Questions On Health Psychology And Health

Questions On Health Psychology And Health
3 Essays Kim Herndon Walden University February 8, 2015 Dr. Rieder, Ph.D Introduction In this
assignment, students were asked to address three essay questions relating to health psychology.
Students were expected to support their findings based on research and use peer reviewed articles to
support findings. The following essay questions were asked: Essay #1: Interview a smoker to learn
firsthand how the smoker started and when, why they continue, whether they have tried to quit and
how that has worked, any health issues, etc? Summarize the interview in half of a page and relate
your findings to the literature, how is your interviewee similar and dissimilar to the literature? Essay
#2: You are working in a health care setting. You are referred a patient, Thomas, for noncompliance
with medical recommendations. You read the medical chart and find out that Thomas is a 59–year–
old patient with Type II diabetes. Thomas is overweight, eats mostly high fat processed foods, and
never exercises (all risk factors for type II diabetes by the way). His blood sugar levels are
dangerously high and have stayed that way in spite of the doctor's repeated attempts to get them
down. Thomas is married and has 3 grown children. He works as a janitor at a nearby office
building. Thomas' doctor complains that his patient does not do a good job checking his insulin
level and taking the right doses of insulin. He also complains that Thomas makes no attempt to lose
weight, eat a low
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Diabetes Is A Chronic Disease
Introduction
Diabetes (Diabetes mellitus) is a chronic disease caused by number of reasons. Diabetic patient
characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood in sugar) resulting from defect of insulin secretion
(Mellitus, 2005). World Health Organization (2008) defined the Diabetes untreated disease, known
by chronic rise of the concentration of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Glucose is major source of
energy in our body, food is convert to fats, protein, and carbohydrate. Carbohydrate when eat,
convert to glucose, the glucose is source of energy in the body. The World Health Organization
(2008) estimate 171 million people in the world with diabetes in 2000 and the number will increase
to 366 million by 2030.
Types of Diabetes
There are two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diagnosis
There are many ways to diagnosis the diabetes. First , by measurement the glucose level in the
blood when the patient is not eat or drink (except water ) for at least 8 hours .this is test usually done
in early morning ,before the breakfast (WHO.2008) . The normal fasting blood sugar in healthy
people is 80 – 90 mg/dl compere diabetic patient is 126 mg/dl (Diabetes Association, 2008). Second
, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), The OGTT is a two–hour test that checks your blood sugar
levels before and 2 hours after you drink a special sugared drink. The blood sugar in healthy people
is 80 – 139 mg/dl compere diabetic patient is 200 mg/dl (Diabetes Association, 2008).third, random
plasma glucose test .in this test, blood check at any time of day if the glucose is higher than 200
mg/dl.
Symptoms
The common symptom of diabetes is rise urination (polyuria) and thirst (polydipsia) and tiredness
(WHO, 2008). Diabetes symptoms is different according to the type of diabetes. The common
symptoms in type 1 diabetes are unexpected Wight loss, Fatigue or tiredness, blurred vision, itching
skin ,nausea, dry mouth, vomiting and in woman ,frequent vaginal infection . The common
symptoms in type 2 diabetes are excessive thirsty, dry mouth, itching skin

Type Two Diabetes Paper
Type two diabetes is the most common disease today, and it has a great impact on the lives of many
people in the United States. Type two diabetes results when the body is resistant to insulin or
impaired secretion of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells. The pancreas produces too much insulin,
but over time it is not able to make an adequate amount of insulin needed in order to move the
glucose into the cells. However, there are many factors that lead to type two diabetes. They are
known to be genetic, high body weight, previously identified impaired fasting glucose levels or
impaired glucose tolerance, family history of diabetes, and history of gestational diabetes or
delivery of a baby over 9 pounds. Type two diabetes effects about 90% to 95% of the cases of
disease in the US (Hinkle & Cheever, 2013). It's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Insulin resistance is the first physiological change occurring in type two diabetes. In these type two
diabetic patients, insulin is unable to move glucose into liver, kidney and muscle cells although
insulin is able to attach properly to the cell surface receptors. In order to rectify this, most patients
with type two diabetes start secreting normal to very high levels of insulin, which can initially
overcome this resistance. After a while, the pancreas cannot keep up with this high insulin
production and the cells become resistant to glucose intake. Persistent hyperglycemia or high blood
glucose levels are not desirable since this causes damage to the beta cells of the pancreas that
produces the insulin hormone. This damage to beta cells further hampers insulin synthesis and
patients at this stage are categorized as full–blown diabetic. Such patients consistently show a
hyperglycemia state even after hours of fasting ( Hinkle & Cheever,

Haemolytic Anemia Research Paper
In my opinion, based on signs and symptoms this patient suffers from hemolytic anemia,
characterized by reduction in the number of circulating red blood cells, caused by accelerated
destruction and removal of these cells from the bloodstream before their normal lifespan is over.
When blood cells die, bone marrow produces more blood cells to replace them, however, in HA, the
bone marrow does not make red blood cells fast enough to meet the body's needs. Many diseases,
conditions, and factors can cause the body to destroy its red blood cells. This type of anemia can be
inherited, where parents passed the gen to the child (hemoglobin defects, enzyme defects,
membrane defects) or acquired, meaning it developed overtime (infectious diseases: hepatitis,
streptococcus; medications such as acetaminophen, antibiotics, ibuprofen, interferon alfa
procainamide). In some cases, the cause of hemolytic anemia can't be established. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diagnose of HA usually begins with a review of the medical history and symptoms. The physical
exam, provides information regarding abdominal pain, which could indicate an enlarged liver or
spleen, as well as skin observation to establish a presence of yellow color. Physician can also order
diagnostic blood tests for bilirubin, to measure the level of red blood cells that has broken down in
the liver, hemoglobin test to measure the amount of red blood cells, liver function test, and
reticulocyte count test, to measure the amount of produced red blood

