it is a basically review of garlic research .........

1. Review of students’ research
on Garlic at PAU
Dharmendra Sharma
L-2015-A-154-M

2. Background
 Garlic (Allium sativum L.), 2n=16
 Family- Alliaceae
 Other names- Lehsun and wonder food
 Center of origin- Central Asia
 Mode of pollination- Cross pollinated
Area (000 ha) Production (M
t)
Productivity
(t ha-1)
India 262 1425 5.4
Punjab 5.9 65.6 11.14
Current status
( NHB, 2015)

3. Pungency
 Diallyl disulphide (60%),
 Allyl-propyl disulphide (20%)
Has been used for medicinal purpose since ancient
times
Swaroop Vishnu (2014)
Background
Wild progenitor- Allium longicuspis L.
Related sub-species
 A. sativum var. Sativum L.
 A. Sativum var. pekinense L
 Allium sativum var. ophiocorodon L.
 A. sativum var. scordoprasum L.

4.  Antibiotic action
 Reduces cholesterol and blood pressure
 Prevents stomach cancer
 Has wound healing potential
 Aged Garlic Extact (AGE) increases the immunity
power
Health Benefits
Balestra et al (2008)
Background

5. Feasibility as pesticide i.e. garlic extract with mineral oil,
water and liquid soap
Antibacterial effect
 Application of garlic extract reduces
• Severity of P. infestans in tomato
• Cucumber downy mildew (P. cubensis)
Bio-control
(Balestra et al, 2008)
Background

6. Overview
Total studies on garlic conducted at PAU: 17
Breeding
18%
Biotechnology
12%
Production
12%
Postharvest
29%
Medicinal
value
29%

7. Breeding

8. Breeding objectives
 High yield
 Larger bulb size
 Bulb quality- white colour, high pungency and compact
cloves
 Resistance to diseases (Mosaic, purple blotch and
Stemphylium blight)
 Resistance to insect-pest (Mite, aphid and thrips)
 Longer storage life

9. Molecular and morphological
characterization
Characters Maximum Genotype Minimum Genotype
Plant height (cm) 75.77 PG-17 49.62 AC-50
No. of leaves/plant 9.45 NRCRG-1 7.30 PG-30
Bulb weight (gm) 33.63 PG-18 15 AC-50
Bulb length (cm) 4.19 RAUG-5 2.3 PG-31
Bulb diameter (cm) 4.23 G-282 2.98 AC-200
No. of cloves/bulb 31.31 G-1 7.41 RAUG-5
Clove weight (g) 2.33 RAUG-5 0.61 PG-26
Clove length (cm) 4.17 RAUG-5 2.50 G-282
Clove diameter (cm) 1.29 RAUG-5 0.66 G-189
No. Of bulbils/plant 7.2 JG-03-263 4.42 G-282
Gurpreet Singh; Dr P S Brar (2010)
Genotypes- 25
RAPD primers-20
Highest
phenotypic
CV (18.8) was
observed for
clove
diameter
Methodology

10. Cluster no. Genotypes Frequency
1
G-189, G-50,G-282, JNDG-213,JCL-96-198,PG-32,JNDG-
219, PG-12, PG-3, PG 26, PG-31, NRCRG-1, NRCWG-
2,KGS-2-PEW, PG-30
17
2 PG-18, PG-1, G-1, DARL-52 4
3 AC-200 1
4 PG-19 1
5 JG-03-263 1
6 PG-17 1
7 AC-50, RAUG-5 2
4 primers did not show any amplifications
Out of 100 bands,93 bands were polymorphic
Cont...
D2 Cluster analysis on basis of molecular

11. Evaluation of garlic germplasm for
morphological traits and shelf life
Characters Maximum Genotypes Minimum Genotype
Leaf length (cm) 48.64 AC-50 16.83 BG-107
Leaf breath (cm) 3.46 PG-20 1.18 IETG-5
Plant height (cm) 62.14 IETG-4 33.11 JGL-03-263
No. Leaves/ pseudostem 14.44 RAUG-5 5.64 G-282
Polar dia of bulb(cm) 4.84 NRCRG-1 2.42 AVTG-5
Equatorial dia of bulb 5.83 JNDG-213 2.65 PG-33
No.of cloves/bulb 35.02 PG-9 10.12 PG-12
Length of clove (cm) 4.79 NRCG-1 2.17 AVTG-5
Breath of clove (cm) 2.53 JNDG-213 2.47 AVTG-2
Clove weight (g) 2.26 NRCRG-1 0.54 PG-33
Bulb weight/ plant (g) 39.13 PG-35 10.00 RAUG-5
No. Scale/bulb 4.99 PG-35 1.28 PG-30
45 Genotypes
Sonali Vatsyayan; Dr P S Brar (2012)

