Saving biodiversity means saving humanity

1. { By
DR. MUHAMMAD SHAFIQ
DEPARTMENT OF LIVE SCIENCES,
ISLAMIA UNIVERSITY, BAHAWALPUR
Managing natural resources for sustainable
livelihoods: IV-Conservation and Cultivation of
Cymbopogon jwarancusa with special reference
to southern Punjab.

2. • Basic information
• Germplasm collections
– Coverage
– Strategies
• Multiplication
• Scientific studies
 Ecological studies
 Ecotypic variations
 Essential oil estimation
 Industrial exploitation
 Patents
In this presentation

3. Genetic diversity:
Variation that exists within the genetic constitution
(nucleotides, genes, chromosomes, or whole genomes) of
an organism
Phenotypic Diversity
Refers to the variation of the physical traits, or
phenotypic characters of the organism, such as
differences in anatomical, physiological, biochemical,
or behavioral characteristics.
the phenotypic characters represent an important
measure of the adaptation of the organism to its
environment because it is these phenotypic characters
that interact with biotic and abiotic (i.e. living and
non-living) factors of the environment.

4.  Plant germplasm
 is the genetic source material used by plant breeders to develop new
cultivars
 Genotypes of particular species, collected from different sources and
geographical origins, for use in plant breeding.
 Sources of Plant germplasm
 Wild relatives
 Land races & primitive cultivars
 Obsolete cultivars
 Advanced breeding lines & other products of plant breeding program
 Current cultivars
 Thus the germplasm of a crop may be defined as
 The sum total of hereditary material i.e. all the alleles of various genes,
present in a crop species and its wild relatives
Plant Genetic Resources

5. Model of genetic conservation and utilization
Set up and survey
Genepool---

6. ---Conservation----Utilization

7. Germplasm Collection Surveys
• 3 year project (Jan. 2005-Jan. 2007)
• Based upon Arial Photographs and satellite
and Google maps 38 sites were selected from
the southern Punjab.
• Six germplasm expeditions per year (total 18
expeditions)
• Three in winter , one in Spring and two just
after monsoon

8. Map showing (Red flages) the sites for the collection of
Cymbopogon jwarancusa in Greater Thal

9. Map-2: Map showing (Red flages) the sites for the
collection of Cymbopogon jwarancusa in Cholistan Desert

10. Geographical Location for the sites of the germplasm collection
from Multan to Thal to Mianwali desert and adjacent areas
S. No. Name of Place Latitude (N) Longitude (E)
1 Chowk Munda 30º 34' 71º 14'
2 Balkana 30º 31' 71º 33'
3 Ahmadpur Sial 30º 40' 71º 45'
4 Dab Kalan 30º 43' 71º 49'
5 Garh Maharaja 30º 49' 71º 54'
6 Islamwala 30º 58' 72º 02'
7 Atharan Hazari 31º 10' 72º 06'
8 Wasu Astana 31º 12' 72º 04'
9 Kotali Baqir Shah 31º 16' 72º 04'
10 Sahjhar 31º 25' 72º 05'
11 Butta 31º 32' 72º 05'
12 Shah Hussain 31º 34' 71º 56'
13 Karluwala 31º 34' 71º 39'
14 Littan 31º 32' 71º 29'
15 Mankera 31º 23' 71º 25'
16 Haidarabad 31º 21' 71º 45'
17 Nawan Kot 31º 09' 71º 36'
18 Ghaziwala 30º 59' 71º 31'
19 Chaubara 30º 52' 71º 33'
20 Pharlwala 30º 50' 71º 41'