Nihms
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Nat Rev Microbiol. Author manuscript; available in PMC
2013 January 03. Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011 April ; 9(4): 244–253.
doi:10.1038/nrmicro2537. The skin microbiome $watermark–text Elizabeth A. Grice and Julia A.
Segre Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892–4442, USA. Abstract $watermark–text
The skin is the human body's largest organ, colonized by a diverse milieu of microorganisms, most
of which are harmless or even beneficial to their host. Colonization is driven by the ecology of the
skin surface, which is highly variable depending on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The skin is a continuously selfrenewing organ, and squames are constantly shed from the skin
surface as the final stage of terminal differentiation, having begun their migration from the basal
layer ~4 weeks earlier12. Invaginations and appendages $watermark–text Cutaneous invaginations
and appendages, including sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine), sebaceous glands and hair follicles,
are likely to be associated with their own unique microbiota13 (FIG. 1). Eccrine glands, which are
more abundant than apocrine glands, are found on virtually all skin surfaces and continuously bathe
the skin surface with their secretion, which is composed mainly of water and salt. The primary role
of eccrine sweat is thermoregulation through the release of latent heat from the evaporation of water.
Additional functions of eccrine glands include excretion of water and electrolytes, and acidification
of the skin, which prevents the colonization and growth of microorganisms. Apocrine glands, which
are located in the axillary vault (armpit), nipple and genitoanal regions, respond to adrenaline by
producing milky, viscous, odourless secretions. Apocrine secretions have long been postulated to
contain pheromones, which are molecules that trigger certain behaviours (for example, sexual or
alarm) in the receiving individual14. The stereotypical

How To Write A Research Paper On Progeria
Genetic Mutations
Juan Pablo Soto
Baltimore City Community College
Dr. Radhakrishnan
BIO 102–1013
12/6/2016
Table of Contents
Abstract 3
Content 4
References 8
Abstract
Genetic mutations have been linked to disorders for many years thanks to the advancement of
science. Because of multiple studies, scientists have been able to isolate the exact places in the DNA
sequence where these alterations have occurred and characterized the physical manifestations as a
result of such variations. Although the incidence of some of these disorders are one in a million,
their distinctive physical or mental representations have been well catalogued and documented.
Genetic Mutations
A genetic mutation is a permanent alteration ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The disease is a result of a mutation in the gene that directs protein formation (specifically fibrillin–
1), resulting in an increased amount of growth proteins. It is characteristic for these patients to have
long and thin arms and legs as it causes the bones to overgrow and also affects the joints. Because of
how it elongates the chest bone, spinal curvature is also a characteristic.
Proteus Syndrome– Known as the elephant man syndrome, is expressed as overgrowth of the
individual's tissues, bones and skin. This disorder is caused by a mutation in the AKT1 gene which
is responsible for regulating cell growth. Because of normal cell growth and division, only some
cells in the body will exhibit the mutation, which explains the combination of normal and abnormal
characteristics.
Over the years, and thanks to the progress of science, the myths that surround these characteristics
caused by genetic malformations have been demystified. Other alterations on the other hand, have
been caused as side effects of advances of this same science. It is imperative to have control and to
study the influential factors in these malformations, to prevent future deficiencies that could be
prevented in

Atopic Dermatitis Research
Atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a form of chronic skin condition. An estimated 15–20%
of children in New Zealand suffer from this. There have been numerous studies examining the
relationship between eczema and quality of life. Results reveal that as severity is high, quality of life
is low. Although these researches provide evidence for the effects of eczema, they do not examine
the effects of eczema and self esteem on the severity of eczema together. This current proposed
research aims to identify whether quality of life and self esteem has an impact on severity for
children aged between two and eighteen in a cross–sectional design. It is hypothesized that quality
of life will be lowest for teenagers and therefore their self esteem ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Psychoneuroimmunology looks at the relationship between psychosocial influences, mind,
behaviour, immune system and patient's health (Webber, 2010). An underlying model of research is
that when an individual is faced with a stressful event, their immune system worsens which leads to
a decline in their health. There are two ways in which stress affects an individual's health; directly
and indirectly. Direct stresses are those where physiological changes are a result of stress related
arousal such as damage to blood vessels. An example of this is the patient scratching the affected
area when a flare up occurs. This leads to stress in the bodily system causing the severity to
exacerbate. On the other hand, indirect stress is stressors that are related to a change in behaviour or
thinking in the individual which then leads to illness. An example would be a decline in quality of
life as a result of eczema flare up, leading to teasing from peers and a change in their thinking. As a
result, their self esteem decreases leading to an increase in eczema severity. There have been studies
conducted to indicate that eczema flare ups are a result of everyday psychosocial stress such as
death of a loved one or even school or work related stress. Stress has also been found to change the
homeostasis of the skin barrier which results in flare ups of eczema (Choi et al., 2005 cited by

Symptoms And Treatment Of Infectious Diseases
Infectious diseases are the result of a failed relationship between the parasite and the host. It's the
outline of the vectors of both agents and ranges in harshness from human rabies to the common
cold. The improvements of vaccines, medicines, public services, and improved nutrition have
helped decrease the amount of infectious diseases that causes death in our world. The advance in
therapeutics and consequent alteration of the host defense mechanisms have had a huge increase on
the incidence of infectious diseases of medical progress. Most occurrences of illnesses the specific
reasons why a particular combination results in a given clinical picture are not clear. Chance plays a
role in all infectious diseases. A person could be in the wrong place at the wrong time. What
happens after depends on the amount of host factors. All infectious diseases start at the surface of
the host. The only exception is certain intrauterine transmitted infections. The initial barrier is the
skin, respiratory tract, or the gastrointestinal tract. The specific surface involved relates to how the
microorganism reaches the host. Most infectious diseases begin with exposure to the infectious
agent. Following that in an incubation period and then the manifestations of the disease. An
inflammatory response usually brings patients to a doctor because of the discomfort and loss of
function by the patient. It is possible that you can determine the location of the infection by history
and physical

