattern in Different Layers of an Ion Adsorption Type
Desposit
Table 7.
Composition of REO recovered from major Ion-Adsorption Type
Deposits in China
Table 8.
The REO Centent of Different Types of Ores in China
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Table 9.
Analysis of the Typical Loparite Sample
Table 10.
Rare Earths Distribution in Monazite from Different Sources (wt %)
Table 11.
Rere Earth Distribution in REO from Bastnasite from different
Sources (wt. %)
Table 12.
Rare Earth Distribution in Xenotime Samples (wt.%)
Table 13.
Ore Types In Baiyunebo Deposit
Table 14.
Chemical Analysis of Ore Samples from Deposit no. 801, China
Table 15
Some Important Rare Earth Resources of Australia and their Rare
Earth and Thorium content
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Table 16
Countrywise Distribution of Rare Earth Resources
1. Arc Carbons
Glass Making Industry
1. Decolourization of glass
2. Colouring of glass
3. Special Glasses
1. Spectacle Glass
2. Television and Cathode Ray Tubes
3. Glass for Eye protection
4. Infrared Transmitting Glass
5. Radiation Protection Windows
6. Optical Glass
Laser Glass
Fibre
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Glass Polishing Powders
1. Glass Polishing Technology
2. Different Types of Abrasives
3. Manufacturing Methods
4. Producers of Polishing Powders
4. Enamels and Glazes
Catalysts
1. Rare Earths in Cracking Catalysts .
1. Cracking Process
2. Evolution of the catalyst
3. Rare Earth, Exchange of the Zeolite
4. Composition of the catalyst
5. Role of Rare Earths in the Catalyst
Use of Rare Earth Zeolites
6. Rare Earth Consumption
7. Impact of Lead Additive Phase down
8. Scope for using cerium in FCC unit
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2. Application of Cerium and Lanthanum in Auto-exhaust Catalysts
1. Catalyst Converter System
2. Role of Rare Earths
3. Other Catalyst Applications of Rare Earths
1. Methanation
2. Ammonia Synthesis
3. Homogenous Catalysis
4. Methane Conversion
Fine Ceramics
1. HighTemperature Structural Ceramics
1. Stabilization of Zirconia
2. Sintering of Silicon Nitride (Si3N4)
3. Sintering of Silicon Carbide (SiC)
2. Functional Ceramics
1. Piezoelectric Materials
1. Role of REO in Piezoelectric Ceramics
2. Applications of Piezoelectric Ceramics
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2. Optoelectronic Materials
1. Applications
2. Preparation of PLZT Materials
3. Thermistor, Varistor and Capacitor Materials
1. PTC Thermistor
2. Varistor Materials
3. Grain Boundary Barrier Layer (GBBL)
Capacitors
4. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
1. Electrolyte
2. Electrodes
3. Interconnecting Material
5. Oxygen Sensors
6. Heating Elements
7. High Temperature Super-conducting Materials
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Rare Earth Based Phosphors
1. General
1. Laser Action
2. Antistoke Emission
2. Rare Earths as Phosphor Materials
1. Fluorescence due to 4f Transitions
2. Fluorescence due to Transitions from 5d to 4f
Orbital
3. Rare Earths as Phosphor Matrices
3. Major Applications of Rare Earth Phosphors
1. Low Pressure Mercury Lamps
1. Desirable Phosphor Properties for
Fluorescent Tubes
2. Phosphors used in Tube Lights
3. Rare Earth Phosphors in Fluorescent
Tubes
2. Rare Earths in High Pressure Mercury Vapour
Lamps
3. Trichromatic Compact Lamps
1. Matching of Lamp Light to the Visual System
2. Red Phosphor
3. Green Phosphor
4. Blue Phosphor
5. Performance of the Trichromatic Lamp
4. R&D in phosphor Development in India
5. Preparation of Light Phosphors
6. Application of Cathodoluminescence of Rare Earth
1. Colour Television Phosphors
2. Preparation of Phosphors
7. Phosphors for Non-illumination Purposes
8. Electroluminescent Phosphors
9. Thermoluminescent Phosphors
10. Rare Earth X-ray phosphors
1. X-ray screens and scanners
2. Advantage of Rare Earth Phosphors
3. Rare Earth Compounds used in X-ray phosphors
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11. Rare Earths in other Medical Imagery
Rare Earths in Nuclear Technology
9. Miscellaneous Applications
1. Application in Agriculture
1. Techniques of Application
2. Nong-le and N.P.K. Fertilizers
3. Areas of Application
2. Dyeing and Currying
3. Colouring of Plastics
Interdependence of Applications and Production of Rare Earths
Introductory
Particle Characteristics
Middlings
Table 1.
