3. Cystitis
• Infection Localized to bladder
Pyelonephritis
• Infection involving the renal parenchyma, calyces and renal pelvis
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
• Positive urine culture without any manifestations of infection
Urinary Tract Infections
4. Atypical infection:
Seriously ill
Poor urine flow
Abdominal or bladder mass
Raised creatinine
Failure to respond to suitable antibiotics in 48 hours
Non- E-coli infection
5. Recurrent infection:
≥2 episodes of upper UTI
or one episode of upper UTI plus ≥1 episode of lower
UTI
or ≥3 episodes of lower UTI.
6. Statistics
Gender:
Below 1 year : Boys > Girls 4 : 1
Above 1 year :Girls > Boys 10: 1
Prevalence:
By age 10 years 2% boys and 8% girls will have experienced UTI once
Recurrence:
Gender is not associated with risk of recurrence.
Risk of recurrence depends on presence of underlying abnormality
If the age of Febrile UTI is < 1 year 30% will go on to develop recurrent UTI.
7. Etiology:
Gram Stain Bacterial Organism Frequency Pre-disposition
Negative
E. Coli 75-80% Normal flora in GIT
Non- E.Coli
Klebsiella
3-5%
Genitourinary
abnormalities
Pseudomonas Indwelling catheters
Proteus Stones
Positive
Enterococcus Genitourinary
abnormalities
Staphylococcus
Saprophyticus
Normal flora in female
genital tract
12. History Of presenting
Illness
Age and Gender • Male < 1 year
• Female > 2 year
Hygiene techniques • Back to front sweep
Bowel Habits • Constipation
• Encopresis
Voiding patterns • Dysuria, frequency, urgency, incontinence
• Recurrence of enuresis
Diaper area Rash: • Incontinence
Past Medical History
• Previous undiagnosed febrile illness
• Diabetes mellitus
• Neurodegenerative disease
Birth History
• Antenatal Oligohydraminos.
• Natal LGA
• Postnatal Sequence,Malformation
Syndromes
Family history
• Recurrent UTI
• Genitourinary Abnormalities in family
14. General Examination:
Dysmorphic features
Growth Charts :
Weight: Underweight
Length: Short stature
Head circumference: Macro or microcephaly
Vital Signs
Temperature: fever >38C
BP: High
CRT: >3 sec
Systemic Examination:
GIT: Suprapubic tenderness
Cost vertebral angle tenderness
Suprapubic mass
Flank mass
Back: Tuft of hair, sacral dimple,
CNS: Features of neurodegenerative
diseases
Genitalia Local signs of irritation
Phimosis
Labial adhesions
22. Imaging Test Purpose
KUB US It is performed to exclude gross
anatomical abnormality such as
pyonephrosis, abscess and
hydronephrosis
MCUG to establish the presence and degree of
VUR
DMSA Scan It is most useful in identifying areas of
scars or decreased uptake
23. MCUG:
1. Child is catheterized
2. Radioopaque dye is instilled
3. Series of x-rays are done during
voiding
24. Tc-99m DMSA Scan:
1. Tc99m-DMSA is injected IV
2. Patient waits for 2-4 hours
3. Images are taken by gamma camera
at different views
4. Then IV Frusemide is given and another
image is taken to identify
its clearance
25.
