The document provides an overview of science, technology, and society throughout history. It discusses key developments and innovations from ancient civilizations like Sumeria, Babylon, Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, and the Middle Ages. Some of the highlighted inventions and advances include writing systems, irrigation, sailboats, the wheel, roads, cosmetics, water clocks, bound books, architecture, numerals, silk, tea, gunpowder, the printing press, microscopes, and telescopes. The document examines how these innovations impacted lives and helped address societal needs.

1. Science,
Technology, &
Society
Prepared by: Edrelaine Almera Flores, LPT

2. Science and It’s Branches
System of knowledge of
the natural world gained
through the scientific
method
Body of
knowledge
Involves scientific
method
Study of natural
world

3. Philosophy
of the
natural
world.
Philosophers
of nature.

4. Divisions of
Science
Natural
Social
Formal
Biological
Physical

5. • explore human society past and
present, and the way human beings
behave.
Social Science
•Economics
•Anthropology
•Sociology
•Psychology
•History
branches

6. Natural Science
•division of science which deals
with natural objects and natural
phenomena. This may be group
into Physical Science and
Biological Science.

7. Biological Science
•those concerned with living
things, their structure, processes
and influencing factors.

8. Branches
Botany Taxonomy
Zoology Ecology
Microbiology Bacteriology
Anatomy Parasitology
Physiology Mycology
Cytology Phycology
Histology Virology
Genetics Ornithology

9. Physical Science
•deals with the predictable
behavior of the world around
us.

10. Branches
Astronomy Oceanography
Astrology Physics
Mathematics Meteorology
Geology Climatology
Mineralogy Earth Science

11. Technology
•Practical applications of
what we know about nature
•Art or craft
•Subject or interest
•tekne
•logia

12. Society
•A community, nation or broad
grouping of people having
common traditions, institutions
and collective activities and
interests.

13. Interdisciplinary course that confront the realities brought
about by science and technology in society with all its
socio-political, cultural, economic and philosophical
underpinnings at play
Society
Science
Technology

14. Ancient Times
–In the ancient times, people were
concerned with transportation and
navigation, communication and record
keeping, mass production, security and
protection, as well as health, aesthetics
and architecture.

15. Why is
transportation
important?
Trying to go
places and
discover new
horizons
Search for food
and find better
locations for
their settlement To trade their
surplus goods
in exchange
for things that
they lacked

16. Navigation assisted them
in their journeys to
unfamiliar and strange
areas in the world.
It allowed them to return
home after they discovered
new places or completed
an important trade with
other group of people.

17. Why is
communication
important?
To
communicate
with the
natives of the
areas they
visited
To facilitate
trade and
prevent possible
conflicts
To discover
and occupy
new places.

18. Record keeping was
also important to
document the
trades they made
with each other.
To keep records of their
history and cultures so
they could establish their
identities as they tried to
relate with other cultures
and civilizations

19. Mass Production
•Increase in size and number of nations demand for
food and other basic necessities.
• People must be able to produce food at a given time
and space since resources were getting scarcer as
more people struggled to share the basic necessities.
• People needed a form of technology that would enable
them to increase food supplies and other survival needs
without them travelling more or working harder.

20. Why is weapons
and armors
important?
Establishments
of new
alliances with
other tribes
To avoid conflict
when people met
others with
different culture
and orientations For protection
and security
from possible
invaders

21. Science and
technology
played a major
role in the
discovery of
cures to illness.
Science and
technology played
a major role in
the discovery of
preventions to
illness.

22. The development in
the field of engineering
allowed humans to
build structures that
would address their
specific needs and
wants.
Some of the
structures built
during the ancient
times still exist today
and continually awe
people.

23. Elaborate architectural designs were
signs of technological advancement of
a particular civilization
Architecture is considered a
status symbol among nations of
how advanced their technology is.
architecture also establish
the identity of a nation.

24. Aside from beautifying
their infrastructures and
surroundings, people
also focus on the way
how they looked.
They discovered ways like
adding some features and
decorations in their body
will make people looked
more visually presentable
and appealing.

25. –With all this in mind, one can conclude
that the developments in science &
technology, aside from affecting lives
of the people, were the results of
many prior antecedents.

26. –Out of necessity, people in ancient
times were able to discover and
invent things that would impact the
lives of the modern people.

27. Sumerian Civilization
•Sumeria is located on the
southernmost tip of ancient
Mesopotamia. Sumerians are known
for their high degree of cooperation
with one another and their desire for
great things.

