A standard for geospatial observations and measurements

A standard for geospatial observations and
measurements
Simon Cox | Research Scientist | Environmental Information Infrastructures
28 August 2015
LAND AND WATER

Standards for observation data
• Motivation and development
• Earth-science and environmental applications
• Semantics
Simon Cox - RMIT 2015-08-28

Origins

A bit of history
• 1993-2000 AGCRC
• Web-mapping
• Reporting research online
• 1995

A bit of history
• 1993-2000 AGCRC
• Web-mapping
• 1999-2004 XMML, ADX
• Exploration data standards

A bit of history
• 1993-2000 AGCRC
• Web-mapping
• 1999-2004 XMML, ADX
-2010 AuScope

A bit of history
• 1993-2000 AGCRC
• Web-mapping
• 1999-2004 XMML, ADX
-2010 AuScope
• 2002-2005 OGC SWE
• Sensors anywhere

A bit of history
• 1993-2000 AGCRC
• Web-mapping
• 1999-2004 XMML, ADX
-2010 AuScope
• 2002-2005 OGC SWE
• 2005-2013 Fluid Earth
• Water informatics

A bit of history
• 1993-2000 AGCRC
• Web-mapping
• 1999-2004 XMML, ADX
-2010 AuScope
• 2002-2005 OGC SWE
• 2005-2013 WIRADA
• Water informatics

Motivation for a standard
All of society’s grand challenges require data to
be shared and integrated across cultures, scales
and technologies

Motivation for a standard
• Integrated analysis and modelling
• Discovery & data integration a
significant challenge
• Standard vocabulary
Many private contracts
one public agreement!
Remote sensing
Sensor
Value
Parameter
Scene
Earth science
Algorithm, code,
simulator
Model, field
Variable
Volume, grid
Metrology
Instrument
Value
Measurand
Sample
Chemistry
Instrument,
analytical process
Analysis
Analyte
Sample
Environmental
monitoring
Gauge, sensor
Value, time-series
Parameter
Station
Observations &
Measurements
procedure
result
observed property
feature of interest

SWE/O&M

O&M
OM_Observation
+ phenomenonTime
+ resultTime
+ validTime [0..1]
+ resultQuality [0..*]
+ parameter [0..*]
GF_PropertyType
GFI_Feature
OM_Process Any
+observedProperty
1
0..*
+featureOfInterest 1
0..*
+procedure1 +result
An Observation is an action whose result is an estimate of the value
of some property of the feature-of-interest, obtained using a specified procedure
Cox, OGC Abstract Specification – Topic 20: Observations and Measurements 2.0
ISO 19156:2011 Geographic Information – Observations and measurements

Scope
• In situ observations
• Remote sensing
• Ex-situ observations
• Numerical models/simulations
• Forecasts
Any action whose result is an estimate of a property value

Specimen
Sampling features
Observation
SamplingFeature
+ Parameter
+ lineage
Feature
0..*
SpatialSamplingFeature
+ positionalAccuracy
+relatedObservation 0..*
SamplingSolidSamplingPoint SamplingCurve SamplingSurface
Intention
+sampledFeature
SamplingFeatureComplex
+ role
0..*
+relatedSamplingFeature
0..*
+relatedObservation
0..*
Profile
Section
Station
Borehole
MapHorizonScene
Mine
Cox, OGC Abstract Specification – Topic 20: Observations and Measurements 2.0
ISO 19156:2011 Geographic Information – Observations and measurements
GM_Object
+shape
Harmonized with
CSML, NCAR

Integrated into ISO 19100 framework
ISO dependencies
• gf - Feature ISO 19109
• cv - Coverage (fields) ISO 19123
• md - Metadata ISO 19115
• gm - Geometry ISO 19107
• tm - Temporal ISO 19108
• basic - Datatypes ISO 19103

OGC Sensor Web Enablement
• SensorML
• O&M
• Sensor Observation Service
• Sensor Planning Service

Observations &
Measurements
procedure
result
observed property
feature of interest
result time
phenomenon time
valid time
procedure
Provider or
consumer?

