2. Historical Antecedents in the Course
of Science and Technology
• Transportation
• Communication
• Weapons and armors
– Conservation of life
– Engineering
– Architecture
4. Sumerian Civilization
• Sumerian
• 1. Sumer was the
birthplace of the first
known civilization in the
world.
• Known for their degree
of cooperation with one
another
• They develop many
things connected with
science and technology.
5. Sumerian
Civilization
• Major contributions of the Sumerians
• Development of the first writing system‐
cuneiform
• Cuneiform is a system that utilizes word
pictures and triangular symbols are carved
on clay using wedge instruments
• Keeps records of things with great historical
value or their everyday life
8. • Uruk or Erech, ancient
settlement in Mesopotamia on
the site of present‐day
Al Warkā’, Iraq.
• The first city in the world
• No stones building
• Used mud or clay in the river,
which they mixed with reeds
producing sun‐baked bricks
• Bitumen is a substance used in
mud to smoothed .
• They used bricks to make
houses
Sumerian Civilization
13. • Engineering and
architectural feat of the
Sumerians is the Great
Ziggurat of Ur.
• Also called the
mountain of god
• Was built in the same
manner that they
constructed the City of
Uruk.
• People still enjoy and
marvel at the preserved
Great Ziggurat of Ur
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
17. Sailboats
• Transportation
• Carry large
quantities of
products
• Essential for
transportation and
trading as well as
in fostering ,
culture,
information and
technology.
18. Wheel
• Sumerian
/Mesopotamian wheel
• Invented the wheel but
not for transportation ,
but for food processes,
farm work.
• Use of axle and wheel.
• For milling grains
21. Hanging Garden of Babylon
• This hand‐colored
engraving by 16th
century Dutch artist
Maarten van
Heemskerck depicts
the Hanging Gardens
of Babylon, one of the
Seven Wonders of the
World..
22. Hanging Garden of Babylon
• Hanging Gardens of
Babylon considered
as one of the greatest
engineering and
architectural
achievements of the
world that is almost
impossible to
replicate.
23. Hanging Garden of Babylon
• Technically, the gardens did
not hang, but grew on the
roofs and terraces of the royal
palace in Babylon.
• Nebuchadnezzar II, the
Chaldean king, probably built
the gardens in about 600 BC as
a consolation to his Median
wife ,
• Queen Amytis who missed the
natural surroundings of her
homeland .
25. EGYPTIANS CIVILIZATION
• Contributions:
• Paper or papyrus
• Papyrus Scroll
• Most of the texts stored in
the libraries of ancient
Egypt were written on
scrolls made out of the
papyrus plant.
26. EGYPTIANS CIVILIZATION
• By layering, wetting, and then
drying layers of the plant’s
cellulose together, people could
create a fine writing surface.
• This hieroglyphic scroll is part of
the Book of the Dead, from
ancient Egypt.
• Its detailed illustrations
demonstrate both the durability
and quality of papyrus.
30. The Nile river: longest river in the world at 4,100 miles long / 6598.31 kilometers
31. Ink
• Ink in ancient manuscripts can shed light on
how life was in those times.
• Scientists from the University of Copenhagen
(Denmark), the Autonomous University of
Mexico and the ESRF have discovered copper
in Egyptian papyri, ranging from the 1st
century BC to the 3rd century AD, indicating
that the ink originated from the soot in glass
and metallurgy workshops and mines.
32.
33. INK
• Egyptian invented ink by combining soot with
different chemicals to produce inks of
different colors.
• Used to record history, culture and codified
laws.
34. Hieroglyphics
• Egyptians also
developed a system of
writing using symbols,
known as
hieroglyphics.
• They believed that this
writing system
provided to them by
their gods
35. Hieroglyphics
• hieroglyphics.
• was a language that tells
the modern world of the
history and culture of the
ancient Egyptians.
• Well preserved at the
walls of the pyramids and
other structures of Egypt.
38. Cosmetics
• Egyptians ‐for both health
and aesthetic reasons
• wore Kolh around the
eyes to prevent and cure
eye diseases.
• Kolh =made up of soot or
malchite with mineral
galena
• protected from evil and
beauty was a sign of
holiness
39. WIG
• For health and
wellness
• To protect the
shaved heads of the
wealthy
• To prevent lice
40. WATER CLOCK
• This device utilizes
gravity that effects
the flow of water
from one vessel to
the other.
• The amount of
water(or its height
depending on the
method used)
• Was widely used as
a timekeeping
device during the
ancient times.
41.
42.
43. GREEK CIVILIZATION
• Greece is an Archipelago in the southern part of Europe.
• Known as the birthplace of western philosophy and
mathematics
• Contributed much in the field of Science and Technology
44. ALARM CLOCK
• To tell an individual
when to start and
stop
• They made use of
water or stone and
sand.
• Plato believed to
utilized to signal the
start of his lecture
PLATO’S ALARM CLOCK
45. ALARM CLOCK
• His version used
four water vessels
lined up vertically.
• The upper vessel
supplied the water
which dropped to
the vessel below It.
Which set to be
filled in a given
time. PLATO’S ALARM CLOCK
46. ALARM CLOCK
• After it was full, the
water siphoned off at a
faster rate into the third
vessel which would
cause the expulsion of
contained air, creating a
whistling noise.
• Afterwards, this vessel
would empty towards
the bottom vessel for
storage and reuse. PLATO’S ALARM CLOCK
47. WATER MILLS
• One of the most
important contributions
of the Greek civilization
to the world
• milling of grains
• food processing
• Watermills‐rice, cereals,
flours
• Powered by animals
• with bucket
49. Roman
Civilization
• Roman Empire was
perceived to be the
strongest political and
social entity in the west.