28. –They are not contented with the
basic things that life can offer thus,
their desire pushed them to
develop many things connected
with science and technology.

29. Cuneiform
•One of the major contributions of the
Sumerians is the development of the first
writing system known as cuneiform. It is a
system that utilizes word pictures and
triangular symbols which are carved on clay
using wedge instruments and then left to dry.

30. –This allowed the Sumerians
to keep records of things
with great historical value or
their everyday life.

31. Sumerian deities listed in
cuneiform, 2400 BC

32. Uruk City
•Another important contribution of
the Sumerians is the City of Uruk. It is
a great wonder not only because it is
considered to be the first true city in
the world but also for the way it was
erected.

33. – The Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or
clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing
sun-baked bricks – a true engineering feat. They used the
bricks to make houses that protected them from harsh
weather and to build a wall around the city that prevented
wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering.

34. Uruk City

36. The Great Ziggurat of Ur
•Also called as the mountain of God, it was built in
the same manner that they constructed the City
of Uruk. This served as the sacred place of their
chief God, where only their priests were allowed
to enter. Even until today, people still enjoy and
marvel the preserved Great Ziggurat of Ur.

37. Ziggurat of Ur (Reconstruction)

38. Irrigation and Dikes
•Because of increasing population
resulting to increasing demand of food,
the Sumerians were challenged to mass
produce food items but the elements in
the environment seemed uncooperative.

39. – It was difficult to get water from the rivers, thus they
could not maintain farmlands. Some groups had scarce
water supply, while others had problems with flooding
caused by the river. As a solution, they created dikes
and irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands and at
the same time control the flooding of the rivers

40. Sumerian Fields

41. Sailboats
•Another challenge to the Sumerians was
transportation. At that time, the wheel
was not yet invented; the main mode of
transportation was through waterways
such as rivers and seas.

42. –Boats were used to carry large
quantities of products, and were able to
cover large distances. However, boats
were not enough to accommodate
more people and product.

43. –Some sources attribute to the Sumerians
the invention of sailboats to address
their increasing demand. Sailboats were
essential in transportation and trading as
well as in fostering culture and
information & technology

44. Mesopotamian Sailboat

45. Wheel
•The first wheel were not made for
transportation but for farm work and
food processes. Because of the wheel
and axle, mass production was made
easier.

46. Mesopotamian Wheel

47. Plow
•The plow was invented to dig the earth
in a faster pace. As the plow breaks the
ground, the farmer would just drop the
seeds and farm work would already be
done.

48. Mesopotamian Plow

49. Roads
•In order to facilitate faster and easier
travel, the Sumerians developed the first
roads. With this work, the flow of traffic
became faster and more organized.

50. –They made the roads with the same
technology they used in making the
sun-baked bricks that they laid down on
the ground. They later poured bitumen,
a black sticky substance similar to
asphalt, to smoothen the roads.

51. Babylonian Civilization
•Babylonian civilization emerged near the
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The
Babylonians were great builders,
engineers, and architects.

52. – One of their major contributions is the hanging
gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders
of the ancient world. Today, people can only
marvel at the beauty of the famous Hanging
Gardens of Babylon from stories of historians
and paintings that portray the place.

53. – It was said to be a structure made up of layers upon
layers of gardens that contained several species of
plants, trees, and vines. According to legends, the great
Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for
his wife, Queen Amytis. However, no physical evidence
has been found to prove the existence of it.

54. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

55. Egyptian Civilization
•The Egyptian civilization was located in
North Africa and is well known about
engineering feats especially regarding
the infrastructures established by the
pharaohs.

56. Paper or Papyrus
•Although Egypt was not the first to
develop a system of writing, they were
able to make writing easier for the
world.

57. –Papyrus was a plant that grew
abundantly along the Nile River in
Egypt. They were able to process the
plant in order to produce thin sheets
on which one could write down things.

58. Ancient Egyptian Papyrus

59. Ink
•Egyptians invented ink by combining
soot with different chemicals to produce
inks of different colors. The ink must
withstand the elements of nature since it
was used to record history, culture and
codified laws.

60. Hieroglyphics
•Like the Sumerians, the Egyptians also
developed a system of writing using
symbols, known as hieroglyphics. The
Egyptians believed that this writing
system was provided to them by their
Gods.