Types of Middling
Staged Concentration
Panning
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Gravity Separation
Chemical Methods
Flotation
Magnetic and Electric Methods
Amalgamation
Exploitable Factors
Concentration Formulae
Preliminary
Crushing
Crushing Theory
Physical Aspects of Comminution
The Crushing Sequence
Jaw Crushers
Variations on the Blake
The Dodge Crusher
Gyratory Crushers
Comparison of Jaw and Gyratory Crushers
Mobile Crushing Units
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By-passing the Undersize
Feeding Arrangements
Protective Devices
The Duty of the Section
Lay-out and Equipment
The Symons Cone Crusher
Gearless Gyratories
ROLLS
Hammer Mills
Gravity Stamps
Dry Crushers, Summarised
Optimum Grind
Applied Power
Useful Net Power
Grinding and the Particle
Grinding Objectives
Comminution of Particles
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Effect of Peripheral Speed
The Return Load
The Solid-Liquid Ratio
Control
Preliminary
Fixed-path Mills
The Vibrating Mill
Tumbling Mills
Operation
Application
Mill Capacity
General Conclusions
Preliminary
Milling Action
Types of Mill
The Hardinge Mill
The Low-discharge Cylindrical Mill
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Tube, or High-discharge Mills
The Cascade Mill
Mill Liners
Feeding
Crushing Bodies
Capacity
Introduction
Isotopes and Nuclear Reactions
OCCURRENCE AND SOURCES
PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC STATISTICS
CONCENTRATION FROM ORES
REFINING
PREPARATION OF METAL
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
MECHANICAL AND METALLURGICAL BEHAVIOUR
Hardness
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Elastic Properties
Tensile Properties
Creep
Fatigue
Deformation and Textures
Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth
Radiation Damage
Chemical Behaviour: Reactions And Compounds
Reactions with Nonmetallic Elements; Binary Compounds
Reactions with Simple Compounds of Nonmetallic Elements
Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
Uranium Alloys
Nonmetals: Carbon, Boron, and Silicon
Metals
Liquid Metals
Phase Diagrams
Table 13. Alloying Behavior of Uranium
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Metallography
Melting and Casting
Forging
Rolling
Extrusion
Swaging and Drawing
Machining
Welding
Powder Metallurgy
Use of Uranium
In Nuclear Reactors
Other Uses
Introduction
Occurrence
Cost Considerations
Conversion Of Ores To Lithium Chemicals
Production of Lithium Metal by Fused Salt Electrolysis
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Physical Properties And Handling Of The Metal
Lithium Cartridges
Lithium Wire or Ribbon
Lithium Shot
Sodium-Free Lithium Metal
Molten Lithium
Compounds Derived From The Metal
Lithium and Hydrogen
Lithium and Nitrogen
Lithium and Oxygen
Lithium and Silicon
Other Lithium Compounds
Lithium Hydroxide
Lithium Halides
Various Other Lithium Compounds
Electrochemistry Of Lithium
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Alloys
Lithium-Magnesium Alloys
Lithium-Aluminium Alloys
Lithium-Zinc Alloys
Lithium-Lead Alloys
USES OF LITHIUM METAL
Lithium in Alloys
Lithium as a Degasifier and Refining Agent
Lithium in Cast Iron
Lithium in Steels
Lithium in Organic Chemistry
Lithium in Atomic-Energy Developments
Lithium in High-Energy Fuels
Uses Of Lithium Compounds
Introduction
Occurrence
Production And Economic Statistics
Derivation
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Copeaux-Kawecki Process
Sawyer-Kjellgren Process
PRODUCTION
Pure Beryllium Oxide
Beryllium Metal
Beryllium-Copper Master Alloy
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Beryllium
Beryllium Oxide
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BERYLLIUM
TOXICITY
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Beryllium
Beryllium Alloys
FABRICATION
Beryllium
Beryllium-Copper Alloys
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Applications
Beryllium
Beryllium Oxide
Beryllium-Copper Alloys
Beryllium-Nickel Alloys
Beryllium-Iron Alloys
Miscellaneous Beryllium Alloys
Introduction
Occurrence
Derivation
Physical Properties
The Solid State
The Liquid State
The Vapour State
Electrical Conductivity
Effect Of Light On Electrical Properties Of Selenium
Chemical Properties
Oxygen
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Hydrogen
Halogens
Toxicity
Uses Of Selenium
Electronics Industry