• Cradle of political and
governance
• Model in terms of
legislation and codified
laws
• Lot inventions
50. NEWSPAPER
• is one of the contributions of
the Romans.
• First newspapers:
• Gazettes that contained
announcements of the
Roman Empire.
• was engraved in metal or
stones tablets and then
publicly displayed
• Paper invented…..
51. NEWSPAPER
• Paper was invented..
• Became easier for the
Romans to “publish”
matters that needed
the attention of the
Romans Citizens.
53. Bound Books or
Codex
• Made up of papyrus
• Julius Caesar started
stacking up papyrus to
form pages of a book.
• Provides covers to
protect the papyrus that
made up of wax and
animal skin.
• They produces the first
books or codex covered
with animal skin.
54. Roman Architecture
• is one of the most
visual contributions
of the ancient Roman
Empire to the world.
• Considered a
continuation of Greek
Architecture .
• They pioneered
architecture.
55. Roman Architecture
• Engineering and
architecture supported
and funded by the
government
• Large churches
(cathedral and basilicas,
aqueducts, coliseums,
amphitheaters and
houses
61. Romans Numerals
• Other number system had
already been established
before the Roman numerals
• Romans devised their own
number system
62. CHINESE CIVILIZATION
• is the oldest
civilization in Asia
• Known as middle
kingdom
• China is located on
the far east of Asia
• Famous among the
other ancient
civilization because
of Silk trade
63. SILK
• silk produced by silk
worms
• They develop the silk and
process it to produce
paper and clothing
• Making way for cultural,
economic and scientific
exchanges
• It bridged the gap
between the western
world and the middle
kingdom
Silk weaving in China
64.
65. TEA
PRODUCTION
• Tea is a beverage
produced by the
pouring hot or
boiling water over
crushed or
shredded dried tea
leaves.
• It was believed that
first tea drunk by
the Chinese
emperor
Chinese tea
67. TEA
PRODUCTION
• China became
known for its tea
exports aside from
its silk products
• Tea production
resulted in making
tea as one of the
most popular
beverages in the
world today.
Chinese tea
68. GREATWALL OF
CHINA
• Considered the only man‐
made structure that could
be seen in the outer space.
• Largest and most extensive
infrastructure that the
nation built
• Made up of stone (adobe)
bricks, wood, earth and
other materials
69. GUNPOWDER
• Developed by the Chinese Alchemists who aimed to achieve
immortality.
• Made up of mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate
• They accidentally invented black powder that generate large
amounts of heat and gas.
70. GUNPOWDER
• Used to propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause
countless deaths.
• Fireworks during celebrations in China
71. MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
• Middle ages
• Marred by massive invasion and migrations
• Wars were prevalent during this ages
• Great technology was needed in the fields of
• weaponry
• Navigation
• Mass food and farm production and
• health
72. • The wars resulted to in population decline
• But latter part of the period there was
increase in population.
• Trade and commerce among nations increased
• Which greater demands for transportation
technology
73. PRINTING PRESS
• After the Chinese develop woodlock
printing, Johann Gutenberg was
able to invent the printing press.
• He utilized wooden machine that
extract juices from fruits, attached to
them a metal impression of the
letters, and pressed firmly the cast
metal into a piece of paper.
• Then the invention of mechanical
printing press.
75. • Anthon van
Leeuwenhoek - Dutch
maker (1673) using a
simple microscope, was
the first to observe
microorganism, and
made , pioneering
discoveries concerning
protozoa, red blood
cells, capillary
systems, and the life
cycles of insects.
80. • Louis Pasteur – father of Bacteriology
– He introduce pasteurization.
81. Petroleum Refinery
• Samuel M. Kier was able
to invent kerosene by
refining petroleum
• *Kerosene aka
“illuminating oil” because
it was used at first to
provide lightning homes,
and it was applied for
heating purposes
84. MECHANICAL CALCULATOR
• Another calculating instrument
called the slide rule was
invented in the early 1600s by
the English mathematician
William Oughtred. The slide rule
was based on logarithms and
made multiplication and division
much easier. Engineers and
scientists used slide rules until
the introduction of calculators in
the early 1970s.
85. MECHANICAL CALCULATOR
•The invention of the
calculating machine is
commonly credited to
the French
mathematician Blaise
Pascal.
•In 1642 Pascal created
a machine to free his
father, who was a tax
collector, from the
tedious task of adding
columns of numbers.
87. Amphibious Salamander
• -Invented by Victor
Llave and his team at
water technologies
•-it can cross on
flooded streets, rivers
and lakes
•-can travel from island
to island
88.
89. EJEEPNEY
•Jeepneys was built using
the military jeeps left by
Americans after World War II
•primary mode of
transportation used by
Filipinos
•it is an environmental-
friendly because it does not
emit any smoke and noise
91. Medical Incubator
• ‐Hot water was bottles were
inserted between baskets to
provide warmth and a
makeshift wood hood to
allow oxygen circulation
• ‐it maintain condition
suitable for newborn,
usually pre‐term baby
92. • Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino
pediatrician and first Asian
woman admitted into
Harvard Medical School,
devised a medical incubator
made from indigenous and
cheap materials which did
not run electricity
• *include her works on
immunization of jaundice
and BRAT diet for curing
diarrhea
94. Mosquito ovicidal/ larvicidal trap
-is made of natural
ingredients that are
lethal to mosquitos
but safer for
humans and
environment unlike
the commercial
insecticides