Effects Of Aging On Aging And Aging
Introduction
Also spelled as ageing, this is generally the process of becoming old. It is the in a way the opposite
of immortality. In a broader aspect, it may occur to single cells in an organism also called cellular
senescence or the population of a species, known as population ageing. This process primarily
affects human beings and fungi. In humans, it signifies the accumulation of various changes which
occur over time. The changes include physical, social and psychological changes.
Causes of aging are very uncertain. Besides, there are several factors which predispose an individual
to premature aging. Current theories suggest that this process occurs to due to cellular damage such
as DNA oxidation by free radicals causing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Old persons are also predisposed to various medical conditions including diabetes and irritable
bowel syndrome that may increase the chances of constipation.
The genitourinary system
The bladder and urinary tract depict the epitome of various old age associated conditions. Urinary
incontinence otherwise known as loss of bladder control is a common problem associated with
aging. Besides old age, diabetes and other conditions also contribute to incontinence. Other common
conditions include menopause for women and enlarged prostate for men.
Memory
Advancing age is commonly associated with loss of memory. The inability to maintain both short
term and long term memory is serious. Learning new things or remembering familiar words and
names can be quite daunting.
Senses–Eyes and Ears
Advancing age is a common hindrance to the proper functioning of the body senses. The eyes will
have difficulty focusing on near and distant objects. Adapting to different levels of light is the other
common problem. Cataracts, also called clouding of vision is another common condition that results
from changes in eye's lens. Hearing abilities also diminish. With this, you will have difficulties
following a conversation or hearing high frequencies.
Teeth
Receding of the gums is a notable condition in this bracket. As mentioned earlier, old age is
associated with various medical conditions. Medications used to

Nvq3 Unit 4222 Essays
[pic] Unit4222–229: Undertake agreed pressure area care Outcome 1: Understand the anatomy and
physiology of the skin in relation to pressure area care 1. Pressure ulcers, also known as bed sores or
pressure sores are injuries of the skin and underlying tissue. They appear when the affected area of
skin is under too much pressure. Due to the pressure the blood flow is disrupted, the area does not
irrigate, therefore nutrients and oxygen do not reach the skin cells. The skin then breaks and
pressure ulcers form 2. The parts of the body most at risk of developing pressure ulcers are in direct
contact with a supporting surface, such as a bed or a wheelchair. These might be: shoulders or
shoulder blades elbows ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The changes in an individual's skin conditions that should be reported are: red patches of skin that
don't go away, blisters, or damage to the skin, patches of hot skin, swelling, patches of hard skin,
patches of cool skin. Outcome 2: Understand good practice in relation to own role when undertaking
pressure area care 1. Some of the legislation and national guidelines affecting pressure area care are:
Care Standards Act2000 Human Rights Act NICE Guidelines European pressure ulcer advisory
panel National pressure ulcer advisory panel CQC Essential Standards of quality and safety Manual
handling Health and Safety Act 2. Working according to the agreed ways means following the
organisation's policy and procedures in relation to pressure areas. It also means following the
individual care plans and respecting the instructions in place. For example making sure a resident is
turned every two hours, applying Cavilon cream on areas; fill in turning charts, prompt fluid intake.
Under the duty of care a care assistant must always be aware of and raise concerns regarding
possible pressure areas. Always record information in care plans accurately and in confidentiality. 3.
Team working is important in relation to pressure area care because pressure ulcers are a complex
health problem which arises from

Essay on Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Abstract
The wrist is surrounded by a band of fibrous tissue, which normally functions as a support for the
joint. The tight space between this fibrous band and the wrist bone is called the carpal tunnel (The
Stay Well Company, 1999). The median nerve passes through the carpal tunnel to receive sensations
from the thumb, index, and middle fingers of the hand. Any condition that causes swelling or a
change in position of the tissue within the carpal tunnel can squeeze and irritate the median nerve,
which causes tingling and numbness of the thumb, index, and the middle fingers, a condition known
as "carpal tunnel syndrome" (Nidus Information Systems, 2001). All people ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A very strong ligament called the transverse carpal ligament connects the arch of bones, which
makes a complete "tunnel". The transverse carpal ligament is a heavy band of fibers which runs
between the hamate and pisiform medially to the scaphoid and trapezium laterally, and forms a
fibrous sheath which contains the carpal tunnel. These bones and this ligament form a circle
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome –5–
from which tendons and major nerves travel. This complete circle is called the Carpal Tunnel, hence
the name of this disease "Carpal Tunnel Syndrome". Nine tiny but tough tendons, each in its
lubricating lining or sheath, slide back and forth through the tunnel as the muscles of the hand and
fingers move. These tendons are called the Flexor tendons; these tendons are the structures that let
you bend your fingers, or flex, your fingers. They are long smooth cords that arise in the muscles of
the forearm and end on the fingers. They work like a bicycle brake cable to flex your fingers, sliding
in and out as the fingers bend and straighten. The median nerve is the only nerve that travels through
the tunnel along with the tendons. This soft tissue carries sensations from part of the hand to the
central nervous system (The Stay Well Company,1999).
History Of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Carpal