11. Geographical Location for the sites of the germplasm
collection for C. jawarancusa from BWP to Sad. to Forta.
Sites Latitude longitude
1 65 RD, Lalsuhanra * 29o 17΄ N 71o 56΄ E
2 Mouj Gargh* 29o 00΄ N 72o 07΄ E
3 Dostwala toba 29o 41΄ N 72o 57΄ E
4 Lalsohnra wet land area 29o 21΄ N 71o 57΄ E
5 Fort Derawar 31o 11΄ N 71o 00΄ E
6 Yazman to Channan peer 29o 01΄ N 71o 35΄ E
7 Mouza Hernawala 29o 24΄ N 71o 54΄ E
8 Dingargh 28o 56΄ N 71o 54΄ E
9 Choak Munda 30o 34 ‫׳‬N 71o 14 ‫׳‬E
10 Rashidabad 30o 34΄ N 71o 18΄ E
11 Namalwala 316/TDA 31o 01΄ N 71o 12΄ E
12 Moza Nausharah* 31o 04΄ N 71o 24΄ E
13 Nawankot* 31o 05΄ N 71o 32΄ E
14 255/TDA (Fatehpur) 31o 09΄ N 71o 15΄ E
15 Silt ejector
near Tounsa Barrage
30o 31΄ N 70o 54΄ E
16 Barsati nalah (Tounsa city) 30o 41΄ N 70o 39΄ E
17 Mouza Kaleri
towards zinda pir
30o 29΄ N 70o 37΄ E
18 Ghazighat** 30o 04΄ N 70o 46΄ E

14. 0
20
40
60
80
100
ImporanceValues
AP CP LP CA LN SA SO DG FH CCo OR CBu CB PB AD CBi CC CJ EJ LS OC
Plant species
Fig- 3:Importance Value Index of plant species residing at
site-3 in Mouza Nausharah, Thal.
Importance Value Index of plant Species residing at Mouza
Nausharah, Thal

16. Ecotypes
Cuticle
thickness (µ)
Epidermis Parenchyma No. of vascular
bundle
Nature
Thickness (µ) (excluding
papillae)
Mesophyll µ
(bundle sheath +
ray cells)
Ground tissues
(layers)
Extended
Pac
ked
in
bun
dle
she
ath
TL-NK-PL5-34
2.3 ± 1.02
Single layer, piliferous
6.00 ± 0.39 10.06 ± 0.76 2-3 9 35
TL-CM-PL-9 1.95 ± 0.16
Single layer, piliferous 12.65 ± 0.49 32.00 ± 2.76 2-4 11 31
LS-HW- P3-20
1.56 ± 0.18
Single layer, piliferous
11.95 ± 1.24 34.16 ± 1.52 2-6 9 29
TL-255TDA-PL3-28
1.79 ± 0.08
Single layer, piliferous
10.55 ± 0.71 27.82 ± 2.16 2-3 9 25
LS-RD65-P4-12
1.95 ± 0.21
Single layer, piliferous
12.21 ± 0.89 26.38 ± 2.16 2-6 9 29
LS-RD65-PL4-37
1.58 ± 0.18
Single layer, piliferous
11.70 ± 1.16 34.65 ± 1.29 2-4 7 21
CP-MG-PL5-17
1.52 ± 0.19
Single layer, piliferous
12.00 ± 0.79 30.75 ± 1.63 2-5 9 29
TL-RA-PL3-19
1.58 ± 0.04
Single layer, piliferous
6.48 ± 2.08 26.79 ± 2.21 2-5 9 37
TL-MN-PL15-41
1.74 ± 0.11
Single layer, piliferous
11.40 ± 1.29 26.76 ± 1.87 2-4 7 25
10DG-GT-PL1-4 2.85 ± 0.26 Single layer 12.15 ± 1.20 24.70 ± 2.6 6-9 23 70
Leaf anatomy of Cymbopogon jwarancusa