OM_Observation
+ phenomenonTime
+ resultTime
+ validTime [0..1]
+ parameter [0..*]
GFI_PropertyType
GFI_Feature
OM_ProcessGFI_DomainFeature Any
+observedProperty
1
+propertyValueProvider
0..*
+featureOfInterest
1
+generatedObservation
0..*
+procedure1 +result
Range
observed property
Parameter dictionary
procedure
Register of sensors,
processes & algorithms
feature of interest
Feature-type catalogue
Feature service
result format:
GML, SWE,
netCDF, JSON, SQLite
...
Domain specialization

Applications

WaterML2 specializes O&M
«FeatureType»
TimeseriesObservation
OM_Process
«FeatureType»
Procedures::
ObservationProcess
MD_Metadata
«Type»
ObservationMetadata
«FeatureType»
observation::OM_Observation
+ phenomenonTime :TM_Object
+ resultTime :TM_Instant
+ validTime :TM_Period [0..1]
+ resultQuality :DQ_Element [0..*]
+ parameter :NamedValue [0..*]
«FeatureType»
coverageObservation::
OM_DiscreteCoverageObservation
«FeatureType»
Timeseries (TVP) Observation::
TimeseriesTVPObservation
«FeatureType»
TimeseriesDomainRangeObservation
«FeatureTyp...
General Feature
Instance::
GFI_Feature
«metaclass»
General Feature Model::
GF_PropertyType
{root}
+ memberName :LocalName
+ definition :CharacterString
«FeatureType»
Timeseries::Timeseries
+metadata
0..1
+generatedObservation
0..*
+procedure
1
0..*
Domain
+featureOfInterest
1
0..*
Phenomenon
+observedProperty
1
Range +result
Name:
Package:
Version:
Author:
Context diagram: TimeseriesObservation
«RequirementsClass» Timeseries Observation
1.0
CSIRO
• Result is a time-series
• Observed-property
relates to water
• Key predecessors:
• CUAHSI WaterML
• WDTF

WaterML-WQ constrains
O&M and WaterML
«FeatureType»
measurement::
OM_Measurement
AnyFeature
«FeatureType»
observ ation::OM_Observ ation
+ parameter :NamedValue [0..*]
+ phenomenonTime :TM_Object
+ resultQuality :DQ_Element [0..*]
+ resultTime :TM_Instant
+ validTime :TM_Period [0..1]
constraints
{observedProperty shall be a phenomenon associated with the feature of interest}
{procedure shall be suitable for observedProperty}
{result type shall be suitable for observedProperty}
{a parameter.name shall not appear more than once}
Units of Measure::Measure
{root}
+ value :Number
+ convert(UnitOfMeasure*) :Measure
«FeatureType»
General Feature
Instance::GFI_Feature
«metaclass»
GF_PropertyType
{root}
«metaclass»
GF_FeatureType
«FeatureType»
observation::
OM_Process
Metadata entity set
information::
MD_Metadata
«FeatureType»
cov erageObserv ation::
OM_DiscreteCov erageObserv ation
«FeatureType»
Timeseries Observ ation::
TimeseriesObserv ation
«FeatureType»
Timeseries (TVP) Observ ation::
TimeseriesTVPObserv ation
The XML element om:result SHALL have a uom property
that is an instance of the owl:Class
http://qudt.org/schema/qudt#Unit as defined in
http://resources.data.gov.au/water/def/water-quality/wq-
quantity.
The XML element om:observedProperty SHALL have
an xlink:href property that is an instance of the
http://qudt.org/schema/qudt#Quantity scheme as
defined in
http://resources.data.gov.au/water/def/water-
quality/wq-quantity.
The XML element om:featureOfInterest SHOULD have an xlink:href property that is an instance of
a GroundWaterML 1 GroundWaterBody feature or sub-type of HydrologicUnit feature as specified
in the XML schema at http://ngwd-bdnes.cits.nrcan.gc.ca/service/gwml/schemas/gwml.xsd
OR
The XML element om:featureOfInterest SHOULD have an xlink:href property that is an instance of
an OGC HY_Features HY_HydroFeature or sub-type as specified at "HY_Features: a Common
Hydrologic Feature Model Discussion Paper OGC 11-039r2"
«Type»
Measurement (TVP) Timeseries::
MeasurementTimeseriesTVP
Timeseries
«FeatureType»
Interleav ed (TVP) Timeseries::
TimeseriesTVP
TimeValuePair
«Type»
Measurement (TVP) Timeseries::
MeasureTimeValuePair
+ value :Measure
«FeatureType»
WQ_Measurement::
WQ_Measurement
«FeatureType»
WQ_MeasurementTimeSeriesTVPObserv ation::
WQ_MeasurementTimeSeriesTVPObserv ation
«FeatureType»
WQ_MeasurementTimeseriesTVP::
WQ_MeasurementTimeSeriesTVP
«metaclass»
WQ_Observ ation::
WQ_PropertyType
O&M Classes
WaterML 2 Classes
Water Quality Classes
Legend
+generatedObservation 0..*
ProcessUsed
+procedure
1
Phenomenon
+observedProperty
1
Metadata
+metadata 0..1
+result
Range
+collection
0..*CoverageFunction
+element
0..*
+result
0..*
0..*
Domain
+featureOfInterest
1
+carrierOfCharacteristics
0..*
+theGF_FeatureType
1
«instanceOf»
• Subject is a groundwater
or geofabric feature
• observed property is
water-quality property
• units of measure must match