Glass and Ceramics Industry
Pigment Industry
Steel Industry
Miscellaneous Uses
Introduction
Occurrence
Production And Economic Statistics
Derivation
Extraction of Platinum Metals from
Canadian Nickel Ores
Extraction of Platinum from South African Ores
Refining of Platinum Metal Concentrates
Treatment of Native Platinum
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Refining of Scrap
FABRICATION TECHNIQUES
Melting
Working
Electrodeposition
Vapour Deposition
Available Forms
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Platinum
Palladium
Rhodium and Iridium
Ruthenium and Osmium
Alloys of the Platinum Metals
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Compact Metals
Sponge and Powdered Metals
Black and Colloidal Metals
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APPLICATIONS
Platinum
Palladium
Rhodium
Iridium
Osmium
Ruthenium
History
Occurrence and Sources
Production and Price Statistics
Extraction
Production of Tantalum Metal
Consolidation and Purification
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Chemical Properties
Alloys
Tantalum-Tungsten Alloys
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Fabrication
Applications
Surgical
Nuclear Energy Systems
Miscellaneous
CALCIUM
Derivation
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Applications
Calcium Hydride
Calcium Alloys
Barium
Strontium
Introduction
Occurrence
Production And Economic Statistics
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Derivation
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Applications
Single Crystals
Characterization And Analysis Of Very Pure Silicon
Introduction
Occurrence
Production And Statistics
Prices
Ore Processing
Derivation Of Molybdenum Metal
Powder Metallurgy Process
Arc-casting Process
Working Of Molybdenum
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
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Corrosion Resistance Of Metallic Molybdenum
Protection From Oxidation
Molybdenum Compounds
Fabrication
Joining
Applications
Molybdenum As An Alloying Element
Occurrence
Production And Economic Statistics
Derivation
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Fabrication
Alloys
Applications
Occurrence And Characteristics
Uses Of Chromium Ore
Chromium Metal
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Alumino- And Silicothermic Chromium
Carbon-reduced Chromium
Electrolytic Chromium
Physical Properties Of Chromium
Electronic Structure
Thermal Properties
Chemical Properties
Analysis Of Chromium
Chromium Toxicology
Melting And Fabrication
Mechanical Properties
Tensile Properties
Transition Temperature
Electoplating And Chromizing
Chromium Alloy Systems
Applications
Introduction
Occurrence
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Production And Statistics
Derivation
Initial Recovery
Purification
Recovery
Purification
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Toxicity
Alloys
Binary Systems
Ternary Systems
Fabrication Techniques
Applications
Introduction
Occurrence
Historical Review
Processes For Making Boron
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Production Of Boron 10
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Methods Of Analysis
Fabrication Techniques
Applications
Occurrence
Production
Extractive Metallurgy
Oxide Reduction
Magnesium Reduction Of Titanium Tetrachloride
Sodium Reduction Titanium Terachloride
The Lodide Process
Electrolytic Production Of Titanium
Physical And Mechanical Properties
Chemical Properties
Corrosion
Oxidation
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Chemical Compounds
Physical Metallurgy
Alloying Principles
Heat Treatment Of Titanium Alloys
Metallography
Processing And Fabrication
Melting
Fabrication
Applications Of Titanium
Introduction
Occurrence
Production And Economic Statistics
Metallurgy
Ferrotungsten
Tungsten Compounds
Tungsten Metal
Reduction
Tungsten Carbide
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Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Chemical Properties
Alloys
Tungsten-molybdenum, Columbium, Tantalum, Chromium
Tungsten-rhenium
Tungsten-iron
Tungsten-cobalt
Tungsten-nickel
Tungsten-nickel-copper
Tungsten Steels
Miscellaneous
Analysis And Metallography
Fabrication
Ductile Rod And Wire
Tungsten Sheet
Slip Casting
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Arc Casting
Electron Beam Melting
Hydrostatic Compacting