Cardiovascular Function
Cardiovascular Function.
Children diagnosed with childhood cancer experience effects that result in decreased quality of life
and developmental delays, during and after treatment. In order to understand the impact of the
diagnosis of childhood cancer, one must first understand the normal pathophysiology process of the
hematopoietic and cardiovascular system.
Normal pathophysiology affecting hematopoietic and cardiovascular function.
Hematopoiesis the process of blood formation occurs primarily in the bone marrow. Stem cells
(primitive cells) differentiate the precursors for the different blood cells. Blood accomplishes its
functions through its various components–the plasma (liquid protein), leukocytes (white blood cells)
usually the first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Robison and Hudson (2014) reported the reproductive changes associated with the treatment of
childhood cancers. Females, had an increase in uterine vascular insufficiency leading to an increased
risk for spontaneous abortion, neonatal death, low birth weight infants, fetal malabsorption and
premature labor. Additional risk includes ovarian dysfunction resulting in delayed or arrested
puberty, premature menopause and infertility. Risk for male childhood cancer survivors included
Leydig cell dysfunction resulting in delayed or arrested puberty and androgen insufficiency, germ
cell, oligospermia, azoospermia, and

Physical and Behavioral Responses to Starvation and...
Physical and Behavioral Responses to Starvation and Famine in Two Populations
Introduction
Famine is an event in which food and resources are inaccessible and the majority of a population is
endangered (Shipton, 1990). When applied to starvation this definition is accurate with one
additional idea: starvation is the result of inaccessibility to resources. Many factors contribute to the
progression of famine and the resulting starvation. One of the key factors to consider is the
delineation between naturally occurring and man–made starvation and famine.
Naturally occurring famine is the result of agricultural or environmental causes such as lack of
rainfall or poor soil conditions. Man–made famine is the deliberate denial of food ... Show more
The study is an evaluation
Page 3
2
and analysis of starvation in human subjects and is commonly used for interpreting starvation and
famine experiences under less controlled populations and circumstances. The results of the study
filled the urgent need after World War II for information on the physical changes that occur because
of semi–starvation and what approach should be taken in rehabilitating starving people. The
parameters in addition to continuous residence at the Laboratory of Physiological
Hygiene at the University of Minnesota included strict dietary controls during the three stages of the
study: a twelve–week control, a twenty–four week semi–starvation, and a twelve–week period of
restricted rehabilitation. The diet consumed during the semi–starvation period reflected the diet
typical of European areas that had or were experiencing famine. The food proportions and diets
were adjusted to each subject according to body size and relative obesity (Keys et al.,
1950).
Detailed accounts of the physical responses of the subjects and morphology of the body as it
underwent nutritional restriction were included in the study. There was an average decrease of
twenty–five percent muscle tissue and subcutaneous fat, which caused much of the body to become
atrophied. The bones of the upper torso (specifically the clavicle and rib bones) became prominent
as soft tissues diminished. Dental caries, an expected

Causes and Effects of Adult Obesity Essay
Introduction Although many individuals are uncertain about the increasing statistics associated with
obesity, more than seventy percent of men and virtually sixty–two percent of women within the
United States adult population are overweight or obese (Wilmore, Costill, & Kenney). Obesity
refers to the condition of having an excessive amount of body fat. If an individual's amount of body
fat becomes too excessive, he/she is at a much greater risk of developing life–altering diseases such
as heart failure, hypertension, type II diabetes, cancer, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, etc.
(Wilmore, et al., 2008). Heart failure is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes too weak to
maintain an adequate cardiac output to meet the body's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overweight is often misinterpreted as obesity, but it has been proven that individuals such as
bodybuilders and professional athletes can be overweight yet they do not suffer from obesity.
Obesity refers to just excessive body fat whereas overweight refers to excessive body weight
including water, bone, fat, and muscle. A certain amount of fat is needed to store energy, heat
insulation, shock absorption, and other functions, but when men reach more than twenty–five
percent body fat, and women reach more than thirty percent they are considered obese. A person's
body mass index (BMI) is measured by dividing body weight in kilograms by the square of body
height in meters (Wilmore, et al., 2008). Individuals who suffer from obesity often experience
various symptoms such as difficulty sleeping, sleep apnea, shortness of breath, gallstones,
depression, and skin problems. Sleep apnea happens when an individual experiences irregular
breathing patterns or even loss of breath during sleep. Gallstones are hard, pebble–like deposits that
form inside the gallbladder. They appear in many different sizes and shapes. Some gallstones may
be the size of a sand crystal whereas others may be the size of a golf ball. Depression simply refers
to a feeling of overwhelming sadness and a sense of hopelessness. In addition to obesity leading to
other health problems, obesity stems from numerous causes such as genetic, environmental, and
sociological factors. Other

Rtt Task !
Organizational Systems and Quality Leadership RTT Task 1 Nursing–sensitive Indicators Nursing–
sensitive indicators are defined as those outcomes that improve in the presence of greater
quantity(higher staffing ratios) or quality(educational levels and competence of nursing staff) of
nursing care (www.nursingworld.org). These nursing–sensitive measures help healthcare
organizations to analyze the quality and quantity of nursing care services.
(www.americansentinel.edu )Nursing sensitive–indicators (NSIs) are characterized by measures that
are in the realm of nurses to improve and control. According to the website www.nursingworld.org ,
in 1998, the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators was established by the ANA so that ...
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J to prevent hospital acquired pressure ulcers. Frequent turning, repositioning, meticulous skin care
and assessment are appropriate steps that would be taken to prevent pressure ulcers. The ANA lists
patient satisfaction with certain elements of care as a NSI. Patient satisfaction is defined as the
measure to which the patient's preferred aspirations and anticipations are accomplished (Fitzpatrick
& Kazer, 2012). According to Fitzpatrick & Kazer, 2012, "The patient's subjective
evaluation of the cognitive emotional response that results from the interaction between the patient's
expectations of nursing care and the perception of the actual nurse behavior/characteristics"(p.388).
In the above scenario Mr. J's and his family's desired goals and expectations were not met. Their
desire was to have the specific diet as stipulated by their religious beliefs and the expectation was
for Mr. J to get the diet he requested. Close attention should have been paid to these goals and
requests. The situation was made worse by the nurses' unprofessional response when asked about
the slip–up. There is a high relationship linking patient satisfaction on nursing care and satisfaction
overall care. For this reason, nurses need to be active participants in quality reporting and in the
development of patient satisfaction tools. Restraints prevalence is another NIS that could assist the
nurses in the above scenario to identify