Simon Cox - RMIT 2015-08-28Environmental Information Standards | Simon Cox27 |
SamplingFeature
Spatial
SamplingFeature
Specimen
Geometry
SoilSample SoilSpecimen
Domain Feature
Observation
ANZSoilML extends O&M
Sampling Features
SoilThematic
Object
Soil
SoilLandscape
SoilProfile
Element
SoilSurface
Stream
Channels
Climate
Vegetation
LandSurface
Anthropogenic
Activity
SoilFeature
AbstractSoil
Landform
Landscape
Feature
... also GeoSciML

Integration with existing SeaDataNet Standards
Existing Activity
SWE Adoption
Seismic
Simon Cox - RMIT 2015-
08-28

12Z
7-May 9-May8-May6-May5-May
00Z00Z12Z00Z12Z12Z00Z12Z 00Z
result
forecast : OM_Observation
parameter.name = “analysisTime”
parameter.value = 2010-05-06T00:00Z
phenomenonTime.begin = 2010-05-06T00:00Z
phenomenonTime.end = 2010-05-09T12:00Z
resultTime = 2010-05-06T04:30Z
validTime [optional – not specified]
resultQuality [optional – not specified]
ISO19156 Observations and measurements:
also suitable for numerical simulations – including forecasts

SamplingFeature as OM_Observation.featureOfInterest
In meteorology, we define a sampling regime that enables us to observe,
measure or simulate the real-world. Sampling Features (from ISO 19156
‘Observations and measurements’) provide a way to characterise this sampling
regime and the relationship to the real-world.
:ComplexSamplingMeasurement03839:SF_SamplingPoint
+featureOfInterest
:Point
@srsName “EPSG:4326”
pos = “50.737 -3.405”
+shape
84579:NamedPlace
name = “Exeter Airport” +sampledFeature

National Environmental
Information Infrastructure

Metadata
Catalog
Observing
Methods
Register
Monitoring
Sites Register
Vocabulary
Service
Data Service
(observations)
Data Service
(geographies)
Dataset Site Geography Parameter Instrument / Method Service …
… … … … … … …
… … … … … … …
Integration through linking table
Observation
observed
property
feature of
interest
procedure result
sampling
feature

CUAHSI - ODM2
Procedure
Observed
property
Feature of Interest
result
Observation
OM_Observation
+ phenomenonTime
+ resultTime
+ validTime [0..1]
+ parameter [0..*]
GF_PropertyType
GFI_Feature
OM_Process Any
+observedProperty
1
0..*
+featureOfInterest
1
0..*
+procedure1 +result
Simon Cox - RMIT 2015-
08-28

