We present how blockchain technology can power IOT (internet of things) edge authentication which is critical for security and reliability of millions of iot applications in business, manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, banking etc. sectors.

1. Blockchain & IAM for IoT:
Edge Authentication
Presented by: Sesh Raj, President DSAPPS INC
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4. Question: What is IAM
(identity and access management)
for IOT?
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5. Traditional IOT IAM managed by cloud
Reference: AWS IOT

6. Comparing Traditional IAM and IOT IAM
Traditional IAM IOT IAM
End points to manage Typically < 100,000 Can be millions
System administration IT and Security departments
Operational personnel, plant
and business managers
Auditing User-centric Device-centric
Authenticating process Passwords, biometrics
PKI certificates, device
behaviors, biometrics
Provisioning and registration
process
Static Dynamic, application driven
Self-services Typically web based
Also support Bluetooth, DSRC
etc. wireless communication

7. The challenge
Establishing identity through X.509 certificates provides a strong
authentication system. However, in the IoT domain, many devices
may not have enough memory to store a certificate or may not even
have the required CPU power to execute the cryptographic
operations of validating the X.509 certificates (or any type of public
key operation).
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8. Question:What is IOT edge
authentication?
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9. The need for IOT edge authentication
Faster response times: Without a round-trip to the cloud, data latency is reduced, lowering
the time it takes to glean actionable insights from that data.
Lowering IoT solution costs: Can process, clean and analyze mission critical data closer
to the device itself saving on processing and analysis costs and reduce the amount of data that flows back
and forth between the cloud and the edge of the network.
Added security and compliance: Edge authentication can scan for malware, filter out
sensitive personally identifiable information and process it locally,
Dependable operation even with intermittent connectivity: Enables
manufacturing equipment and other smart devices to operate without disruption even when they’re offline
or Internet connectivity is intermittent.
Interoperability between new and legacy devices: Easier to integrate new and
legacy end points with edge computing.
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10. Question: How do we track identity
on the edge without a central server?
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11. IOT Gateways
Reference: https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/feature/
Using-an-IoT-gateway-to-connect-the-Things-to-the-cloud
Reference: National Institute of Standards and George Mason University

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Reference: https://
docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/iot-
hub/iot-hub-devguide-endpoints

13. IOT Gateway Architecture
Operating System
Example: Linux or Android OS
HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer)
Supports reusability and portability of the IoT software.
IoT Sensors Stack
Software stacks that serve as interfaces with IoT sensors modules.
Examples: ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, EnOcean, BLE, Modbus, PROFIBUS
Device Management and Configuration
Configuration and settings to interface with different types of Sensor devices.
Security
Ensure robust data security, device security and network security.
FOTA
Firmware Over The Air (FOTA) updates with latest versions of security patches, OS,
Firewalls and more.
Data Communication Protocols
Connect with the Cloud over Ethernet, Wi-Fi or a 4G/3G modem via UDP or TCP IP
protocol. MQTT, CoAP, XMPP, AMQP utilized.
Data Management
Includes data streaming, data filtering and data storing.
Cloud Connectivity Manager
Connectivity, device state, heartbeat message, and gateway device authentication
with the cloud.
Custom Application
Manage data between sensor node and gateway and from gateway to cloud.
Gateway Data Transfer
To connect to the internet for data transfer using Ethernet, 4G/3G/GPRS modem or
Wifi.
Reference:https://www.embitel.com/blog/embedded-blog/understanding-how-an-iot-gateway-architecture-works

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15. Key Requirements for IOT
Edge Authentication
• Has to replace central authority with distributed apps, should not depend
on a single point of failure, means to distribute trust
• Need distributed storage of device security data that is immutable
• Automated process to add and update devices without need for manual
authorization and authentication process, via code driven smart contract
• Have the means to flag abnormal behavior and quarantine devices
through group consensus on what is normal
Answer - Blockchain technology

16. Blockchain Concepts
• Decentralized, peer-to-peer networks, where each
par5cipant maintains a copy of a shared, append-only (i.e.,
otherwise immutable) ledger of digitally signed transac5on
records
• Maintain synchronized replicas through a consensus
protocol
• Safeguard the immutability of the ledger, even when some
par5cipants are faulty or malicious
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Append only Shared Ledger
Managed by Permissions with
visible, authenticated and
verifiable transactions
Support for Smart Contracts
programmed to execute with
transactions
Consensus for adding new
members and flagging abnormal
behavior

17. The benefits of Blockchain
Allows trust to be dispersed highly securely making IAM at the edge fast
and light without central server reliance thus removing single point of
failure
Creates an IAM-centric ecosystem that keeps track of identities,
entitlements, entitlement assignment, and access events, all autonomously.
Provides for the five security pillars: Availability, Auditability, Accountability,
Integrity and Confidentiality.
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18. IAM Requirements provided by Blockchain
• Track device identity profiles and attributes
• Validate identity and transaction data leveraging
smart contracts
• Create and maintain IAM permission policies
• Maintain data trust
• Auditable records for validation
• Control data visibility
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19. Question: How can we implement
IAM policies on the edge?
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20. Support in Blockchain for IAM
security policies
func (s *SmartContract) Init(APIstub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) sc.Response {
return shim.Success(nil)
}
func (s *SmartContract) Invoke(APIstub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) sc.Response {
function, args := APIstub.GetFunctionAndParameters()
if function == "queryCar" {
return s.queryCar(APIstub, args)
} else if function == "initLedger" {
return s.initLedger(APIstub)
} else if function == "createCar" {
return s.createCar(APIstub, args)
} else if function == "queryAllCars" {
return s.queryAllCars(APIstub)
} else if function == "changeCarOwner" {
return s.changeCarOwner(APIstub, args)
Smart Contracts - Enforce who can perform what actions
Access Control Language -
ACL rules determine which users/roles are permitted to
create, read, update or delete member elements.
Certifying authority -
Certifies X509 certificates
rule networkControlPermission {
description: "networkControl can access network commands"
participant: "org.acme.vehicle.auction.networkControl"
operation: ALL
resource: "org.hyperledger.composer.system.Network"
action: ALLOW
}
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
10:e6:fc:62:b7:41:8a:d5:00:5e:45:b6
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=BE, O=GlobalSign nv-sa, CN=GlobalSign Organization Validation CA - SHA256 - G2
Validity
Not Before: Nov 21 08:00:00 2016 GMT
Subject Public Key Info:
Public-Key: (256 bit)
pub:
04:c9:22:69:31:8a:d6:6c:ea:da:c3:7f:2c:ac:a5:
af:c0:02:ea:81:cb:65:b9:fd:0c:6d:46:5b:c9:1e:
Shared Configuration -
Policies dictating modification of elements in configuration

21. Sample Implementations
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22. Hyperledger Architecture

23. Hyperledger Fabric
- peer nodes with smart contracts and ledgers

24. Peer Identities via X509 certificate

25. Hyperledger Fabric CA (Certificate Authority)
Register identity, connect to LDAP
Issue enrollment certificates
Renew and revoke certificates

26. Azure Blockchain Workbench
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27. IBM Watson IOT Platform with Blockchain
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28. Managing IOT Edge Security Blockchain
Spec Device
authentication
Design
Blockchain
ledger and
cloud services
Launch IOT
edge
authentication
Provide IAM
policies and
smart
contracts
Update IAM policies
Update analytics
Add Devices
Create/update
security policies
Coordinate
with security
team
Track
exceptions
Resolve
exceptions
Real time
analytics
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29. Sesh Raj, DSAPPS INC
email: sales1@dsapps.com
text: 408-940-5003
www.dsapps.com
Contact
©2018DSAPPSINC