Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body. It covers the microscopic and macroscopic structure of the body and how body parts develop. Anatomy also examines the relationship between structure and function. The study of anatomy includes looking at body systems, regions, external features, and using imaging technologies. Physiology is the study of function in living organisms. The goals of physiology are to understand how the body responds to stimuli and maintains stable internal conditions despite external changes. Anatomy identifies and describes body structures, while physiology examines their functions.

1. Joel G. Soria, MD, MBA-H

2. • The scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the
body.
• “Anatomy” means to dissect, or to cut apart and separate, the
parts of the body.
• Covers: Structure of the body, microscopic organization,
processes by which they develop.
• Examines the relationship of the structure of the body part and
its function

3. • Systemic: studies body systems
• Regional: studies body regions (medical schools)
• surface: studies external features, e.g., bone projections
• anatomical imaging: using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI

4. The study of function in living organisms.
• It explores the mechanisms by which the organisms control
their internal environments regardless of what happens in the
outside (or external) environment.
Major Goals of Physiology:
• Understand and predict the body’s response to stimuli.
• Understand how the body maintains conditions within a
range of values in a presence of a continually changing
environment.

5. Understand how the body:
Responds to stimuli
• environmental change.
• environmental cues
• diseases
• Injury
Maintains stable, internal conditions despite continually
changing environment

12. 12
Upper limbs:
Upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Lower limbs:
Thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot
Central region:
head, neck, trunk
Figure 1.9

13. Anterior Body Landmarks Posterior Landmarks
1. Abdominal - anterior body trunk inferior
to ribs
2. Acromial - point of shoulder
3. Antecubital – anterior surface of elbow
4. Axillary – armpit
5. Brachial – arm
6. Buccal – cheek area
7. Carpal – wrist
8. Cervical – neck region
9.Coxal – hip
10. Crural – leg
11. Digital – fingers, toes
12. Femoral – thigh
13. Fibular – lateral part of leg
14. Inguinal – area where thigh meets
body trunk; groin
15. Nasal – nose area
16. Oral – mouth
17. Orbital –eye area
18. Patellar – anterior area knee
19. Pelvic – area overlying the pelvis
20. Pubic – genital area
21. Sternal – breast bone
22. Tarsal – ankle
23. Thoracic – chest
24. Umbilical - navel
1. Cephalic – head
2. Deltoid – curve of shoulder formed by
large deltoid muscle.
3. Gluteal – buttock
4. Lumbar – area of back between ribs
and Hips
5. Occipital – posterior surface of the head
6. Popliteal – posterior knee area
7. Sacral – area between hips
8. Scapular – shoulder blade region
9. Sural – the posterior surface of lower
leg; the calf
10. Vertebral – area of spine
11. Suprasternal notch – medial to the shoulders
12. Nuchal – posterior/back part of the neck
13. Coccyx – bone located posteriorly medial to the
gluteal

15. Figure 1.9

16. Back Scapular
region
Triangle of
auscultation
Vertebral
region
Sacral
region
Lumbar
region
BACK REGION

17. Frontal
Mental
Nasal
Oral
Orbital
Occipital
Parietal
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Otic Facial
Cephalic
Head
Regions

18. Femoral
Patellar
Crural
Tarsal Peda
l
Dorsum
of foot
Digits Calcaneal
Gluteal
Coxal
Popliteal
Sural

19. Anterior
cervical
Lateral
cervical
Posterior
cervical
Sternocleidomastoid