61. Egyptian Hieroglyphics

62. Cosmetics
•Although cosmetics in the modern times
are used to improve and highlight the
facial features of a person, their function
in Egypt was for both health and
aesthetic reasons.

63. –Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to
prevent and even cure eye diseases. It was
created by mixing soot or malachite with
mineral galena. They believed that a person
wearing make-up was protected from evil
and that beauty was a sign of holiness.

64. Egyptian woman putting kohl in her eyes

65. Wig
•During the ancient Egypt times, wigs
were worn for health and wellness
rather than for aesthetic purposes. It
was used to protect the shaved heads of
the wealthy Egyptians from harmful rays
of the sun

66. Egyptians wearing wigs

67. Water Clock/Clepsydra
•This device utilizes gravity that affects
the flow of water from one vessel to the
other. The amount of water remaining in
the device determines how much time
has elapsed since it is full.

68. Egyptian Water Clock

69. Greek Civilization
•Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern
part of Europe. Known as the birthplace of
western philosophy, some of the major
achievements of the Greeks include in-depth
works on philosophy and mathematics.

70. –More than coliseums and the
Olympics, the Greek civilization has
contributed much to the world
especially in the fields of science
and technology.

71. Alarm Clock
•The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks used large
complicated mechanisms to time the alarm.
They made use of water or small stones or
sand that drooped into drums which
sounded the alarm.

72. – Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock to
signal the start of his lecture. His version used four
water vessels lined up vertically. The upper vessel
supplied the water which dropped to the vessel
below it, which was set to be filled in a given time.

73. – After it was full, water was siphoned off at
a faster rate into the third vessel which
would cause the expulsion of contained air,
creating a whistling noise. Afterwards, this
vessel would empty towards the bottom
vessel for storage and reuse.

74. An illustration of Plato’s alarm clock

75. Water Mill
•Watermills were considered better than mills
powered by farm animals because they required
less effort and time to operate since the farmer
did not have to raise animals. They only required
access to rivers or flowing water where a
mechanism of a large wheel with small “buckets”
of water attached to it could be installed.

76. Roman Civilization
•The Roman empire was perceived to be the
strongest political and social entity in the west. It
was considered to be the cradle of politics and
governance during that period. Other civilizations
looked up to it as their model in terms of
legislation and codified laws.

77. Newspaper
•The first newspapers, known as gazettes,
contained announcements of the Roman Empire
to the people. Made before the invention of
paper, these gazettes were engraved in metal or
stone tablets and then publicly displayed.

78. Roman Newspaper

79. Bound books or Codex
•According to sources, Julius Caesar started the
tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of
a book. Later on, they were able to provide
covers to protect the papyrus. The earlier covers
were made of wax but were later on replaced by
animal skin which proved to be stronger and
longer lasting.

80. Bound Books

81. Roman Architecture
•Roman architecture was considered a continuation
of Greek architecture, hence, the resemblance.
However, Roman architecture was still regarded as
pioneering since the Romans were able to adapt
new building and engineering technology on
architectural designs established in the past.

82. Roman Forum in Italy

83. Roman Numerals
•Since the Roman empire was expanding, it had to
deal with many nations to maintain its power. For
this reason, the Romans devised their own
number system specifically to address the need
for a standard counting method that would meet
their increasing communication and trade
concerns.

84. Clock with Roman Numerals

85. Chinese Civilization
•The Chinese civilization is considered to be
the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the
world. Also known as the middle kingdom,
China is located on the far east Asia. It was
famous among other civilizations because of
its silk trade.

86. Silk
•One of the things that connected Far East
China to the world is silk. Although silk is
naturally produced by silk worms, the
Chinese were the ones who developed the
technology to harvest the silk and process it
to produce paper and clothing.

87. Silk weaving in China

88. Tea Production
•It was believed that the first tea was
drunk by a Chinese emperor. Tea
production was developed when an
unknown Chinese inventor created a
machine that was able to shred tea
leaves into strips.

89. Chinese Tea

90. The Great Wall of China
•Once considered the only man-made structure
that could be seen from outer space, the Great
Wall of China is said to be the largest and most
extensive infrastructure that the nation built. It
was constructed to keep out foreign invaders
and control the borders of China.