18. Ecotypes
Cuticle
thickness
(µ)
Epidermis
Outer cortex
Sclerenchyma
tus
(thickness,
layers)
Diameter of inner
paranchyma cells (µ)
Diameter of
trachea (µ)
Nature
Thickness
(µ)
Center of stem
Min. Max. Min. Max.
TL-NK-PL5-34 1.57 ± 0.16 Single layer 4.93 ± 0.38 2-7 40.75 69.00 25.5 46.25
TL-CM-PL-9 2.03 ± o.09 Single layer 5.91 ± 0.35 2-7 56.25 95.25 21.00 35.5
LS-HW- P3-20 1.56 ± 0.16 Single layer 6.56 ± 0.39 3-7 30.25 69.00 23.25 37.75
TL-255TDA-
PL3-28
1.66 ± 0.11
Single layer
5.94 ± 0.25 2-6 36.75 64.00 22.00 32.25
LS-RD65-P4-12 1.08 ± 0.07 Single layer 3.38 ± 0.22 2-5 25.75 68.75 24.00 38.25
LS-RD65-PL4-37 1.44 ± 0.15 Single layer 6.56 ± 0.38 3-6 37.25 66.25 22.00 41.32
CP-MG-PL5-17 0.75 ± 0.05 Single layer 5.28 ± 0.47 3-5 26.50 56.00 18.50 35.50
TL-RA-PL3-19 1.86 ± 0.13 Single layer 5.60 ± 0.35 3-8 48.25 94.5 13.75 35.25
TL-MN-PL15-41 1.41 ± 0.16 Single layer 4.92 ± 0.32 3-11 38.50 68.25 23.25 40.80.
DG-GT-PL1-4 0.64 ± 0.09 Single layer 3.80 ± 0.15 2-3 32.25 74.00 21.00 37.00
Stem Anatomy

19. Abbreviations in plate
are
bs= bundle sheath
cu= cuticle
ep= epidermis
f= fibers
gc= ground cells
hd/hyp= hypodermis
lec= lecuna
mxy= mataxylem
ph= phloem
pxy= protoxylem
vb= Vascular bundle

20. Ecotypes
Epiderm
is
(number
of
layers)
Cortex Endodermis
Pericycle
(number
of
layers)
Diameter of
trachea (µ)
Pith cells
Hypoderm
is (layers)
Inner
(layers) Cell width
(µ)
Cell
length (µ)
*Sclerifica
tion
Diameter
lignified
Parenchy -
matous
Min. Max. Min.
Max
.
TL-NK-PL5-34 2 1-2 8-10
13.0 -
23.7
11.0 – 17.5 1-2 39.0 59.5 1 18.0 25.7
TL-CM-PL-9 2 2-3 5-9
12.0 -
19.2
10.5 - 18.5 1-2 35.5 46.5 2 15.5 24.7
LS-HW- P3-20 1 3 8-11
15.0 -
25.0
12.0 - 18.2 1-3 40.7 64.5 3 17.0 25.7
TL-255TDA-
PL3-28
2 1-2 8-11
10.7 -
24.5
12.2 - 16.7 1-2 29.75 63.5 4 11.5 25.7
LS-RD65-P4-12 2 1-2 7-9
21.5 -
20.7
9.2 - 19.7 1-2 16.2 60.5 3 8.1 23.2
LS-RD65-PL4-
37
2 1-2 9-11
16.5 -
29.0
12.5-19.0 1-2 35.2 59.2 4 12.2 25.2
CP-MG-PL5-17 2 1-2 9-11 6.1-8.7 5.9 - 7.2 1-2 35.2 69.7 2 12.0 25.2
TL-RA-PL3-19 2 1-2 8-11
14.2 -
25.7
10.2 - 16.7 1-3 41.5 60.2 4 12.2 24.2
TL-MN-PL15-
41
2 1-2 8-11 15.5 - 20 10.5 - 17.0 1-2 38.7 61.2 3 15.0 18.7
DG-GT-PL1-4 1
3-4 (non
lignified)
7-9
20.5-
27.75
11-16 1-3 39.0 69.5 2 32.0 77.7
Root anatomy

22. Ecotype Plant
habit
Vitality Chlorop
hyll
shade
Fragran
ce
Susceptibility Reprod
uctive
status
Rust Smut
TL-CM-
PL02-32
Erect,
compact
Highly
active
Dark
green
High Yes Yes High
TL-
MW-
PL18-38
Erect,
compact
Active Lush
green
Very
high
Yes No Very
high
TL-MK-
PL15-35
Erect,
loose
Moderat
e
Lush
green
Medium No Yes Low
CH-BJ-
PL06-35
Semi-
erect,
compact
Active Olive
green
Medium Yes No High
CH-DT-
PL08-20
Erect,
loose
Highly
active
Yellowis
h-green
High No No Low
CH-IG-
PL24-32
Erect,
compact
Active Dark
Green
High Yes Yes Very
high
Variation in qualitative characteristics among the
selected ecotypes of Cymbopogon jwarancusa

