This document discusses rheumatoid arthritis and gout. It provides information on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of these conditions. It lists various disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biological agents used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, along with their mechanisms of action, dosing and side effects. It also discusses the evaluation and treatment of acute and chronic gout, including use of colchicine, NSAIDs, allopurinol and febuxostat.
10. DMARDs
Conventional
Methotrexate
Hydrochloroquine
Sulfasalazine
Leflunomide
Gold
Azathioprine
Minocycline
Cyclophasphamide –
severe RA
Biologicals
Etanercept
Infliximab
Anakinra
Adalimumab
Abatacept
Rituximab
Prosorba column-
severe RA,Psoriatic A
11. DMARDS Mechanism AE & Risk Approximate
time to
benefit
Month/weak
Dose Comments/
MCQ
Diet Glucosemene
& condrotin
Pain relief
Methotrexate Antimetobolite
DNA Synthsis
Cell division
Hepatoxicity,
Myelotoxioity
fibrosing
alveolitis
1-2M 5-
25mg/
wk
Ist line
Sulfasalazine Antimetabolite
& Antimalarial
Hepatoxicity,
myelotoxicity
Hypersensitivi
ty reactions
1-3M 2-
4g/day
Oligospermia,
Pro drug
12. DMARDS AE & Risk Appoxim
ate time
to benefit
Month/w
eak
Dose Comment/
MCQ
Antimalarial
(Hydrochloro
quine)
Interfere
with Antigen
processing
Retinopathy Macular
damage (HCQ)
2-6 M 200-400
mg/day
Leflunamide Blocks T- Cell
division
Hepatotoxicity,
Myelotoxicity,
Hypertension
4-12 wk 10-
20mg/day
Gold salt
(Parentral)
unknown Hypersensitivity,
Nephritis fibrosing
alveolitis
3-6M 50mg/mon
th
1m
Auranofin
(Oral Gold)
unknown Diarrhoea,
Hypersencentivity
reaction
4-6m 3mg twice
a day
Cyclosporin T-cell activity
intibitor
Nephrotoxicity,
Hypertension
6-12wk 150-
300mg/day
Severe
active RA
not
responde
MTX
13. DMARDS AE & Risk Appoximate
time to
benefit
Month/wea
k
Doge MCQ
Azathioprime Cytostatic Hapatotoxicity,
Myelotoxicle
Gastrointestinal
2-3m 50-
150mg/
day
Not1st
line,
active RA,
with SLA
Bucillamine Proteinuria,
Hepatotoxic,
Mylosupression
1-3m 100-
200mg/
day
Tacrolimus Renal insuff, HT,
Anemia, Impaired
glucose tolerance
6-12 wk 3mg/da
y
D-
Penicillamine
Unknown
alter T-cell
function
Myelosuph,
proteinurea,
Nephrotoxic
3-6m 250-
750mg/
day
Persistent
active
disease
Minocycline Hyperpigmintation,
dizziness,vaginal
yeast infection
1-3m 100mg
BD
14. Biological DMARDS
Anti – TNFx Dose Command Structure Use Anti
TNFx
SE
Etanercept
Infliximab
Adalimumab
Certolizumab
Golimumab
50mg/wk/sc
3mg/kg/8wk
40mg/2wk sc
200 mg/2wk
sc
50mg/4wk sc
Decoy (R) for
TNFx
RA & Crohns
dz antibody to
TNF given
with MTX
Human
fusion
protein
Mouse/hum
an MaB
Fully human
MaB
RA, JRA,
Psoritic
arthritis
ankylosing
spondelyti
s crohns
disease
Infection CHF
Neurological
Malignancy
Autoimmunity
Hematological
Hypersencitivity
Anti-B-cell
therapy
Rituximab
1000mg/repea
t after 2 wk
Premedication
Methylprednis
olone
Chlorphenara
mine
PCM
15. Biological DMARDSAnti – TNFx Dose Command Structure
Inhibitory of T-cell
activation abatacept
125mg sc/wk Favorable safety
profile
Anti-1L6
Tocilizumab
8mg/kg/4wk More effective
than anti TNF in
MTx intolerant
patients
Anti 1L-1 blocking
agent
Anakinra
IL-1 trap
100 mg /sc /daily
Phase I
Less effective Recombinant form of
human 1L-1 Ra
33. Estimation of 24-hr Urinary
Uric Acid
Indications: Gout in
–men less than 25 years
–premenopausal women
34. Urate Lowering Therapy: Indications…
>3 attacks per year
2/yr if disabling, prolonged, interferes with ADL
Clinical or radiographic signs of chronic gouty joint disease
Gout with renal insufficiency
Urinary uric acid excretion >1100 mg/day (6.5 mmol)
35. Urate Lowering Therapy: Indications
Serum uric acid persistently >10.1
Tophi in soft tissues or subchondral bone
Recurrent urate urolithiasis
? Strong family history of gout
36. Goals of Therapy
Serum urate <6 mg/dL (<357 µmol/L)
<5 mg/dL (<297 µmol/L) in patients
with tophi
A fall of <0.6 mg/mo ensures
recurrence free achievement of
target
