3. Need for Protocols
Protocols are a set of rules
and conventions. By enforcing
that communicating parties adhere
to a common protocol,
communication is made possible.
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4. Network Architecture
A Network Architecture is a
structured set of protocols that
implement the exchange of
information between computers
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5. Programming the
Communication
Any complex programming task is made
simpler by using several levels of abstraction
Abstraction hides the programming details of
lower levels
Communication tasks give rise to standard
abstractions
Committees such as the IETF (Internet
Engineering Task Force) are in charge for
standardizing the abstractions related to
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6. The Levels of Abstraction
Multiple levels of communication abstractions
have been defined by standardization bodies
Each level is enforced by a corresponding
protocol
Each level uses the abstract services of the
level below
Abstraction achieves separation of concerns
A protocol needn’t know how the lower-level
abstractions are implemented and what the higher
level abstractions are.
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7. Layered Network Architecture
In a Layered Network Architecture, the
services are grouped in a hierarchy of layers.
A protocol of layer N uses only services of layer N-1.
A protocol of layer N provides services only to layer
N+1.
A
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C
E
B
D E
B layer 3
layer 2
layer 1
not layered layered
A
C
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8. Service Primitives
Assume that some protocol implements
service “X”.
N+1 Layer
Entity
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N+1 Layer
Entity
N Layer
Entity
N Layer
Entity
N+1 Layer Protocol
X. Request X. Indication X. Confirm X. Response
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9. Service Primitives
Recall: A layer N+1 protocol entity sees the
lower layers only as an abstract service
provider
N+1 Layer
Entity
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N+1 Layer
Entity
N+1 Layer Protocol
X. Request X. Confirm X. Indication
Service Provider
X. Response
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10. Example: Sending a Letter
Bob Alice
Bob’s
mailbox
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Alice’s
mailbox
Logical flow of information
Postman
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11. (Un-)Acknowledged Service
Unconfirmed service:
Acknowledged service:
L.Request L.Indicate
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US Mail
L.Request L.Indicate
US Mail
L.Confirm L.Indicate
12. Protocol Architectures
There are only few protocol
architectures that are relevant
today:
OSI Reference Model
TCP/IP Protocols Suite
ATM Protocol Stack
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13. OSI Reference Model
The OSI model defines seven layers:
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Layer 7: Application Layer
Layer 6: Presentation Layer
Layer 5: Session Layer
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 3: Network Layer
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
Layer 1: Physical Layer
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14. OSI Layers
HOST
Session
Layer
Physical
Layer
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Physical
Layer
Physical
Layer
Physical
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Network
Layer
Session
Layer
Transport
Layer
Transport
Layer
Application
Layer
Application
Layer
Presentation
Layer
Presentation
Layer
Network
Layer
Network
Layer
Network
Layer
Application
NODE
HOST
NODE
Application
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15. OSI Layers and Encapsulation
Data
Application
Data
Application Application
Session
Layer
Physical
Layer
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Physical
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Network
Layer
Session
Layer
Transport
Layer
Transport
Layer
Application
Layer
Application
Layer
Presentation
Layer
Presentation
Layer
Network
Layer
AH
PH
SH
TH
Header of
Application
NH
DH
Bits
Data
AH Data
PH AH Data
SH PH AH Data
TH SH PH AH Data
Layer
NH TH SH PH AH Data
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16. OSI Model in a Switched
Communication Network
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Node (Router)
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Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network
Data Link
Physical
Physical
Station (Host)
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17. A Tour of the OSI Layers
Physical Layer (Layer 1):
Converts bits into electrical or optical
signals
Transmits these signals over the hardware
communication medium
Example: RS-232
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18. A Tour of the OSI Layers
Data Link Layer (Layer 2):
Reliably transfers frames over a link
Performs synchronization, error control,
flow control
Example: PPP
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19. A Tour of the OSI Layers
Network Layer (Layer 3):
Moves packets inside the network
Performs routing, addressing, switching,
congestion control
Example: IP
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20. A Tour of the OSI Layers
Transport Layer (Layer 4):
Controls delivery of data between hosts
Connection management, error control,
flow control, multiplexing, TCP, UDP.
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21. A Tour of the OSI Layers
Session Layer (Layer 5):
Support the dialog between cooperating
application programs
Session management, synchronization
Example: RPC
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22. A Tour of the OSI Layers
Presentation Layer (Layer 6):
Data conversion into application format
Encryption/decryption
Secure sockets
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23. A Tour of the OSI Layers
Application Layer (Layer 7):
Provides network access to application
programs
Everything is application specific
Example: File Transfer, Electronic Mail
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24. TCP/IP Protocol Suite
The TCP/IP protocol suite
was first defined in 1974
The TCP/IP protocol suite
is the protocol
architecture of the
Internet
The TCP/IP suite has four
layers:
Application, Transport,
Internet, and Network
Interface Layer
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Application
Layer
Transport
Layer
Internet
Network
Interface
telnet, ftp, email
TCP, UDP
IP, ICMP, IGMP
Device Drivers
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25. Example: File Transfer
Host A Router Host B
FTP
program
TCP
IP
Ethernet
Driver
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Ethernet
Driver
Ethernet
Driver
IP
FTP
program
TCP
IP
Ethernet
Driver
FTP protocol
TCP protocol
IP protocol IP protocol
Ethernet
protocol
Ethernet
protocol
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26. Encapsulation in the TCP/IP
Suite
Application
TCP
IP
Ethernet
Driver
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User data
Application User data
Header
TCP Header Application data
IP Header TCP Header Application data
Ethernet IP Header TCP Header Application data
Header
Ethernet
Trailer
IP datagram
TCP segment
Ethernet frame school.edhole.com
27. TCP/IP Protocol Suite
User
Process
ICMP IGMP
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Application
Layer
Network
Layer
Link Layer
IP
ARP Hardware
Interface RARP
Media
Transport
Layer
TCP UDP
User
Process
User
Process
User
Process
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28. Comparison of OSI Model and
TCP/IP Suite
OSI TCP/IP
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Application
Transport
Internetwork
Network
Access
Physical
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29. Quiz
Name one function of the network layer
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