Flame Spraying
Sintered Carbide
Applications
Present Applications
Potential Applications
Introduction
Sources Of Zirconium
Ore Concentration And Treatment
Separation Of Zirconium And Hafnium
Production Of Ductile Zirconium Metal
Reduction Of Zro2
Reduction Of Zirconium Halides
Reduction Of Other Compounds
Reduction Of Zrci1 With Mg The Kroll Process
Iodide Decomposition Process
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Electrodeposition of Zirconium
Physical and mechanical properties
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reaction with Gases
Reaction with Halogens
Miscellaneous
CORROSION RESISTANCE
Corrosion in Various Media
Corrosion in Gases
Corrosion in Liquid Metals
Corrosion in Other Media
MELTING ZIRCONIUM
FABRICATION
Rolling and Forging
Extrusion
Cold Working
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Machining
Power Brake Forming
Surface Finishing
Welding
ZIRCONIUM-ALLOY SYSTEMS
Tensile Properties of Alloys
Zircaloy
APPLICATIONS
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Extraction and Applications of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys (Uranium, Lithium, Beryllium, Selenium, Platinum Metals, Tantalum, Silicon, Molybdenum, Manganese, Chromium, Cadmium, Boron, Titanium, Tungsten, Zirconium)

  • 1. Extraction and Applications of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys (Uranium, Lithium, Beryllium, Selenium, Platinum Metals,Tantalum, Silicon, Molybdenum, Manganese, Chromium, Cadmium, Boron, Titanium,Tungsten, Zirconium)
  • 2. www.entrepreneurindia.co Introduction Metals & Alloys is a primary source of the lanthanide rare earth metals (including yttrium and scandium) and of rare earth metal alloys. The oxides produced from processing rare earths are collectively referred to as rare earth oxides. Although rare earths are relatively common in the earth’s crust, they often do not occur in high enough concentrations, or occur along with high levels of radioactive elements to make their extraction economic. The oxides that are produced from processing the rare earth elements constitute the basic material that can be sold to the market or further processed into metals or alloys.
  • 3. Rare earths are essential constituents of more than 100 mineral species and present in many more through substitution. They have a marked geochemical affinity for calcium, titanium, niobium, zirconium, fluoride, phosphate and carbonate ions. Industrially important minerals, which are utilized at present for rare earths production, are essentially three, namely monazite, bastnasite and xenotime. In modern time techniques for exploration of rare earths and yttrium minerals include geologic identification of environments of deposition and surface as well as airborne reconnaissance with magneto metric and radiometric equipment. x www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 4. www.entrepreneurindia.co There are numerous applications of rare earths such as in glass making industry, cracking catalysts, electronic and optoelectronic devices, medical technology, nuclear technology, agriculture, plastic industry etc. Lot of metals and alloys called rare earth are lying in the earth which required to be processed. Some of the important elements extracted from rare earths are uranium, lithium, beryllium, selenium, platinum metals, tantalum, silicon, molybdenum, manganese, chromium, cadmium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium etc. There are different methods involved in production of metals and non metals from rare earths for example; separation, primary crushing, secondary crushing, wet grinding, dry grinding etc.
  • 5. www.entrepreneurindia.co The rare earths are silver, silvery white, or gray metals; they have a high luster, but tarnish readily in air, have high electrical conductivity. The rare earths share many common properties this makes them difficult to separate or even distinguish from each other. There are very small differences in solubility and complex formation between the rare earths. The rare earth metals naturally occur together in minerals. Rare earths are found with non metals, usually in the 3+ oxidation state. At present all the rare earth resources in India are in the form of placer monazite deposits, which also carry other industrially important minerals like limonite, rutile, zircon, sillimanite and garnet.