- IGSN
- ResourceURI
- Registrant ID
- timeStamp
- status
IGSN Registry
- IGSN
- Registrant
- MetadataTimeStamp
- Title
- Description
- SamplingLocation
- SamplingTime
- Distributor
- Originator
- SpecimenType
- MaterialClass
- SamplingMethod
SESAR Catalog
- IGSN
- SampleEvent
- SamplePhysicalSize
- RelatedResource
- SamplingMethodDetails
- ProcessingHistory
- CurationHistory
- More local detail…
Allocating Agent CatalogISO & OGC O&M
compliant

Application of O&M
• Direct
• SOS + OMXML
– [Metadata for values from] data services
• Specializations
– WaterML2, WaterML-WQ, SoilML, SeaDataNet, INSPIRE, WMO ...
• Bridging vocabulary for integration
• TERENO (GFZ), NEII, ODM2, IGSN/SESAR, OBOE ...
• Checklist ...
• Slots for implicit  explicit for x-domain use

Modernizing

XSD OWL from UML
http://def.seegrid.csiro.au/isotc211/iso19156/2011/observation>
UML Model
Output in OWL

W3C SSN Ontology <http://purl.oclc.org/NET/ssnx/ssn>

om-lite <http://def.seegrid.csiro.au/ontology/om/om-lite>
Sem. Web. Journal – in review

sam-lite <http://def.seegrid.csiro.au/ontology/om/sam-lite>
Sem. Web. Journal – in review

W3C PROV <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov>

SSN vs O&M
Term “Observation” is being used for different concepts in SSN cf O&M
Record of observation vs. observation event ?
Prov-O helps clarify, without getting
tangled up in formal ‘Upper Ontologies’
ssn:Observation
om:Observation
new:ActivityOfSensing
om:Process
ssn:Sensor
om:Result
ssn:SensorOutput

Application of PROV to specimens

Lessons

Lessons
• Ontology for observations, models and forecasts
• X-domain interoperability
• Extensible, specialize with vocabularies, link to other ontologies
• Standards
• A generic model can provide a checklist for design, and a basis for
harmonization and incremental design
• Consensus introduces an overhead
• Change
• Common conceptual model supports multiple implementations
• Widely used

Additional credits
O&M: Fowler & Odell; GeoSciML team; OGC; ISO/TC 211;
Rob Atkinson, Rob Woodcock(CSIRO)
WaterML: CUAHSI; Gavin Walker, Pete Taylor, Laurent Lefort (CSIRO);
Paul Sheahan (BOM)
Soil, WQ: Bruce Simons, Peter Wilson, Jonathan Yu (CSIRO); Alistair Ritchie (Landcare NZ)
SeaDataNet: Jordi Sorribas, Paolo Diviacco
AQD: Michael Lutz, Ale Sarretta (JRC); Kathi Schleidt (Env. Agency Austria)
WMO: Jeremy Tandy (UK Met Office); Aaron Braeckel (UCAR)
NEII: Andrew Woolf, Dom Lowe (BOM)
ODM2: Jeff Horsburgh
IGSN: Kerstin Lehnert (LDEO), Jens Klump (GFZ)
Vocabulary services: Stuart Williams (Epimorphics), Roy Lowry, Adam Leadbetter (BODC)
OWL, PROV: Nick Car, David Ratcliffe, Michael Compton (CSIRO)

LAND AND WATER
Thank youCSIRO Land and Water
Simon Cox
Research Scientist
t +61 3 9252 6342
e simon.cox@csiro.au
w www.csiro.au/people/simon.cox

Linked vocabularies can be shared and re-used

Observables vocabulary
dissolved nitrogen
concentration
nitrogen
elemental nitrogen
(CHEBI_33267)
Concentration
MolePercent
MilliGramsPerLitre
AmountOfSubstancePerUnitVolume
nitrogen concentration
+qudt:generalization
+objectOfInterest
+exactMatch
+qudt:quantityKind
+qudt:quantityKind
+qudt:unit
+qudt:unit
QUDT
WQOP
ChEBI

A standard for geospatial observations and measurements

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