Mining Engineering

1. The metals challenge

2. History of Metals Production
0
160
320
480
640
800
960
1845 1860 1875 1890 1905 1920 1935 1950 1965 1980 1995 2010
Annual
Production
:
Cu,
Au,
Pb,
Ni,
Fe
Ore,
Diamonds,
Bauxite
0
840
1,680
2,520
3,360
4,200
5,040
Annual
Production
:
Mn
Ore,
Ag,
Zn
Copper (kt Cu)
Gold (t Au)
Lead (kt Pb)
Nickel (kt Ni)
Iron Ore (Mt)
Diamonds (Mcarats)
Bauxite (Mt)
Manganese (kt Mn ore)
Silver (t Ag)
Zinc (kt Zn)
Mudd, 2009, Sustainability of Mining ...

3. Trends in Ore Grades … ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Ore
Grades
(Cu,
Au,
Pb,
Zn,
Ni,
Diamonds)
0
600
1,200
1,800
2,400
3,000
3,600
Ore
Grade
(Ag)
Copper (%Cu)
Gold (g/t Au)
Lead (%Pb)
Zinc (%Zn)
Nickel (%Ni)
Diamonds (carats/t)
Uranium (kg/t U3O8)
Silver (g/t Ag)
Gold: 1857 - 50.05; 1858 - 41.23; 1859 - 37.27
Mudd, 2009, Sustainability of Mining ...

4. Metal Cycle

5. End-of-life recycling rates for sixty-two metals
103
Lr
102
No
101
Md
100
Fm
99
Es
98
Cf
97
Bk
96
Cm
95
Am
94
Pu
93
Np
92
U
91
Pa
90
Th
89
Ac
** Actinides
71
Lu
70
Yb
69
Tm
68
Er
67
Ho
66
Dy
65
Tb
64
Gd
63
Eu
62
Sm
61
Pm
60
Nd
59
Pr
58
Ce
57
La
* Lanthanides
103
Lr
102
No
101
Md
100
Fm
99
Es
98
Cf
97
Bk
96
Cm
95
Am
94
Pu
93
Np
92
U
91
Pa
90
Th
89
Ac
** Actinides
71
Lu
70
Yb
69
Tm
68
Er
67
Ho
66
Dy
65
Tb
64
Gd
63
Eu
62
Sm
61
Pm
60
Nd
59
Pr
58
Ce
57
La
* Lanthanides
<1% 1-10% >10-25% >25-50% >50%
118
Uuo
(117)
(Uus)
116
Uuh
115
Uup
114
Uuq
113
Uut
112
Uub
111
Rg
110
Ds
109
Mt
108
Hs
107
Bh
106
Sg
105
Db
104
Rf
**
88
Ra
87
Fr
86
Rn
85
At
84
Po
83
Bi
82
Pb
81
Tl
80
Hg
79
Au
78
Pt
77
Ir
76
Os
75
Re
74
W
73
Ta
72
Hf
*
56
Ba
55
Cs
54
Xe
53
I
52
Te
51
Sb
50
Sn
49
In
48
Cd
47
Ag
46
Pd
45
Rh
44
Ru
43
Tc
42
Mo
41
Nb
40
Zr
39
Y
38
Sr
37
Rb
36
Kr
35
Br
34
Se
33
As
32
Ge
31
Ga
30
Zn
29
Cu
28
Ni
27
Co
26
Fe
25
Mn
24
Cr
23
V
22
Ti
21
Sc
20
Ca
19
K
18
Ar
17
Cl
16
S
15
P
14
Si
13
Al
12
Mg
11
Na
10
Ne
9
F
8
O
7
N
6
C
5
B
4
Be
3
Li
2
He
1
H
118
Uuo
(117)
(Uus)
116
Uuh
115
Uup
114
Uuq
113
Uut
112
Uub
111
Rg
110
Ds
109
Mt
108
Hs
107
Bh
106
Sg
105
Db
104
Rf
**
88
Ra
87
Fr
86
Rn
85
At
84
Po
83
Bi
82
Pb
81
Tl
80
Hg
79
Au
78
Pt
77
Ir
76
Os
75
Re
74
W
73
Ta
72
Hf
*
56
Ba
55
Cs
54
Xe
53
I
52
Te
51
Sb
50
Sn
49
In
48
Cd
47
Ag
46
Pd
45
Rh
44
Ru
43
Tc
42
Mo
41
Nb
40
Zr
39
Y
38
Sr
37
Rb
36
Kr
35
Br
34
Se
33
As
32
Ge
31
Ga
30
Zn
29
Cu
28
Ni
27
Co
26
Fe
25
Mn
24
Cr
23
V
22
Ti
21
Sc
20
Ca
19
K
18
Ar
17
Cl
16
S
15
P
14
Si
13
Al
12
Mg
11
Na
10
Ne
9
F
8
O
7
N
6
C
5
B
4
Be
3
Li
2
He
1
H
T. Graedel et al., J. Industrial Ecology, in press, 2011

6. Recycling rates of steel

7. Recycling rates of copper

8. Current hot spots for research & development

9. 11 Elements
+4 Elements
Computer Chip Elemental Contents
+45 Elements
(Potential)
Source: T. McManus, Intel Corp., 2006

10. From
http://www.ys-
consulting.com.tw/news/47
310.html
Electronic and machine parts production
Print circuit board (PCB) production
in the world
China
Korea
Taiwan
Japan
Others
2013
From
http://www.mizuhobank.co.jp/corporate/bizinf
o/industry/sangyou/pdf/mif_166.pdf
Singapore
China
Taiwan
Korea
Japan
LCD foundation investment ratio in the world
Investment
%
Forecast
Japan
Korea
Taiwan
China

11. Change of export value of final
goods by country and region

12. Decoupling of resource use and environmental
impact to the economic activity.
（UNEP, Decupling natural resource use and environmental impacts from
economic growth, 2011,）

13. A hypothetic relation between metal consumption
and economic growth
Developing
countries
Developed
countries
Peak
Rapid
growth
Stable
softening
GDP/capita
Metal
consumption
/capita
(or
GDP)
Developed countries does not need larger amount of resources.