  • 6. www.entrepreneurindia.co Rare earth metals and alloys that contain them are used in many devices that people use every day such as computer memory, DVDs, rechargeable batteries, cell phones, catalytic converters, magnets, fluorescent lighting and much more. Some of the fundamentals of the book are commercially important rare earth minerals, exploration for rare earth resources, rare earth resources of the world, some rare earth minerals and their approximate compositions, rare earths in cracking catalysts, rare earth based phosphors, interdependence of applications and production of rare earths, uranium alloys, conversion of ores to lithium chemicals, characterization and analysis of very pure silicon,
  • 7. www.entrepreneurindia.co derivation of molybdenum metal, electroplating and chromizing, electrolytic production of titanium, heat treatment of titanium alloys, tensile properties of alloys etc. The book covers occurrence of rare earth, resources of the world, production of lithium metals, compounds derived from the metals, chemical properties of beryllium, uses of selenium, derivation of molybdenum metals, ore concentration and treatment and many more. This is a unique book of its kind, which will be a great asset for scientists, researchers, technocrats and entrepreneurs.
  • 8. www.entrepreneurindia.co Table of Contents Natural Abundance Occurrence of Rare Earths 1. Placer Deposits 2. Vein Type Deposits 3. Bastnasite Deposits 4. Ion Adsorption Type Ores 5. Other Rare Earth Sources Commercially important Rare Earth Minerals 1. Monazite 2. Bastnasite 3. Xenotime Exploration for Rare Earth Resources Rare Earth Resources of the world 1. China 2. United States of America
  • 9. www.entrepreneurindia.co 3. India 1. Beach Placers and Dunes 2. Inland Placers 3. Reserves of Monazite 4. Occurrence of Xenotime 4. Australia 1. Placer Deposits 2. Hard rock Deposits 1. Mount Weld Deposit 2. Mary Kathleen 3. Port Pirie 4. Olympic Dam 5. Brazil Other countries Table 1. The Content of Rare Earths and Some Common Elements in the lgneous Rocks of the Earth's Crust
  • 10. www.entrepreneurindia.co Table 2. Some Rare Earth Minerals and their Approximate Compositions Table 3. Typical Placer Minerals and their Specific Gravity Table 4. Mineralogial Composition of Typical Placer Samples, as mined in India and Australia Table 5. Rare Earth Distribution in Various Rock Forming and Accessory Mineral of Host Rock Table 6. The Rrare Earth Pattern in Different Layers of an Ion Adsorption Type Desposit Table 7. Composition of REO recovered from major Ion-Adsorption Type Deposits in China Table 8. The REO Centent of Different Types of Ores in China
  • 11. www.entrepreneurindia.co Table 9. Analysis of the Typical Loparite Sample Table 10. Rare Earths Distribution in Monazite from Different Sources (wt %) Table 11. Rere Earth Distribution in REO from Bastnasite from different Sources (wt. %) Table 12. Rare Earth Distribution in Xenotime Samples (wt.%) Table 13. Ore Types In Baiyunebo Deposit Table 14. Chemical Analysis of Ore Samples from Deposit no. 801, China Table 15 Some Important Rare Earth Resources of Australia and their Rare Earth and Thorium content
  • 12. www.entrepreneurindia.co Table 16 Countrywise Distribution of Rare Earth Resources 1. Arc Carbons Glass Making Industry 1. Decolourization of glass 2. Colouring of glass 3. Special Glasses 1. Spectacle Glass 2. Television and Cathode Ray Tubes 3. Glass for Eye protection 4. Infrared Transmitting Glass 5. Radiation Protection Windows 6. Optical Glass Laser Glass Fibre
  • 13. www.entrepreneurindia.co Glass Polishing Powders 1. Glass Polishing Technology 2. Different Types of Abrasives 3. Manufacturing Methods 4. Producers of Polishing Powders 4. Enamels and Glazes Catalysts 1. Rare Earths in Cracking Catalysts . 1. Cracking Process 2. Evolution of the catalyst 3. Rare Earth, Exchange of the Zeolite 4. Composition of the catalyst 5. Role of Rare Earths in the Catalyst Use of Rare Earth Zeolites 6. Rare Earth Consumption 7. Impact of Lead Additive Phase down 8. Scope for using cerium in FCC unit