12.  Heritability was
found for all the
characters
 Highest heritability
for dry matter
(99.60%)
Cont…
Cluste
r no.
Genotypes Frequen
cy
1
PG-9, PG-19, AVTG-1, JGL-03-263,
JNDG-213, JGL-96-1988, AVTG-10,
AVTG-7, AVTG-6, AVTG-4, AVTG-2,
AVTG-1, IETG-1, IETG-2, IETG-5, IETG-
9, IETG-4, IETG-6, PG-31, G-282, AVTG-
5
21
2 PG-30, PG-33, PG-282, NRCRG-1,
RAUG-5, PG-3, PG-20, PG-1, PG-17,
PG-32, PG-12, PG-18, PG-35, G-189,
PG-26
15
3 AC-50, AC-200, DARL-52, G-1, G-50 5
4 AG-102, BG-107, BG-108, JNDG-219 4
D2 Cluster analysis

13. Cont...
Storage
duration
(Months)
Variety
Maximum (%) Minimum (%)
1 BG-107 (0.3) AVTG-4 (0.7)
2 BG-107 (3.6) AVTG-4 (1.2)
3 JGL-96-1988 (16.5) PG-18 (15.6)
4 AVTG-10 (25.6) PG-19 (11.8)
5 JGL-96-1988 (30.7) PG-31 (15.9)
Physiological loss in weight (PLW)

14. Association of morphological variation with quality
parameters in bulbils special reference with allicins
Character Maximum Genotype Minimum Genotype
No. of leaf/plant 12.7 ASRG-1109 7.0 ASRG-1115,
ASRG-1117
No. Of clove/bulb 28.7 CSRG-1154 11.2 PG-38
Clove weight(g) 1.37 CSRG-1138 0.48 BSRG-1133
Leaf length (cm) 42.89 PG-38 20.39 BG-109
Bulb weight(g) 33.31 ASRG-1117 9.07 BG-110
Bulb size (cm) 4.53 CSRG-1153 1.77 BSRG-1133
Leaf width(cm) 2.50 ASRG-1107 1.34 PG-37
Scape length(%) 53.51 CSRG-1154 29.35 PG-40
Dry matter(%) 45.12 G-1 28 PG-43
Total sugar(%) 2.50 ASRG-1117 0.26 BSRG-1104
Crude protein(%) 18.60 BSRG-1130 10.71 BG-111
Allicin(%) 1.2 CSRG-1149 0.30 BG-111
 Genotypes 40
 Highest P.C.V. observed for bulb size (55.2%) and total sugar (50.2%)
 Highest heritability was for allicin content (98.3%)
(Sukhpal Singh; Dr P S Brar , 2013)

15. Cluster no. Genotypes Frequency
I
BG-110,CG-112,CG-114,CG-118,PG-37, PG-42,G-282, BSRG-
1130, Darl-52, CG-119, PG-18, CSRG-1140, CSRG-1138, CSRG-
1143
16
II PG-36, CG-113, PG-19, CG-115, BSRG-1136, PG-40, ASRG-1112,
ASRG-1115, CSRG-1153, BG-109, BSRG-1123, ASRG-1107
12
III CSRG-1141 1
IV G-1, G-323, PG-39, PG-43, PG-38 5
V BG-111 1
VI ASRG-1101, ASRG-1104, CSRG-1154 3
VII ASRG-1109, ASRG-1117 2
 Bulb weight/plant, bulbil size, clove weight showed maximum
heritability under morphometric traits
 Allicin content showed positive and significant association with
scape length and no. of clove/bulb
Cont… D2 Cluster analysis

16. Biotechnology

17. Propagation of garlic through tissue culture
Variety Conc.
of Hgcl2
(%)
Duratio
n (min)
Contam
ination
(%)
Mortali
ty (%)
Surviva
l (%)
56-4
0.1 15 75 12.5 12.5
0.1 20 50 12.5 37.5
0.1 30 12.5 NIL 87.5
PG-1
0.1 15 62.5 12.5 25
0.1 20 50 12.5 37.5
0.1 30 NIL 12.5 87.5
G-282
0.1 15 75 12.5 12
0.1 20 50 12.5 37.5
0.1 30 12.5 12.5 75
Hgcl2 @ 0.1% for 30
minutes as surface
sterilant was most
effective
R S Bawa; Dr P S Brar (2003)
Treatment- 3 genotypes
i.e. 56-4, PG-1, and G-
282
Explant- clove segment,
bulbil, leaf segment and
roots
Surface sterilizing
agent- Hgcl2 @ 0.1%
Finding
Methodology

