Burn Injuries Guide: Prevention, First Aid, and Emergency Care
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This document provides information about burn injuries, including prevention, first aid, and emergency care. It discusses common causes of burns like cooking and smoking, and recommends precautions like never leaving cooking unattended. For first aid of burns, it advises stopping the burning by smothering flames, removing clothing, and applying cold compresses. Significant burns require emergency care and fluid resuscitation based on the Parkland formula to replace lost fluids. The document also covers burn classifications and charts for determining percentage of total body surface area burned.
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Burn Injuries Guide: Prevention, First Aid, and Emergency Care
- 5. Burn Care ◂ Prevention ◂ First Aid ◂ Emergency care
- 6. Prevention
- 7. Prevention ◂ Cooking is a major cause of fire… so: ◂ Never leave it unattended ◂ If deep frying use equipment with a thermostat ◂ Make sure all appliances are turned off after use
- 8. Prevention ◂ Smoking: ◂ Never smoke in bed you could fall asleep ◂ Use a proper ashtray ◂ Never empty the ashtray into the rubbish bin before going to bed
- 9. Prevention ◂ Candles: ◂ Never leave them unattended ◂ Do not place them too close to curtains ◂ Ensure they are fully put before leaving the house or going to bed
- 10. Prevention ◂ Electric: ◂ Do not overload sockets ◂ Avoid buying uncertified/cheap electric goods ◂ Turn off appliances at night ◂ Call on electrician if fuses continually trip or electric wires look damaged
- 11. Prevention ◂ Arson: ◂ You are four times more likely to die in a fire if you do not have smoke alarm that works ◂ Close doors at night to prevent smoke traveling through your home.
- 12. First Aid Measures ◂ Extinguish flames by rolling the child on the ground; cover the child with a blanket, coat, or carpet. ◂ After determining that the airway is patent, remove smoldering clothing or clothing saturated with hot liquid. Jewelry, particularly rings and bracelets, should be removed or cut away to prevent constriction and vascular compromise during the edema phase in the 1st 24-72 hr after burn injury.
- 13. First Aid Measures ◂ In cases of chemical injury, brush off any remaining chemical, if powdered or solid; then use copious irrigation or wash the affected area with water. Call the local poison control center for the neutralizing agent to treat a chemical ingestion.
- 14. First Aid Measures ◂ Cover the burned area with clean, dry sheeting and apply cold (not iced) wet compresses to small injuries. Significant large-burn injury (>15% of BSA) decreases body temperature control and contraindicates the use of cold compresses. ◂ If the burn is caused by hot tar, use mineral oil to remove the tar. ◂ Administer analgesic medications.
- 15. Emergency Care
- 20. Rule of Nines
- 21. Fluid Resuscitation ◂ Parkland Formula ◂ 4 ml x %BSA x weight (kg) ◂ ½ over 8 hours – lag time ◂ ½ over 16 hours
Editor's Notes
- The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) recommends replacing smoke detector batteries annually and the smoke detector alarm every 10 yr (or earlier, if indicated on the device)
- https://www.stjohn.org.nz/First-Aid/First-Aid-Library/Burns/
- Parkland formula is an appropriate starting guideline for fluid resuscitation (4 mL lactated Ringer solution/kg/% BSA burned). Half of the fluid is given over the 1st 8 hr, calculated from the time of onset of injury; the remaining fluid is given at an even rate over the next 16 hr
- The first 8 hours are calculated from the time of injury, meaning if a patient presents 2 hours (lag time) after the injury the fluids will be given over 6 hours