Essay On Old Age
Ageing is a natural and inevitable consequence of human life. Once born, there is no scope for a
man from old age. Old age brings both physical infirmity and social predicament. The Major social
problem of older people is their adjustment to their surrounding social world in general and their
immediate families in particular. In foreseeable era, old peoples were taken care of in a joint family
structure. In the sub–continental societies, old peoples were used to get honor and admiration from
the society at large. And their family treated them humanely and with care and sympathy. Advent of
industrialization and urbanization has drastically changed social and family life. The joint family
has disappeared people in the society are becoming more and more individualistic. In this situation,
the old people are facing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They develop symptoms like poor memory, intolerance of change, disorientation, rest lessens,
insomnia, failure of judgment, a gradual formation of delusion and hallucinations, extreme–mental
depression and agitation, severe mental clouding in which the individual becomes restless,
combative, resistive and incoherent. In extreme cases the patient become bed ridden and resistance
to disease is lowered resulting in his days being numbered.
(2) Psychosis with cerebral Arteriosclerosis:
This is accompanied by physiological symptoms such as acute indigestion, unsteadiness in gait,
small strokes resulting in cumulative brain damage and gradual personality change. Conclusive
seizures are relatively common. This is also associated with symptoms such as weakness, fatigue,
dizziness, headache, depression, memory defect, periods of confusion, lowered efficiency in work,
heightened irritability and tendency to be suspicious about trivial matters. Forgetfulness is one of the
main psychological problems of old age. General intelligence and independent creative thinking are
usually affected in old

Cellulitis And Abscesses Essay
Cellulitis and Abscesses
Rationale
The patient is a 59–year–old female presented with an abscess and cellulitis located above and
slightly to the left of her gluteal cleft. She reports pain at the site of the infection, swelling and
redness is also noted. The patient underwent an incision and drainage (I&D) and was put on
Vancomycin to treat the infection. She has a history of HTN, CAD, and hyperlipidemia, however no
history of diabetes, cancer, or autoimmune disorders that are linked to increase the risk for abscesses
were reported. The fact that this is the first time in which she has had an abscess or cellulitis leads
me to believe the patient would highly benefit from being educated on these overlapping skin
infections.
Outcomes & Teaching ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like with cellulitis, a penetrating injury to the skin can also cause an abscess, as can clogged oil and
sweat glands, infected hair follicles, and osteomyelitis (Misty, 2013). Although anyone can get an
abscess or cellulitis, many conditions are conditions are known increase the risk of cellulitis and
abscesses. Some common conditions know to increase this risk include, but are not limited to, viral,
fungal, or bacterial skin infections such as athletes foot, a history of dermatitis, diabetes, eczema,
obesity, smoking, edema, immunosuppression, and cancer (Raff & Kroshinsky, 2016). In regards to
the risk factors of cellulitis and abscess formation there are many health–care related activities that
can be implemented to help prevent these infections from occurring. Eating healthy is a good start, it
can help an obese individual lose weight as well as control many underlying disorders, such as
diabetes, that may influence infections. Avoiding any scraps or cuts on your skin, but cleaning them
thoroughly when they do occur will help keep the bacteria that causes infections out of the skin.
Cleaning your skin regularly will also help to prevent pores, glands or hair follicles from clogging.
These methods alone do not guarantee the prevention of abscesses or cellulitis, but taking care of

Essay on Physical Therapy
Imagine the inability to physically walk or do so pain free, or to sit, or do any type of daily routine
without any sort of constant complications. Whether a person has been injured, born with a
disability condition, or a disability occurred due to aging, there is a way to help treat many
complications. Participating in a physical therapy rehabilitation program can help to heal an injury
by proper, safe exercises to strengthen and prevent further injury or by teaching one to change their
mechanics, which in turn will create a better way to manage daily routines safely and pro actively.
Physical therapy can also help to prevent or decrease impairments such as the developmental affect
of many genetic diseases, congenial disabilities or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Hensley). Mary McMillan treated many men and women with the goal to assist in their recoveries
of injuries, with the intention of returning them to the condition that they were before the injury, or
as closely as possible. Initially, when being introduced to physical therapy, there is an examination
to determine and evaluate a patient, and to determine what method of treatment should be followed
to assist in recovery and prevention of further injury. When a program has been designed, it is
designed specifically to treat that individual's injury or disability, as every injury and goal of an
individual is subjective. It is devised to treat and reduce pain if any. Therapeutic heat is frequently
used to ease muscle pain and aches because it may "reduce muscle guarding and spasm, and aid
tissue elasticity" (Hensley), then to create a safe and constructive way to exercise and educate the
patient for treating and preventing future injuries. While heat is used to reduce muscle pain, "heat
increases blood flow, also aiding in healing many injuries, it should not be applied within 48 hours
after injury" (Sports Injuries) because it can increase swelling. Within the first 48 hours after an
injury, cryotherapy/icing, should be