18. Types of media Results
Variety Ex-plant Media Parameter
G-282 Bp M8 No. of
shoots
G-282 Bp M10 Shoot
length
PG-1,
56-4
Root tip M11 Callus
56-4 Root tip M4 No. of roots
G-282 Bp M4 Root length
Low temperature storage conditions favoured more callus formation in
less no. of days in both M11 and MS13
Cont...
M1- MS+0.25 mg/l Kinetin
 M2- MS+0.5 mg/l K
 M3- MS+1 mg/l K
 M4- MS+ 2 mg/l K
 M5- MS+ 0.25 mg/l BA
 M6- MS+ 0.5 mg/l BA
 M7- MS+ 1mg/l BA
 M8- MS+ 2 mg/l BA
 M9- MS+ 3 mg/l BA
 M10- MS+ 2 mg/l BA+0.1
mg/l NAA
M11- MS+ 5 g/l AC
M12- MS+ 5 g/l AC+60g/l
sucrose

19. Effect of M8 media on shoot growth Types of Explant used
Cloves Bulblets
Leaf

20. Propagation of great headed garlic through
Tissue culture technique
Genotype
Dehradun
selection
Explant-
clove, leaf,
inflorescen
ce and
bulblet
Explant Conc. of
Hgcl2
(%)
Duration
(min)
Contami
nation
(%)
Mortality
(%)
Survival
(%)
Infloresc
ence
bud
0.20 15 50.2 75 25
0.25 20 90.5 12.5 87
0.30 25 85 80.6 20
Clove
0.20 15 80 40.2 60
0.25 20 13.5 25 75
0.30 25 65 62.3 40.5
Leaf and
bulblets
0.20 15 77.5 33.3 67
0.25 20 15.3 12.5 87
0.30 25 80 75.5 25.3
Amit Mehra; Dr P S Brar (2001)

21.  Maximum no. of shoots (5.70) observed on inflorescence
bud with MS + Kinetin (1mg/l)
 The average shoot length (13.30cm) was maximum on
inflorescence bud with MS +NAA (0.1 mg/l)
 Bulblet explants did not show any shoot growth in any
media
 Root callusing were observed in clove segment with M5
media (MS+ BAP 0.1 mg/l)
 The no. of days taken to root initiation were minimum in MS
+ AC (5 g/l)
Cont..
Findings
High contamination per cent was observed during April to September

22. Production Technology

23. Studies on Weed management
Mandeep Singh, Dr L S Brar (2006) Weed population (no./m2)
Treatment @ (kg/ha) C. didymus A. arvensis M. indica C. album
1 Trifluralin 1.0 30 26.4 10.5 16.5
2 Trifluralin 1.5 26.4 20.6 7.4 13.2
3 Trifluralin 1.0+HW 100DAS 15.7 14.2 5.8 9.9
4 Isoproturan 0.75 39.6 33.8 16.4 23.1
5 Isoproturan 1.0 32.7 26.4 11.6 18.6
6 Isoproturan 0.75+ HW 100 DAS 24.1 18.2 7.9 13.5
7 Oxyfluorfen 0.75 28.9 22.3 10.9 15.2
8 Oxyfluorfen 0.30 23.1 15.7 4.1 9.7
9 Oxyfluorfen 0.20+HW 100 DAS 13.2 10.7 3.9 5.0
10 Pendimethalin 0.75 34.7 29.7 13.2 20.6
11 Pendimethalin 1.25 26.7 21.0 9.1 16.3
12 Pendimethalin 0.75+ HW 100 DAS 18.2 15.7 6.6 12.4
13 Hand weeding (30, 70 and 100 DAS) 12.4 9.9 3.3 4.1
14 Control 62.7 58.7 23.9 38.8
CD 0.34 0.53 0.46 0.54

24. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
EconomicalYield (q/ha)
Effect of diff. weed control treatments on Economical yield (q/ha)
Treatments
Yield(q/ha)
CD (p=0.05) = 14.3