14. Cu
ingots
consumption
amount
per
capita,
ton
/
capita
Real growth domestic product (GDP) per capita, $ in 2005 per capita
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
India
Korea
0.02
0.01
0
Germany
USA
Japan
UK
France
China
Indonesia
Total world
Japan and Korea already shows decoupling of Cu consumption per GDP.

15. Surge in the middle class in the world
(From Wolfensohn center for development, 2010)
Many people use the resources and energy and emit the wastes.→ 3R is important.

16. La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu
rare metal listed in ATSDR
→Recycling is important.
Rare earth
Metals listed by Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
(ATSDR)
Titanium tetrachloride
Other elemental compound listed
in ATSDR
Pu
Th U
Rare metal in 1984 by METI

17. 17
Metal production and price
Meal production
(from Dr. Takashi Nishiyama : rare metal and resources), 2009
Metal price
Platinum
group
Rare
earth
Small amount of metals are expensive except toxic metals.

18. Comparison of minerals markets in 2012
Rare metal
(0.1 Billion
US$)
Fe
Cu
Au
Mn
Ni
Zn
Cr
Pt
Mo
Pd
W
Nb
Co
In
Ga
Rare
earth
Pt
Mo
Pd
W
Nb
Co
In
Ga
Rare earth
Metal Nd
Metal Dy
CeO2
La2O3
100%
40%
3%
<1%
Rare metal price may be
changed by investment.

19. Metal price change
Platinum
price
(from LME, London, METI,
JOGMEC)
http://www.neomag.jp/statistics/rare_earth
_newprice2.php
$/toz
US$/k
g
US$/k
g
Light rare earth element
Heavy rare earth element
2011
2012
2013
2014
2011
2012
2013
2014
Dy
Tb
Nd
Pr
Sm
Nd+Pr
La
Ce
Y
Rare earth and other metal prices increased in 2011.

20. Example of mechanical and electrical products,
using rare metals.
Rare metal utilizes renewable energy production and to save the energy.
,Wind farm
battery

21. Metal
Growth rate of supply
and demand per year,
%
(from 2020 to 2030)
Supply and
demand
(production) per
year in 2020
Supply and
demand
(production) per
year in 2030
Reference
Fe 1.8 1700 Mt 2050 Mt JFE group
Al 3.7 65 Mt 74 Mt USGS
Cu 3.4 26 Mt 37 Mt
World metal
statics
Zn 2 14.5 Mt 16.5 Mt ILZSG
Pb 1.2 12.8 Mt 14 Mt ILZSG
Ni 2.3→1.8 2.2 Mt 2.6 Mt
Wood
Mackenzie
Co 6 0.13 Mt CDI
Mn 3.2→1.7 19 Mt 23 Mt BHP Billiton
Li 8 0.045 Mt TRU
Rare earth 5.9 0.14 Mt Roskill
Pt* 2 125 t (139) 143 t (173) MERI/J
Pd* 1.4 246 t 280 t MERI/J
* only for automobiles
Forecast of world metal growth rate of supply and demand in 2020 and 2030
（MERI/J, Automobiles and metal, No.Ⅱ Metal market, No. 214, 2015.）
Increase

22. Metal recycling percentage of used materials and metal
terrestrial abundance (UNEP2011)
Rare metal recycling rate of actual utilized artifacts is very low.

23. Several innovative technologies for recycling
1. Crushing・・・Under water explosion
Electrical crushing under water, etc.
2. Powder Separation・・・Liquid-liquid
separation, etc.
3. Solvent extraction・・・emulsion flow, etc.
4. Metal ion concentration method by freezing
liquid with agitation
5. Carbonization by heating in an inert
atmosphere

24. Rotor in motor
（ air compressor of air-conditioner ）
Rare earth magnets
included parts
1.1 Rotor crushing for rare earth magnet recycling
Pretreatment to crush rotor using rare earth magnet and introduction of
used rare earth magnet recycling
Hard material crushing
Fragmentation of different density material crushing Under water explosion is suitable.
Erase the information
Harmful materials crushing

25. A sieve (1mm) at the bottom of explosion tank
Press: Pull: Press :Pull:Press:Pull

26. Separated rare earth magnet powder (a)
and steel plate (b)
(a) (b)
heated at 400 for
demagnetization
→Sieving of 5mm

27. 1.2 Electrical disintegration method
Without heating, the LCD panel can be rapidly
separated with the electrical disintegration of
high voltage pulse in water.
Here, a LCD of cellular phone is tested. A setting
of LCD in water by the electrical disintegration
apparatus is shown .
LCD of cellular phone
Ground
High voltage pulse electrode
60kV
Pulse type electrical crushing in water
SELFRAG

28. Photo. LCD of cellular phone before separation (a)
and separated LCD panels (b).
LCD panel is separated completely into two glass panels.
Some liquid crystal floats in water and some are attached on the
glass surface. Content of indium in LCD of a cellar phone is
about 1100g/t.
2. Liquid crystal recycling
Liquid crystal can be recovered by organic solvent extraction. The
evaporation of liquid crystal on glass by heating in vacuum is also
possible.
(a) (b)

30. Conclusion to Sustainability