Pathological Processes Help Distinguish Medical Conditions
Pathophysiology Assessment 2: Case–based assignment
Pathological processes help distinguish medical conditions through the use of a variety methods to
assist in diagnosis and treatment of patients. Mr Johns, a 60 year old male has exhibited to his
doctor a number of symptoms that usually coincide and are distinctive with issues relating to the
respiratory and cardiovascular systems of the body. This case–based assignment will in order to
assist in the treatment of Mr Johns, assist in diagnosing his conditions by; investigating the
presenting features and its pathophysiology, analyse the results and importance of vital signs,
physical inspection and blood tests, construct a differential diagnosis signifying likely conditions the
patient may be experiencing , and finally providing a justification for further diagnostic tests.
Signs and Symptoms
One of the chief complaints Mr Johns presents is shortness of breath, also known as dyspnoea whilst
he is resting. "Breathlessness is a multidimensional and subjective experience of difficulty or
uncomfortable breathing originating from an intricate interaction between physiological and
psychological factors" (Yorke 2014). Mr Johns presents a respiration rate of 28 breaths per minute,
which is peculiarly elevated, and is specified as tachypnoea. Tachypnoea signifies that a greater
volume of oxygen is needed to supply components of the body, or to recompense for limited supply
in bodily systems where there has been a restriction of

Causes, Symptoms, And Treatments
Graves ' disease
Causes, symptoms, and treatments by Mary Smith
Graves' disease is an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of hormones
(hyperthyroidism). Many disorders may be a result in hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease is the most
common cause.
Thyroid hormones affect many different body systems, signs and symptoms associated with Graves'
disease can wide ranging and can influence your over–all wellbeing. Graves' disease may affect
anyone, it 's more common among women and before the age of 40. Primary treatment goals are to
inhibit the overproduction of thyroid hormones and lesson the severity of the symptoms. There are
numerous signs that allude to the presence of Graves' disease, most notably is a large protruding
bulb associated with the thyroid gland (goiter), changes in the menstrual cycle, bulging eyes
(Graves' ophthalmopathy), and less common is Graves' demopathy, or thick, red skin usually found
on the shins or tops of the feet.
One of the most telling symptoms of Graves' disease presents in about 30% of those diagnosed with
the condition is Graves' ophthalmopathy. Graves' ophthalmopathy refers to bulging of the eyes,
exophthalmos, a gritty sensation in the eyes, pressure and/or pain in the eyes, puffy or retracted eye
lids, reddened or inflamed eyes, sensitivity to light, double vision, or outright vision loss. While
these signs are strongly associated with Graves' disease, the symptoms do not associate solely with
the condition.

Staphylococcus aureus Essay example
Staphylococcus aureus
Life History and Characteristics: Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive bacterium that is usually
found in the nasal passages and on the skin of 15 to 40% of healthy humans, but can also survive in
a wide variety of locations in the body. This bacterium is spread from person to person or to fomite
by direct contact. Colonies of S. aureus appear in pairs, chains, or clusters. S. aureus is not an
organism that is contained to one region of the world and is a universal health concern, specifically
in the food handling industries.
Diseases: The most common health concern associated with S. aureus is food poisoning caused by
the release of enterotoxins, even in small doses, into food. Release of less than 1 ... Show more
The release of two exotoxins from certain strains of S. aureus can lead to Staphylococcal scaled skin
syndrome (SSSS), which is characterized by blistering skin. Invasion into the body can lead to more
serious health problems including pneumonia (a frequent complication of influenza), mastitis,
phlebitis (inflammation of the veins), meningitis, and urinary tract infections. If the bacterium is
allowed to colonize even deeper tissues more serious conditions such as osteomyelitis and
endocarditis may result. The most serious consequences of these deeper tissue infections occur
when the bacterium invades the bloodstream leading to septic shock and possibly death.
Virulence Factors: The most important virulence factor of S. aureus is the specific surface proteins
that allow the organism to attach to host proteins. The surface proteins of this bacterium allow it to
attach to host proteins such as laminin and fibronectin, which form the extracellular matrix of
epithelial and endothelial cells. S. aureus also produces a number of membrane damaging toxins that
allow the organism to further invade and harm the host, of which the alpha– toxin is the most well
studied and is the protein responsible for septic shock. The alpha– toxin is a protein that binds to a
specific receptor in platelets and monocytes in humans, forming pores that eventually destroy the
cell.
A second toxin that is significant in human infection is the gamma– toxin (also called leukotoxin)
which

Asthma Case Study
This paper will discuss the case of Mrs. Marble Harris, an 82 years old female, who was admitted
into the hospital after being found by a nursing staff on the floor next to her bed. She was conscious
and lucid and her right leg was generally swollen and extremely rotated to the left which could
indicate hip fracture. She had an operation to fix the fracture. The past medical history revealed that
she had taken an anti–inflammatory and analgesic tablets for osteoarthritis which affect her joint
causing a lot of pain. This paper is going to discuss assessment tools, Mrs. Harris's main problems,
nursing goals of management, nursing intervention and discharge planning. Assessment tools Pain
assessment scale Mrs. Harris is suffering from a lot of pain. She has many issues which contribute
to her suffering of pain. Mrs. Harris has an operation incision and she is showing signs of DVT
which can explain her feeling of pain. A pain scale is used to assess her pain level and it is ranged
from 1 to 10 where 1 indicates no pain and 10 indicates too much pain. This tool is very necessary
in the case of Mrs. Harris as she is experiencing severe pain and it has to be used frequently to
assess her response to treatment (Kable & Bourgeois 2014, pp.85–86). Assessment of the risk of
pressure ulcer Braden risk assessment tool is a useful tool to use in the assessment of Mrs. Harris. It
is used to identify patients who might at risk to develop pressure ulcer by measuring six elements:

Symptoms And Treatment Of Psoriasis
The term comorbidity refers to the association of two distinct diseases in the same individual at a
rate higher than expected by chance (Bonavita and De Simone, 2008).
Although psoriasis has been previously thought to be a disease solely affecting primarily the skin
and the joints, our understanding of the comorbidities that may be associated with this disease has
grown significantly. Recent evidence has even suggested an increased over all risk of mortality in
patients with severe psoriasis (Gelfand JM et al., 2007).
The presence of comorbidities in dermatology is of interest for various reasons. A skin disease can
be an early marker of systemic disease, and therefore, identify patients who are at risk of having
other, more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A study by Cohen et al. (2008), supported previous reports of an association between psoriasis and
diabetes mellitus. The age–adjusted proportion of diabetes was found to be significantly higher in
psoriasis patients as compared to the control group. A possible explanation for the association
between psoriasis and diabetes is the presence of chronic inflammation that occurs due to secretion
of TNF–a and other proinflammatory cytokines such as IL–1 and IL–6, which precipitate both
psoriasis and diabetes.
2) Non–Alcoholic Fat Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Prevalence of NAFLD in patients with psoriasis ran¬ges from 17–60% and is even greater in
patients with severe psoriasis and PsA ( Miele et al., 2009) .Similarly, Gisondi et al. speculated that
NAFLD may contribute to the seve–rity of psoriasis through the release of inflammatory mediators
from the liver, including reactive oxygen species, CRP and IL–6, which also act as mediators of
atherogenesis (Gisondi et al., 2009),Moreover, patients with psoriasis and NAFLD have higher risk
of developing non–alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis than patients with NAFLD
without psoriasis (Wenk et al., 2009). At least in part, progres¬sion of NAFLD to NASH is
associated with an increa¬se in the TNFa/adiponectin ratio. (Sanz Lp , 2007).
3) Depression and health–related quality of life (HRQoL) A high percentage of psoriasis patients,
exhibit general psychiatric morbidity compared with patients who have other skin diseases

Necrotizing Fasciitis Research Paper
Necrotizing fasciitis, more commonly know as the "flesh–eating disease," is a potentially deadly
infection if left untreated or misdiagnosed (2). The infection begins in the skin's superficial fascia, a
band of connective tissue that stabilizes muscles and other internal organs. Fascia is very
widespread throughout the human body, providing a basic mechanism for the bacteria to grow and
spread rapidly. Once anchored in the fascial planes, the infecting bacteria cause the surrounding
skin, fat, muscle, and other tissues to die. Early symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis include fever,
thirst, nausea, sore throat, and minor pain around the affected area. These symptoms progress
quickly and become more critical and life–threatening. They include ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
GAS is associated with many other common illnesses, such as pharyngitis, and scarlet fever (2). It is
also a gram–positive bacterium, meaning the bacterium itself has a thick cell wall made of the
protein peptidoglycan. This extra protein layer makes it more susceptible to antibiotics. While this
susceptibility aids in treatment once necrotizing fasciitis is diagnosed, these bacteria are carried
every day by humans in our noses, throats, and skin, showing no physical symptoms. Once an object
pierces the body, infection is more likely because this bacterium is so widely prevalent. When GAS
causes necrotizing fasciitis, it can also occur simultaneously with Streptococcal Toxic Shock
Syndrome (STSS). This additional, and sometimes fatal condition STTS, accelerates the metastasis
of necrotizing fasciitis (1). Since GAS is the most known cause of necrotizing fasciitis, researchers
are actively trying to target and prevent this strand directly. Through extensive genetic analysis, a
natural single nucleotide mutation has been identified and is associated with decreased presentation
of necrotizing fasciitis in humans. Identifying what specific genes involving GAS result in an
infectious outcome is highly useful. In the future, genome editing techniques could allow for the
deactivation of genes directly related to necrotizing fasciitis, resulting in fewer diagnosed cases

Aging And Its Effects On The Aging
Also spelled as ageing, this is generally the process of becoming old. It is the in a way the opposite
of immortality. In a broader aspect, it may occur to single cells in an organism also called cellular
senescence or the population of a species, known as population ageing. This process primarily
affects human beings and fungi. In humans, it signifies the accumulation of various changes which
occur over time. The changes include physical, social and psychological changes.
Causes of aging are very uncertain. Besides, there are several factors which predispose an individual
to premature aging. Current theories suggest that this process occurs to due to cellular damage such
as DNA oxidation by free radicals causing biological systems to ... Show more content on
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Old persons are also predisposed to various medical conditions including diabetes and irritable
bowel syndrome that may increase the chances of constipation.
The genitourinary system
The bladder and urinary tract depict the epitome of various old age associated conditions. Urinary
incontinence otherwise known as loss of bladder control is a common problem associated with
aging. Besides old age, diabetes and other conditions also contribute to incontinence. Other common
conditions include menopause for women and enlarged prostate for men.
Memory
Advancing age is commonly associated with loss of memory. The inability to maintain both short
term and long term memory is serious. Learning new things or remembering familiar words and
names can be quite daunting.
Senses–Eyes and Ears
Advancing age is a common hindrance to the proper functioning of the body senses. The eyes will
have difficulty focusing on near and distant objects. Adapting to different levels of light is the other
common problem. Cataracts, also called clouding of vision is another common condition that results
from changes in eye's lens. Hearing abilities also diminish. With this, you will have difficulties
following a conversation or hearing high frequencies.
Teeth

Receding of the gums is a notable condition in this bracket. As mentioned earlier, old age is
associated with various medical