26. NICE guidelines
Radioimaging First febrile UTI Atypical Infection Recurrent UTI
< 6
month
KUB Yes Yes Yes
DMSA - Yes Yes
MCUG If KUB abnormal Yes Yes
6 month-
3 years
KUB - Yes Yes
DMSA - Yes Yes
MCUG - Can do if KUB is showing hydronephrosis or VUR
in FH
> 3 years KUB - Yes Yes
DMSA - Yes Yes
MCUG - - -
27. Criteria to do Radioimaging:
Bottom Up approach: Renal USS followed by VCUG
Top Down approach: Renal USS and DMSA scan
28. Test Anatomy of Kidney Function of kidney Obstruction Reflux
KUB USS Yes (structural) no Identify changes as a result of
obstruction or reflux
MCUG Yes* ( structural
limited tolower ut )
no Yes * yes
DMSA Yes* ( functional ) Yes yes no
33. Inpatient vs Outpatient:
Inpatient :
< 3 months
Not tolerating oral antibiotics or
vomiting
Follow up cannot be guaranteed
Sick looking
Failed to respond to outpatient
therapy
Outpatient:
> 3 months
Tolerate antibiotics orally
Follow up can be maintained
Not Sick looking
34. Choice of Antimicrobial:
Depends on age of child
Prior pathogen isolated and its sensitivity pattern
Underlying urological abnormality and recurrence UTI
Immunosuppressed
Catheterized
35. Anti Microbials:
Latifah Hospital :
Inpatient:
Neonate: IV ampicillin +IV
Gentamycin
Other :
1st line: IV Augmentin
If penicillin allergic: IV cefuroxime
Total : 7-14 days
Uptodate:
Inpatient:
1st line: 3rd Generation
cephalosporin or
IV aminoglycoside
36. Anti Microbials:
Latifah Hospital :
Outpatient:
PO Augmentin
If penicillin allergic: PO
cefuroxime
Total : 7-14 days
Uptodate:
Outpatient:
PO cephalosporin (any
generation)
38. Prophylaxis
Indication: ( no anatomic abnormality)
Three febrile UTIs in six months
Four total UTIs in one year
Anti-Microbial :
TMP SMX
Nitrofurantoin
Duration:
6 months
Can be discontinued if no infection occurs during this period
39. Prognosis
1. If no renal abnormality prognosis is very good.
2. VUR is major determinant of renal damage, renal scar.
3. VUR grade 3 or higher are twice as likely to develop renal scar than lower
grade VUR.
4. Children with higher VUR without a UTI shown to have fewer scars than
higher grade VUR with UTI
5. Overall Risk of renal Scarring increases with young age at time of diagnosis,
delay in initiation of treatment , recurrent infections , Atypical organism.
6. 2% of history of UTI (pyelonephritis) as a primary cause go on to develop
renal insufficiency
40. Long-term Sequale of Recurrent UTI
1. Short stature
2. Poor weight gain or failure to thrive
3. Hypertension
AGE: UTI is highest in boys younger than one year and girls younger than four years
Gender: > 2years girls due to shorter urethra
Race/ethnicity — For reasons that are not completely understood, white children have a two- to fourfold higher prevalence of UTI than do black children
Genetic: On the other hand, individuals with mutations in the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway do not mount a significant inflammatory response, even when virulent bacteria are present
Bladder and bowel dysfunction — Bladder and bowel dysfunction, of which bladder dysfunction is a subset, is characterized by:
●An abnormal elimination pattern (frequent or infrequent voids, daytime wetting, urgency, infrequent stools [constipation])
●Bladder and/or bowel incontinence
●Withholding maneuvers
Bladder catheterization — The risk of UTI increases with increasing duration of bladder catheterization.
Urinary obstruction — Children with obstructive urologic abnormalities are at increased risk of developing UTI; stagnant urine is an excellent culture medium for most uropathogens. Predisposing obstructive abnormalities may be anatomic (posterior urethral valves, ureteropelvic junction obstruction), neurologic (eg, myelomeningocele with neurogenic bladder), or functional (eg, bladder and bowel dysfunction). (See appropriate topic reviews.)
YOUNG CHILD:
These findings were consistent with high rate of diagnosis of UTI in children in respective groups
The incidence was highest when Fever especially temperature> 38C for > 48 hours
UTI should always be considered part of unexplained fever in young children (AAP)
OLD CHILD:
The constellation of Fever , Chills , flank pain and CVA tenderness in older children point to Pyelonephritis
LAST:
Parental reporting of foul-smelling urine or gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea, and poor feeding) is generally not helpful in diagnosing UTI
Age: Males < 1y 3-6: 1 Females: >2y 10:1
Hygiene : back to front contamination with stool pathogens Ecoli
Bowel Habits: Constipation: increases urinary stasis and thus infection
Voiding Patterns: Enuresis
Past Medical History: previous unrecognized febrile illness UTI , DM: immunodeficiency, NDD: Gaucher, Niemanpick, Leukodystrophies