25. Direct effect of boron application on growth
and yield
Dose (kg /
ha)
Plant height
(cm)
No. Of
leaves/plant
Bulb dia.
(cm)
Avg. no. Of
cloves/bulb
Wt. Of 100
cloves (g)
0.00 59.6 6.3 3.1 17.6 54.4
0.50 61.5 6.5 3.4 18.8 56.6
0.75 62.4 6.9 3.6 19.5 57.4
1.00 66.0 7.3 3.9 20.2 60.8
1.25 67.1 7.7 4.0 20.9 61.1
1.50 68.3 7.5 4.0 20.5 61.8
2.00 68.7 7.4 4.1 20.7 61.3
CD (5%) 4.1 0.77 0.6 1.82 3.9
Effect of Boron on plants morphology
J S Dhaliwal,
Dr M P S khurana (2014)

26. Effect of boron rates on bulb yield
Boron doses (kg/ha)
Yield(q/ha)
CD (5%)= 7.4
Cont....

28. Post harvest
technology

29. Optimization of drying process
Trea
tme
nt
Slice
thickness
(mm)
Conc.
SMS
(%)
Air temp. Wind
velocity
(m/s)
1 3 0.1 55 6
2 4.5 0.2 60 7.5
3 6 0.3 65 9
 The optimum level for
drying was 60 ̊C
temperature, 3mm
slice thickness, 0.1%
KMS and 9 m/s air
velocity
 Drying time varied
from 150-550 minutes
 Minimum and
maximum time taken
by 3mm and 6mm
thickness at 65 ̊C and
55 ̊C temperature
respectively
Davinder Dhingra, Dr Shashi Paul (2003)
Methodology
Independent variables- air temperature,
slice thickness, air velocity and conc. of
KMS
Findings

30. Production of wines
Genoty
pes
Conc.
(g/100
ml)
Inoculums
conc. %
(v/v)
TSS
(%)
pH Tem.
(0C)
Punjab
garlic-1
1 25 6.8 4.7 33
G-50 7 20 7.5 5.2 35
Multi
cloved
garlic
7 20 7.5 4.5-6 34
Single
cloved
garlic
1 25 10 5 35
Genotypes-4
Microorganism-
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
var. ellipsoideus
Substrate –
Sterilized mash @ 15
psi sterilizing agent-
100 ppm KMS
Single and multi-
cloved garlic @1%
either unsterilized or
sterilized are
recommended
Ajit Chawla, Dr H K Tiwari (1997)

31. Studies on processing
Exp. Material – two variety
of Garlic i.e. common
and great headed garlic
• Operator- Mechanical
tray- dryer
• 3 drying air temperature
was- 45, 55 and 65 0C
• 3 forms – peeled,
unpeeled and peeled
chopped
• A pre-treatment of 5%
Nacl before dehydration
Methodology Findings
Harvinder Singh, Dr A K Gupta (1998)
Drying air
temperature
(0C)
Equilibrium Moisture
Content
Common
garlic
Headed garlic
45 5.15 (4.89 %
wb)
5.21 (4.95 %)
55 4.98 (4.74 %
wb)
5.05 (4.80 %)
65 4.80 (4.58 %
wb)
4.89 (4.66 %)

32.  Common garlic- Peeled chopped were dried in 18 hours at
65 0C
Unpeeled taken 40 hours at same temperature
Average recovery of powder was 24.73% for common garlic
and 25.54% for great headed
Great headed garlic- unpeeled dried in 70 hours, peeled in
44 hours and peelled chopped in 24 hours at 65 0C
Cont...

33. Optimization of spices paste technique for
small scale industry
Amit Kumar; Dr Sadhana Arora (2010)
Garlic paste- Processing
temperature 83.5 0C
Sunflower oil- 100.34 ml/kg garlic
Technique used- Response
surface methodology
Quality parameters- colour
change, TSS, fat and total sugars
The minimum colour change
(2.42 ∆E) was observed at
29.29 0C temperature with oil
80 ml/kg
Highest TSS (28 %) was at
100.5 0C temperature with oil
80 ml/kg
Highest fat at 170.71 0C with
oil 80 ml/kg
Methodology Findings

34. Studies on drying behaviour and quality of
garlic using hybrid technology
J S Grewal; Dr M S Alam (2013)
Garlic slice-3mm
Hybrid techniques CCM
and FCM
Drying parameters- KMS
(0.1-0.5 %), air temperature
(55-75 0C) and power level
(810-1350 W)
RSM was employed for
optimization of drying
process parameters for CCM
and FCM using 3-Factor
Box- Wilson design
Optimum drying parameters were for
CCM - 0.5% KMS, 59.92 oC and 810
W power level
FCM - 0.1% KMS, 63.92 oC and 810
W power level
Minimum drying time (115 min.) for
CCM with 0.3 % KMS at 75 0C along
with 1350 W power level
Maximum overall acceptability were
noticed for CCM with 0.5 % KMS,
drying at 65 0C and power level
1350W
Methodology Result