37. General Principles
Should not be initiated during an attack
Conventional interval: 4 wk
Exceptions:
Inter-critical interval <4 wk
Chronic tophaceous gout
Titrated against serum urate at 3 to 4 wks
Treatment should be
Continuous
Duration: indefinite
39. Allopurinol
Urate-lowering drug of general choice
Particularly suitable for overproducers
Started with 100 mg/day single dose
after meals with plenty of fluid
Doses >300 mg divided
Increased at 2 to 3 wks by 100 mg till target reached
Maximum: 900 mg/day
Monitoring parameters
CBC, serum uric acid, ALT, S Cr, at start of therapy
40. Allopurinol: Adverse Effects
Diarrhea, and drug fever
Rashes, rarely TEN and Steven Johnsons
Association: HLA- B*5801
Leukopenia or thrombocytopenia
Interstitial nephritis, vasculitis
Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS):
erythematous rash, fever, eosinophilia, hepatitis, and
acute renal failure
Rare but life-threatening, mortality 25%
41. Starting Dose and Titration of
Allopurinol on eGFR
eGFR Starting dose Titration
≥60 ml/min 100 mg/day 100 mg every 2-3 wk
30-59 ml/min 100 mg/day 50 mg every 2-3 wk
10-29 ml/min 50 mg/day 50 mg every 2-3 wk
42. Rational Treatment in Two Phases:Rational Treatment in Two Phases:
Phase I – control pain and inflammation:
NSAIDs (ibuprofen – may use indomethacin) or
colchicine
Phase II – decrease the serum urate (< 4.0 mg/dL)
> 800 mg in 24 hr urine suggests overproduction –
use allopurinol
< 500 mg in 24 hr urine suggests decreased renal
clearance – use probenecid
43. Febuxostat
investigational agent (NDA 12/2004)
oral xanthine oxidase inhibitor
chemically distinct from allopurinol
94% of patients reached urate < 6.0
mg/dl
minimal adverse events
can be used in patients with renal
disease
55. 9. Which of the following drugs is useful in
chronic gout but is NOT a uricosuric agent?
a. Probenecid
b. Phenylbutazone
c. Sulfinpyrazone
d. Allopurinol
(d)
57. 11. Rasburicase is a newer drug used in
gout. It act by
a. Decreasing urate synthesis
b. Increasing urate oxidation
c. Decreasing intestinal absorption of uric acid
d. Increasing renal excretion of uric acid
(b)
58. 12. A drug that is effective for rheumatoid
arthritis but is not appropriate for
osteoarthritis is
a. Acetaminophen
b. Infliximab
c. Keterolac
d. Rofecoxib
(b)
59. 13. Among NSAIDs aspirin is
unique because it
a. Irreversibly inhibits its target enzyme
b. Reduces the risk of colon cancer
c. Reduces fever
d. Selectively inhibits COX-2 enzyme
(a)
61. 15. A drug X is useful in the treatment of
rheumatoid arthritis. It is available only in
parenteral formulation and its mechanism of
action is antagonism of tumor necrosis factor.
Which of the following can be X?
a. Cyclosporine
b. Penicillamine
c. Phenylbutazone
d. Etanercept
(d)
62. 16. Which of the following
increases uric acid excretion?
a. Allopurinol
b. Aspirin
c. Colchicine
d. Probenecid
(d)
63. 17. True about COX-2 are all EXCEPT
a. Furosemide
b. Sulfinpyrazone
c. Allopurinol
d. Piroxicam
(d)
Rheumatoid arthritis (chronic progressive crippling dz) and gout
Small lumps, called rheumatoid nodules, may form under your skin at pressure points, and can occur at your elbows, hands, feet and Achilles tendons. Rheumatoid nodules may also occur elsewhere, including the back of your scalp, over your knee or even in your lungs. These nodules can range in size — from as small as a pea to as large as a walnut. Usually these lumps aren&apos;t painful.
A systemic autoimmune disease
of unknown cause with its primary manifestation in synovial tissues.
Synovial tissues proliferate in an uncontrolled fashion resulting in stretching of tendon and ligaments and erosions of bone.
Two to four times more common in women
Highest incidence in women of child-bearing age
‘Rare’ in men &lt; 45 years
Role of sex hormones…
Remission in pregnancy
Increased risk in postpartum
Oral contraceptives
Drugs that have the ability to slow or halt progression of RA; including radiographic progression