Birth History:
Ante: oligohydraminos: IPKD, high ACEase ? Meningiomyelocele
Natal: oligohydraminos LGA
Post:
PUVPotter seq. Meningiomyelocele neurogenic bladder, 13, 18 ,21 Renal dysgenesis infection
FH: recurrent UTI and genitourinary abnormality PCKD , MCDK, Renal dysgenesis
GE: Potter Sequence, trisomies, turner, prune belly syndrome: Renal dysgenesis or general appearance: spasticity, para or quadriplegia signs suggestive of neurodegenerative disease neurogenic bladder
GC: FTT, Short stature, underweight Chronic or recurrent UTI Macro: leukodystrophies(white) Micro: Rett, Gaucher, nieman pick (gray)
VS: Fever: 38C points to upper UTI, BP: High inidicates renal scarring , CRT: urosepsis
Systemic Exam:
GIT: Suprapubic mass: enlarged bladder PUV , Flank mass: Hydronephrosis, renal mass ( tumor)
Back: lesion: meningiomyelocele ,Tuft of hair: occult myelocele, sacral dimple: tethered cord neurogenic bladder
CNS: features suggestive of degenerative disease :Macrocephaly Mental retardation , spasticity, para or quadriplegia
Other investigations as part of work up if child is sick looking such as CBC, Blood Culture, CRP, creatinine
Bag sample is seldom used: its only significance is when we have a negative culture( helps exclude UTI)
Mid stream urine sample: toilet trained
Sterile Catheterization: in non toilet trained
Suprapubic aspirate; seldom performed either because of lack of hands on experience or ward protocols
Microscopy : > 5 WBCS/HPF on centrifuged and unstained , not all bacterias produce pyuria and not all pyuria are UTIs
Pyuria may be less likely with certain pathogens (eg, Enterococcus species, Klebsiella species, P. aeruginosa)
LET: is basically a dipstick version to detect wbcs in urine
NT: urine must remain in the bladder for at least four hours to accumulate a detectable amount of nitrite, AND NOT ALL BACTERIA PRODUCE NITRITES, and sometimes when more than 100,000 CFU
In immunocompetenet individual we don’t do viral or fungal cultures
Viral Cultures are sometime performed in : Immunocompromised and gross hematuria with no pathogen isolated. (adenovirus, Polyomavirus, CMV)
Number of pathogens: Multiple it is contaminated
Number of CFU: according to uptodate and AAP
DMSA Dimercaptosuccinic acid
EC ethylcysteine
MCUG involves catheterization to fill the bladder with a radiopaque or radioactive liquid and recording of VUR during voiding. VCUG is expensive, invasive, and may miss a significant portion of children who are at risk for renal scarring
Can be immediately– pyelonephritis
Performed 4-6 weeks after -- scarring
Bottom up : Renal USS followed by VCUG: bladder bowel dysfunction: incomplete voiding , VUR , Bladder anamolies such as diverticula. Disadvantage is we don’t know the renal damage/condition
Top down : Renal USS and DMSA scan ; involved areas of kidney have reduced uptake, This is followed VCUG as 90% of children with dilating reflux have positive DMSA scan
MCUG:
Anatomy* delineate the anatomy of bladder and urethra
Obstruction* within the bladder and below
DMSA scan: (Localize in the cortex)
Anatomy* morphology but KUB is superior in precise measurements
>2 months : Urinary tract infection (UTI) in neonates (infants ≤30 days of age) is associated with bacteremia and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Upper tract infections (ie, acute pyelonephritis) may result in renal parenchymal scarring and chronic kidney disease. Neonates with UTI should be evaluated for associated systemic infection, and anatomic or functional abnormalities of the kidneys and urinary tract.
Neonate it is IV ampicillin vs gentamycin
Underlying urological abnormality , immunosuppressed ; consider treating with more potent antibiotic ( 3rd generation and carbapenem)
Cathterized ( consider covering for Enterococcus and pseudomonas ) augmentin and Aminoglycoside
Uptodate: 50% of Ecoli resistant to Augmentin
Total 7-14 days ( pyelonephritis, it is shorter in case of cystitis ) and provided patient responded in 48 hours otherwise adding an antibiotic or changing antibiotic, and repeating of urine culture may be considered which may alter the duration
Uptodate: 50% of Ecoli resistant to Augmentin
Total 7-14 days ( pyelonephritis, it is shorter in case of cystitis ) ,
If no renal abnormality , even subsequent UTIs are unlikely to cause permanent renal damage.
VUR pyelonephritis Renal Scar
It is a small number Primarily because of prompt recognition and treatment of pyelonephritis.
For Reflux uropathy 5% and obstructive uropathy 16%
older children may present with short stature, poor weight gain, or hypertension secondary to renal scarring from unrecognized UTI earlier in childhood