35. Medicinal values

36. Effect of extracts of garlic bulbs on cholesterol
metabolism in hypocholesterolaemic rabbits
Experimental material- 15
Rabbits with 3 groups
First- control
Second- 300 mg
cholesterol
Third – 300 mg
cholesterol+ 1g garlic
This experiment carried
out for 159 days
Feeding of cholesterol
significantly increased the weights
of liver and increased in total lipids
 Cholesterol diet @ 300 mg daily
increases the fragility of RBC
Supplementation of garlic extracts
with cholesterol decreases the total
phospholipids, bile acid secretion in
gall bladder
Methodology Results
Mohan Ravinder; Dr S P Ahuja (1984)

37. Effect of fish oil and garlic oil supplementation
in mitigating the risk of coronory diseases
group Treatment Result
First Fish oil Reduction in weight
Second Garlic oil Triglycerides
Third Raw garlic+fish Reduction in blood glucose
and total cholesterol
Exp. Material- 90 males, 3 groups (30 each)
Parameters observed- Diet, lifestyle and blood profile
Fish oil 300g thrice a day or garlic oil 250mg twice a day lowers the
blood lipid profile
Fish (100g/day) and Garlic (1-4 cloves/day) significantly reduction in
weight BMI, W:H, Blood glucose cholesterol and increased in HDL-C
Navjot Kaur, Dr P Chawla (2005)

38. Effect of feeding garlic extracts on the lipid
metabolism during development of
Atherosclerosis in rabbits
Experiment material – 10
Rabbits with 2 group
First group- 200 mg
cholesterol + 2 g groundnut
oil/ kg body weight
Second group- 200 mg
cholesterol in 2 g groundnut
oil/ kg body weight+ 1g garlic
extract/ kg body weight
In first group 4 out of 5 rabbit
were developed
atherosclerosis
Second group 2 rabbits out 5
were developed
atherosclerosis
Coronory atherosclerosis
was observed only in one
rabbit fed cholesterol without
garlic
ResultMethodology
Seyed Ahmed; Dr. Rattan pal (1979)

39. Hypolipidaemic and antibacterial status of red
wines supplemented with garlic
Treatment – 3 bacteria
(Staphylococus aureus,
Staphylococus albus and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
Substrate- Grape Beuty
seedless, Allium sativum and
A. Ampelloprasum
Microorganism-
Sacchromyces cerevisiae var.
Ellipsoideus
Raw garlic @ 10 g/100ml of
grape juice is optimum for
efficient fermentation
Wines rich in total phenols
(833 mg/l) and allicin (457µ/ml)
Wine inhibited the activity of
all bacteria
Allium sativum L. showed
potent antibacterial action than
A. ampeloprasum
Methodology Results
Ajit Chawla; Dr H K Tiwari (2000)

40. Hypocholesterolaemic effect
After 4 week treatment blood and
tissue were analysed for lipid profile
Out of 3 group first group was given
cellulose and it showed hyper
cholesterolaemic effect
Fibres of garlic lowered the total
lipids, cholesterol and glycerides levels
The hypocholesterolaemic effect
was maximum in group B
Exp. Material- 18 rats
3 groups (6 each)
Amandeep K Punia; Dr S. Vadhera
(1992)
Compo-
sition of
fibres
Sources of fibres
Onion Garlic
Ash (%) 7 6.3
ADF (%) 39 40.7
NDF (%) 41.5 47.1
Cellulos
e (%)
35.3 36.5
Lignin(%
)
3.6 4.1
Hemicell
ulose(%)
2.5 6.4
Group A
(Control)
B C
Diets Cellulose garlic onion

41. Conclusion
Crop improvement:
Most of the work has been done on phenotypic and
molecular characterization of the germplasm
Tissue culture technique for propagation has been
optimized
Crop management:
Weed management strategies
Application of boron on yield enhancement
Post-harvest:
Processing parameters
Medicinal values

42. Future thrust
Crop improvement
 Collection of diverse germplasm: Speciality traits
 Biotechnological approaches: Molecular markers, DNA finger
printing and somaclonal variation
 Selection for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance
 Identification and exploitation of flower inducing regions for breeding
Seed production technology standardization
Pharmaceutical properties
Bio-pesticides