23. Variations in quantitative characteristics among the
selected ecotypes of C. jwarancusa.

24. Treatment
s
Ecotypes at > .05 level
E1 E2 E3 K1* F Sig.
Average plant height (cm) (DMRS) (ANOVA)
T1 57.65 b 58.96 bc 56.75 b 61.42 bc 1.22 .268
T2 75.32 cd 44.36 a 44.65 a 47.50 b 3.56 .067
T3 53.42 a 53.42 b 62.83 bc 40.48 a 3.84 .037
Control 78.77 d 77.54 c 78.85 c 73.43 c - -
Average number of Tillers (Per Plant)
T1 48.79 a 77.75 b 57.65 bc 28.25 b 09.95 .001
T2 22.96 b 58.45 a 42.26 a 17.36 a 3.24 .062
T3 68.63 cd 76.25 b 53.52 b 16.28 a 2.66 .153
Control 76.64 d 80.44 b 76.43c 30.21 b - -
leaf area at the third internode (cm2)
T1 3.65 b 4.10 b 3.81 a 15.21 bc 1.03 .412
T2 3.57 b 4.57b 4.04 b 13.24 b 1.46 .282
T3 2.66 a 2.88 a 3.31 a 7.76a 0.51 .562
Control 4.44 b 4.27 b 5.13 b 15.01 c - -
Drought stress-induced changes C. jwarancusa
T1) plants irrigated after every three days, T2) plants irrigated after every six days
and T3) plants irrigated after every ten days

25. Accession Total oil yield
(%) v/w
1. TL-NK-PL5-34 3.21
2. TL-CM-PL-9 3.65
3. TL-255TDA-PL3-28 3.80
4. TL-RA-PL3-19 3.37
1. TL-MN-PL15-41 4.05
1. TL-MK-PL05-14 7.34
1. TL-MK-PL09-23 5.72
1. TL-NK-PL14-18 3.65
1. TL-GFU-PL14-26 3.35
1. LS-HW-P3-20 1.20
1. LS-RD65-P4-12-37 1.8
1. CP-MG-PL5-17 2.06
1. LS-RD65-PL4-37 2.3
15. CH-HD-PL08-06 2.75
Essential oil exploitation

26. Accession Total oil yield
(%) v/w
Piperitone (%) α – Eudesmol (%) Others (%)
1. TL-NK-PL5-34 3.21 64.21 18.32 17.47
2. TL-CM-PL-9 3.65 66.31 18.11 15.58
1. TL-255TDA-PL3-
28
3.80 63.13 16.17 20.7
1. TL-RA-PL3-19 3.37 58.28 21.13 20.59
1. TL-MN-PL15-41 4.05 63.08 25.55 11.37
1. TL-MK-PL05-14 7.34 55.65 17.56 26.79
1. TL-MK-PL09-23 5.72 57.14 20.31 22.55
1. TL-NK-PL14-18 3.65 66.21 21.18 12.61
1. TL-GFU-PL14-26 3.35 63.12 16.22 20.66
1. LS-HW-P3-20 1.20 46.25 16.89 36.86
1. LS-RD65-P4-12-37 1.8 44.90 16.25 38.85
1. CP-MG-PL5-17 2.06 65.31 16.23 18.46
1. LS-RD65-PL4-37 2.3 48.30 18.21 33.49
1. CH-HD-PL08-06 2.75 48.76 13.25 37.99
Essential oil contents in the selected ecotypes

27. Industrial exploytation
Products Consumption metric tones
Eucalyptus oil 10,000
Pepper mint oil 10,000
Menthol 25,000
Lemon oil 15,000
Orange oil 15,000
Herbaceous oils 1,000
Cymbopogon 10,000
Total 86,000

28. Thank You