91. The Great Wall of China in 1907

92. Gunpowder
•Originally, it was developed by Chinese alchemists
who aimed to achieve immortality. They mixed
charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, but instead
of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented
a black powder that could actually generate large
amounts of heat and gas in an instant

93. Earliest know gunpowder formula

94. Medieval/Middle Ages
•The start of the middle ages was marred by massive
invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent
during this time. As such, great technology was
needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass
food and farm production, and health. Because of
this, population decline and then rise again.

95. Printing Press
•After the Chinese developed woodblock printing, Johann
Gutenberg was able to invent the printing press, a more
reliable way of printing using a cast type. He utilized
wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits,
attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and
pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper.

96. Printing Press

97. Microscope
•Guided by the principles used for the
invention of eyeglasses in earlier years,
Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the
first compound microscope. Using this,
people were able to observe organisms that
were normally unseen by the naked eye.

98. Microscope

99. Telescope
•The invention of the telescope, an optical
instrument that helps in the observation of
remote objects, was a great help for
navigators. Together with the telescope, the
invention of the compass, oars and rudders
made sea travelling easier and safer.

100. Sketch of Galileo’s Refractor

101. War Weapons
•Since wars were widespread during the Middle Ages,
great development in the weaponry technology also
occurred. For open-area battles, people develop
cross bows and long bows. In close range hand to
hand combat, soldiers should wear protection
leading to development of iron body armors

102. Modern Times
•The booming world population during the nineteenth
century onwards demanded that more goods be
produced at a faster rate. Massive industrialization
started, thus modern times again faced more
complicated problem.

103. Pasteurization
•During modern times, food preservation and food
safety became an issue. The challenge to keep
manufactured food from deteriorating was greater
for dairy products, especially milk since they spoiled
faster. Since transporting these products would also
take time, trading would be impossible.

104. –Louis Pasteur found a way to solve the
problem. He invented pasteurization, the
process of heating dairy products to kill
the harmful bacteria that allow them to
spoil faster. It also prevented illness
caused by harmful bacteria.

105. Pasteurization Process

106. Petroleum Refinery
•Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene
by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on
referred to as the “illuminating oil” because
it was used at first to provide lighting to
homes. After some time, it was applied for
heating purposes.

107. Telephone
•The more people got connected by trade and
exploration, the more they needed a way to easily
maintain communication with each other in real time.
Governments needed some kind of communication
system which would allow them to administer their
states well. Because of these the invention of
telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was of great help.

108. Alexander Graham Bell’s Telephone

109. Calculator
•Circumstances in the modern times required a faster
way to compute more complicated equations. The
creation of modern calculators did not only pave the
way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted
in the development of more complex processing
machines like the computer.

110. Mechanical Calculators

111. Philippine Inventions
•It is quite remarkable to note the ingenuity of the
Filipinos despite the lack in resources. The Philippines
is known to be one of the most vulnerable countries in
terms of natural disasters. Many inventions made by
the Filipinos were built from indigenous materials or
created to adapt to the harsh tropical environment.

112. Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
•During rainy season, flooding is a common occurrence
in many areas in the country and tricycles find it
difficult to traverse the streets. As a solution, Victor
Llave and his team at H2O Technologies were able to
invent the Salamander, an amphibious tricycle that
can cross flooded streets as well as rivers and lakes.

113. Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
•During rainy season, flooding is a common occurrence
in many areas in the country and tricycles find it
difficult to traverse the streets. As a solution, Victor
Llave and his team at H2O Technologies were able to
invent the Salamander, an amphibious tricycle that
can cross flooded streets as well as rivers and lakes.

114. Amphibious Salamander

115. SALt Lamp
•A young Filipina inventor, Aisa Mijeno was able to
invent a lighting system that utilizes a material
abundant in the Philippines – saltwater. She invented
the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp, an
environment friendly light source that runs on
saltwater.

116. SALt lamp

117. Medical Incubator
• A common problem in the Philippines is the high mortality
rate of new born babies. One reason for this was the lack of
available incubators. Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician
and the first Asian woman admitted into Harvard Medical
School, devised a medical incubator made from indigenous
and cheap materials which did not run on electricity.

118. – Dr. del Mundo’s incubator was made by
placing a native laundry basket inside a
bigger one. Hot water bottles were
inserted between the baskets to provide
warmth and a makeshift hood to allow
oxygen circulation.

119. Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System
•In 2010, the Department of Science and Technology –
Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI)
was able to introduce the Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal
Trap System, also known as OL Trap. This trap system is
made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos
but safe for humans and the environment.