  • 14. www.entrepreneurindia.co 2. Application of Cerium and Lanthanum in Auto-exhaust Catalysts 1. Catalyst Converter System 2. Role of Rare Earths 3. Other Catalyst Applications of Rare Earths 1. Methanation 2. Ammonia Synthesis 3. Homogenous Catalysis 4. Methane Conversion Fine Ceramics 1. HighTemperature Structural Ceramics 1. Stabilization of Zirconia 2. Sintering of Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) 3. Sintering of Silicon Carbide (SiC) 2. Functional Ceramics 1. Piezoelectric Materials 1. Role of REO in Piezoelectric Ceramics 2. Applications of Piezoelectric Ceramics
  • 15. www.entrepreneurindia.co 2. Optoelectronic Materials 1. Applications 2. Preparation of PLZT Materials 3. Thermistor, Varistor and Capacitor Materials 1. PTC Thermistor 2. Varistor Materials 3. Grain Boundary Barrier Layer (GBBL) Capacitors 4. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 1. Electrolyte 2. Electrodes 3. Interconnecting Material 5. Oxygen Sensors 6. Heating Elements 7. High Temperature Super-conducting Materials
  • 16. www.entrepreneurindia.co Rare Earth Based Phosphors 1. General 1. Laser Action 2. Antistoke Emission 2. Rare Earths as Phosphor Materials 1. Fluorescence due to 4f Transitions 2. Fluorescence due to Transitions from 5d to 4f Orbital 3. Rare Earths as Phosphor Matrices 3. Major Applications of Rare Earth Phosphors 1. Low Pressure Mercury Lamps 1. Desirable Phosphor Properties for Fluorescent Tubes 2. Phosphors used in Tube Lights 3. Rare Earth Phosphors in Fluorescent Tubes 2. Rare Earths in High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamps
  • 17. 3. Trichromatic Compact Lamps 1. Matching of Lamp Light to the Visual System 2. Red Phosphor 3. Green Phosphor 4. Blue Phosphor 5. Performance of the Trichromatic Lamp 4. R&D in phosphor Development in India 5. Preparation of Light Phosphors 6. Application of Cathodoluminescence of Rare Earth 1. Colour Television Phosphors 2. Preparation of Phosphors 7. Phosphors for Non-illumination Purposes 8. Electroluminescent Phosphors 9. Thermoluminescent Phosphors 10. Rare Earth X-ray phosphors 1. X-ray screens and scanners 2. Advantage of Rare Earth Phosphors 3. Rare Earth Compounds used in X-ray phosphors www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 18. 11. Rare Earths in other Medical Imagery Rare Earths in Nuclear Technology 9. Miscellaneous Applications 1. Application in Agriculture 1. Techniques of Application 2. Nong-le and N.P.K. Fertilizers 3. Areas of Application 2. Dyeing and Currying 3. Colouring of Plastics Interdependence of Applications and Production of Rare Earths Introductory Particle Characteristics Middlings Table 1. Types of Middling Staged Concentration Panning www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 19. Gravity Separation Chemical Methods Flotation Magnetic and Electric Methods Amalgamation Exploitable Factors Concentration Formulae Preliminary Crushing Crushing Theory Physical Aspects of Comminution The Crushing Sequence Jaw Crushers Variations on the Blake The Dodge Crusher Gyratory Crushers Comparison of Jaw and Gyratory Crushers Mobile Crushing Units www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 20. By-passing the Undersize Feeding Arrangements Protective Devices The Duty of the Section Lay-out and Equipment The Symons Cone Crusher Gearless Gyratories ROLLS Hammer Mills Gravity Stamps Dry Crushers, Summarised Optimum Grind Applied Power Useful Net Power Grinding and the Particle Grinding Objectives Comminution of Particles www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 21. Effect of Peripheral Speed The Return Load The Solid-Liquid Ratio Control Preliminary Fixed-path Mills The Vibrating Mill Tumbling Mills Operation Application Mill Capacity General Conclusions Preliminary Milling Action Types of Mill The Hardinge Mill The Low-discharge Cylindrical Mill www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 22. Tube, or High-discharge Mills The Cascade Mill Mill Liners Feeding Crushing Bodies Capacity Introduction Isotopes and Nuclear Reactions OCCURRENCE AND SOURCES PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC STATISTICS CONCENTRATION FROM ORES REFINING PREPARATION OF METAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MECHANICAL AND METALLURGICAL BEHAVIOUR Hardness www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 23. Elastic Properties Tensile Properties Creep Fatigue Deformation and Textures Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth Radiation Damage Chemical Behaviour: Reactions And Compounds Reactions with Nonmetallic Elements; Binary Compounds Reactions with Simple Compounds of Nonmetallic Elements Reactions with Aqueous Solutions Uranium Alloys Nonmetals: Carbon, Boron, and Silicon Metals Liquid Metals Phase Diagrams Table 13. Alloying Behavior of Uranium www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 24. Metallography Melting and Casting Forging Rolling Extrusion Swaging and Drawing Machining Welding Powder Metallurgy Use of Uranium In Nuclear Reactors Other Uses Introduction Occurrence Cost Considerations Conversion Of Ores To Lithium Chemicals Production of Lithium Metal by Fused Salt Electrolysis www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 25. Physical Properties And Handling Of The Metal Lithium Cartridges Lithium Wire or Ribbon Lithium Shot Sodium-Free Lithium Metal Molten Lithium Compounds Derived From The Metal Lithium and Hydrogen Lithium and Nitrogen Lithium and Oxygen Lithium and Silicon Other Lithium Compounds Lithium Hydroxide Lithium Halides Various Other Lithium Compounds Electrochemistry Of Lithium www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 26. Alloys Lithium-Magnesium Alloys Lithium-Aluminium Alloys Lithium-Zinc Alloys Lithium-Lead Alloys USES OF LITHIUM METAL Lithium in Alloys Lithium as a Degasifier and Refining Agent Lithium in Cast Iron Lithium in Steels Lithium in Organic Chemistry Lithium in Atomic-Energy Developments Lithium in High-Energy Fuels Uses Of Lithium Compounds Introduction Occurrence Production And Economic Statistics Derivation www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 27. Copeaux-Kawecki Process Sawyer-Kjellgren Process PRODUCTION Pure Beryllium Oxide Beryllium Metal Beryllium-Copper Master Alloy PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Beryllium Beryllium Oxide CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BERYLLIUM TOXICITY MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Beryllium Beryllium Alloys FABRICATION Beryllium Beryllium-Copper Alloys www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 28. Applications Beryllium Beryllium Oxide Beryllium-Copper Alloys Beryllium-Nickel Alloys Beryllium-Iron Alloys Miscellaneous Beryllium Alloys Introduction Occurrence Derivation Physical Properties The Solid State The Liquid State The Vapour State Electrical Conductivity Effect Of Light On Electrical Properties Of Selenium Chemical Properties Oxygen www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 29. Hydrogen Halogens Toxicity Uses Of Selenium Electronics Industry Glass and Ceramics Industry Pigment Industry Steel Industry Miscellaneous Uses Introduction Occurrence Production And Economic Statistics Derivation Extraction of Platinum Metals from Canadian Nickel Ores Extraction of Platinum from South African Ores Refining of Platinum Metal Concentrates Treatment of Native Platinum www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 30. Refining of Scrap FABRICATION TECHNIQUES Melting Working Electrodeposition Vapour Deposition Available Forms PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Platinum Palladium Rhodium and Iridium Ruthenium and Osmium Alloys of the Platinum Metals CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Compact Metals Sponge and Powdered Metals Black and Colloidal Metals www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 31. APPLICATIONS Platinum Palladium Rhodium Iridium Osmium Ruthenium History Occurrence and Sources Production and Price Statistics Extraction Production of Tantalum Metal Consolidation and Purification Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Chemical Properties Alloys Tantalum-Tungsten Alloys www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 32. Fabrication Applications Surgical Nuclear Energy Systems Miscellaneous CALCIUM Derivation Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Applications Calcium Hydride Calcium Alloys Barium Strontium Introduction Occurrence Production And Economic Statistics www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 33. Derivation