120. DOST – ITDI OL Trap

121. eJeepney
• Over the years, jeepneys dominated Philippine streets and is
considered as the primary mode of transportation of most
Filipinos. However, the diesel powered jeepneys produces
large quantities of black smoke and is usually an major
contributor of noise pollution. To counter these
disadvantages, electric jeepney (eJeepney) was developed.

122. eJeepney

123. Intellectual Revolution

124. Copernican Revolution
•In early times, people questioned what created days
and nights. They wanted to understand what heavenly
bodies like stars, moons and planets are. The
invention of the telescope allowed the people to take
peek at the outer space, but more importantly, it also
intrigued them to know what was actually out there.

125. – Many Greek philosophers and intellectuals wrote
about planets in an attempt to explain the
movements of heavenly bodies and their effects
on the world as they knew it. Many philosophers
agreed that planets moved around in circular
motion creating days and nights.

126. – A famous philosopher and astronomer, Claudius
Ptolemy, stated that the planets, as well as the
sun and moon, revolves around the Earth. The
sun and moon’s revolution explained the
existence of days and nights. He believed that
Earth was at the center (Geocentrism)

127. – In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus, a
polish mathematician and astronomer,
challenged the Ptolemaic model. He
introduced a new concept known as
Heliocentrism, which suggested that sun is
the center of the Solar System.

128. – This idea was rejected at first in the public.
It appalled many since their religious belief
had taught them that Earth as created first
before all other things. After some time,
astronomers realized that Copernican
model simplified the orbits for planets.

129. – It was eventually accepted by the people in
a period which was called the Birth of
Modern Astronomy. This era began what
was known as the scientific revolution
which resulted in the transformation of
society’s thoughts and beliefs.

130. The Geocentric Model

131. The Heliocentric Model

132. Geocentric vs. Heliocentric

133. Ptolemy Copernicus

134. Darwinian Revolution
•The Darwinian revolution was considered to be one of
the most controversial intellectual revolutions of this
time. In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist,
biologist and geologist published his book, On the
Origin of Species.

135. Charles Darwin
–In this book, Darwin introduced the
Theory of Evolution, which posited
that populations pass through a
process of natural selection in
which only the fittest would
survive.

136. – He stated that organisms have the ability
to adapt to their environment and would
gradually change into something that
would be more competitive to survive, a
process known as evolution.

137. Evolution of Man

138. Freudian Revolution
•In the past, psychology was always classified
under philosophy. Psychology was considered
more of an art rather that a science. In the late
19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change
people’s perception of psychology with his
revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis.

139. Sigmund Freud
– Psychoanalysis is the study that explains human
behavior. In his theory, Freud explained that
there are many conscious and unconscious
factors that can influence behavior and emotions.
He also argued that personality is a product of
three conflicting elements: id, ego and super ego.

140. Science, Technology &
Nation – building

141. Pre – colonial Period
•Scientific and technological development
in the Philippines began in the pre –
colonial period. Even before the
Spaniards came to the Philippine islands,
early Filipino settlers were already using
certain plants and herbs as medicines.

142. – Systems of farming and animal-raising were also
implemented. Moreover, early Filipinos had also
developed different modes of transportation,
whether terrestrial or maritime. A complicated
feat was achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras
when they built rice terraces by hand.

143. Colonial Period
•Colonization by the Spaniards provided
the Philippines with modern means of
construction. Walls, roads, bridges, and
other large infrastructures were built
using some of the engineering skills and
tool brought by the Spaniards.

144. – In addition, the Spanish government
developed health and education systems
that were enjoyed by the principalia class.
– The American occupation modernized
almost all aspects of life in the Philippines.

145. –They established a government
agency, the Bureau of Science for
the sole purpose of nurturing
development in the field of science
and technology.

146. Post – Colonial Period
•After achieving independence from the
colonizers, the Philippines, under
different administrations, continued to
pursue programs in science and
technology.

147. – One of the presidents who ushered in
advancements in science and technology
was former president and dictator
Ferdinand E. Marcos. Under his term, many
agencies in science and technology were
established and strengthened.

148. – These agencies included the Philippine
Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA), the National
Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) and
the National Science and Technology Authority
(formerly known as DOST)

149. – Marcos saw that the key to nation – building
is the continued development of science
and technology. The progress in science and
technology continued even after his
dictatorial rule and the presidents after him
left their own legacies.

150. The End