Physical Properties Chemical Properties Applications Single Crystals Characterization And Analysis Of Very Pure Silicon Introduction Occurrence Production And Statistics Prices Ore Processing Derivation Of Molybdenum Metal Powder Metallurgy Process Arc-casting Process Working Of Molybdenum Physical Properties Mechanical Properties www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 34. Corrosion Resistance Of Metallic Molybdenum Protection From Oxidation Molybdenum Compounds Fabrication Joining Applications Molybdenum As An Alloying Element Occurrence Production And Economic Statistics Derivation Physical Properties Chemical Properties Fabrication Alloys Applications Occurrence And Characteristics Uses Of Chromium Ore Chromium Metal www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 35. Alumino- And Silicothermic Chromium Carbon-reduced Chromium Electrolytic Chromium Physical Properties Of Chromium Electronic Structure Thermal Properties Chemical Properties Analysis Of Chromium Chromium Toxicology Melting And Fabrication Mechanical Properties Tensile Properties Transition Temperature Electoplating And Chromizing Chromium Alloy Systems Applications Introduction Occurrence www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 36. Production And Statistics Derivation Initial Recovery Purification Recovery Purification Physical Properties Chemical Properties Toxicity Alloys Binary Systems Ternary Systems Fabrication Techniques Applications Introduction Occurrence Historical Review Processes For Making Boron www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 37. Production Of Boron 10 Physical Properties Chemical Properties Methods Of Analysis Fabrication Techniques Applications Occurrence Production Extractive Metallurgy Oxide Reduction Magnesium Reduction Of Titanium Tetrachloride Sodium Reduction Titanium Terachloride The Lodide Process Electrolytic Production Of Titanium Physical And Mechanical Properties Chemical Properties Corrosion Oxidation www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 38. Chemical Compounds Physical Metallurgy Alloying Principles Heat Treatment Of Titanium Alloys Metallography Processing And Fabrication Melting Fabrication Applications Of Titanium Introduction Occurrence Production And Economic Statistics Metallurgy Ferrotungsten Tungsten Compounds Tungsten Metal Reduction Tungsten Carbide www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 39. Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Chemical Properties Alloys Tungsten-molybdenum, Columbium, Tantalum, Chromium Tungsten-rhenium Tungsten-iron Tungsten-cobalt Tungsten-nickel Tungsten-nickel-copper Tungsten Steels Miscellaneous Analysis And Metallography Fabrication Ductile Rod And Wire Tungsten Sheet Slip Casting www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 40. Arc Casting Electron Beam Melting Hydrostatic Compacting Flame Spraying Sintered Carbide Applications Present Applications Potential Applications Introduction Sources Of Zirconium Ore Concentration And Treatment Separation Of Zirconium And Hafnium Production Of Ductile Zirconium Metal Reduction Of Zro2 Reduction Of Zirconium Halides Reduction Of Other Compounds Reduction Of Zrci1 With Mg The Kroll Process Iodide Decomposition Process www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 41. Electrodeposition of Zirconium Physical and mechanical properties CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Reaction with Gases Reaction with Halogens Miscellaneous CORROSION RESISTANCE Corrosion in Various Media Corrosion in Gases Corrosion in Liquid Metals Corrosion in Other Media MELTING ZIRCONIUM FABRICATION Rolling and Forging Extrusion Cold Working www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 42. Machining Power Brake Forming Surface Finishing Welding ZIRCONIUM-ALLOY SYSTEMS Tensile Properties of Alloys Zircaloy APPLICATIONS www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 43. www.entrepreneurindia.co Niir Project Consultancy Services (NPCS) can provide Process Technology Book on Rare Earth Metals and Alloys (Properties, Extraction, Preparation and Applications) See more http://goo.gl/eWiKDC http://goo.gl/NinsU1
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