Physical and Cognitive Development
CONTENTS 1. Statement of the problem page 2 2. Aims page 2 3. Physical development page 3 3.1
Physical development during early adulthood page 3 3.2 Physical development during middle
adulthood page 3 3.3 Physical development during late adulthood page 5 4. Cognitive development
page 7 4.1 Crystallised and fluid intelligence page 7 4.2 Cognitive development during early
adulthood page 8 4.3 Cognitive development during middle adulthood page 10 4.4 Cognitive
development during late adulthood page 11 5. The influence of physical and cognitive development
on adulthood page 15 6. Synthesis page 15 7. Bibliography page 17 1. STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM Growth and development during ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beginning at around age 35 in both men and women, calcium is lost and bones become less dense.
This can result in osteoporosis and a reduction of weight bearing capacity, leading to the possibility
of spontaneous fracture. Thinning of the vertebrae also results in a reduction in height. In addition,
the vertebrae calcify, resulting in postural changes and increasing rigidity, making bending difficult.
The joints also undergo changes. In fact, arthritis, the degenerative inflammation of the joints, is the
most common chronic condition in the elderly. The two most common forms are: • osteoarthritis (a
wearing away of the joint cartilage) • rheumatoid arthritis (a disease of the connective tissue) These
conditions can impair mobility and the performance of daily activities of living. For persons with
disabilities this condition may occur at an earlier age. As we age, we experience a reduction in the
production of hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes, and saliva, as well as a reduction in the total
number of taste buds. These changes can result in: • gastrointestinal distress • impaired
swallowing • delayed emptying of the stomach Perhaps more importantly, the breakdown and
absorption of foods may also be impaired, sometimes resulting in vitamin deficiencies of B, C, and
K vitamins or, in extreme cases, malnutrition. If left untreated, these deficiencies may result in: •

Childhood Obesity : A Growing Endemic
Childhood and adolescent obesity is a growing endemic in the United States. It affects more than
thirty percent of children, making it the most common chronic disease of childhood. According to
the research article Prevalence of Childhood and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity from 2003 to
2010 in an Integrated Health Care Delivery System by Lynn Acknerson "this number has more than
tripled since 1980." It has now become a major health issue. Today, more and more children are
being diagnosed with morbid health conditions associated with obesity.
According to the research article Childhood Obesity: A Global Public Health Crisis by Amar
Kanekar and Sameera Karnik, a child is defined as "affected by obesity" if their body mass index–
for–age (or BMI–for–age) percentile is greater than 95 percent. A child is defined as "overweight" if
their BMI–for–age percentile is greater than 85 percent and less than 95 percent. One out of every
five children in the United States is overweight or obese and this number continues to rise. Children
typically tend to have fewer weight–related health and medical problems than adults. However, this
is not true for overweight and obese children, who are at a greater risk for a number of conditions,
including high cholesterol, high blood pressure, early heart disease, diabetes, and bone problems,
skin conditions such as heat rash, fungal infections, acne, sleep apnea, and cancer. They are also
more prone to develop anxiety, depression, and suffer from

Heat Stroke Research Paper
A Review Of Heat Stroke As It Relates To Exercise, Age, And Pre–existing Medical Conditions
Disease Introduction:
Heat Stroke is a heat related illness, physiologically defined as hyperthermia meaning a highly
elevated body temperature due to external factors like weather and humidity. The elevated body
temperature of heat stroke differs from the conmen fever, where a fever is a physiological response
in the normal temperature of the body onset by infections microbiological agents.(Cheuvront,
Montain, & Sawka, 2007) The term stroke used to define the heat illness is very misleading because
the illness involves no blockage or hemorrhaging of blood flow to the brain. It is not common but in
some cases heat stroke can cause damage to the brain if left untreated, but the illness still dose not
cutoff or divert blood flow ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However before the elevated body temperature is noticed fainting may be the first sign of heat
stroke especially if the day is above 80's and humidity is high. The symptoms of heat stroke may
develop over the course of several days in people that are at high risk for heat stress such as the
elderly, imunocompromised, and people with pre–existing conditions. Symptoms develop more
rapidly when exercise or physical activity is associated. This type of heat stroke, is know as
exertional heat stroke, this type of heat stroke more commonly affects the young and endurance
athletes. Heat Stroke presents with hyperthermia the body temperature greater the 105 degrees
Fahrenheit in combinations with disorientations and the lack of sweating even though external
temperatures are high.(Harker & Gibson, 1995) Young children suffering from heat stroke tend to
have symptoms including seizures not normally seen in adults or elderly. But in untreated cases
eventually patients will progress to organ failure, unconsciousness and death.(Royburt, Epstein,
Solomon, & Shemer,

Type 1 Diabetes Research Paper
DIABETES
What is Diabetes?
Diabetes mellitus is a category and classification of metabolic diseases. It is a condition in which the
body loses its ability to control and maintain the glucose within the blood stream. The pancreas also
is affiliated with glucose, as the body is dependent on the insulin the pancreas creates, in order for
the blood levels to be stable and normal. If the pancreas stops functioning properly and insulin no
longer is being created, glucose builds up within the blood and creates imbalances, thus resulting in
diseases linked to diabetes.
What goes wrong?
The body needs to generate and maintain a special sugar within the blood stream called glucose, to
be used as its main fuel and energy source. The body produces ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Type 2 is very common as it affects 90–95% of people with diabetes and usually is associated with
people who are over weight and have high blood pressure. It also usually occurs within adults but
younger people potentially also have a risk of catching the disease. Unlike type 1, people with type
2 diabetes are usually insulin resistant. This means that their pancreas is creating insulin but the
insulin is not functioning properly and isn't being able to be adsorbed efficiently. Fundamentally
resulting in the glucose to override the insulin levels and cause disproportions within the blood.
Fortunately people with type 2 diabetes can manage and in some cases even completely reverse the
entire disease. They must manage their condition through life style changes, such as engaging in
physically activity, making healthy food choices and achieving a healthier body

What Is Melanocortin 1 Manogen?
The MCR1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called melanocortin 1 receptor. This
receptor plays a major role when it comes to pigmentation. This receptor is located on cells that
produce melanin called melanocytes. (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/MC1R). Melanin is a substance
that gives skin, hair, and eyes the color. Melanin is also found in the retina part of the eye, and it
gives humans normal vision. Common variations (polymorphisms) in the MC1R gene are associated
with normal differences in skin and hair color. Certain genetic variations are most common in
people with red hair, fair skin, freckles, and an increased sensitivity to sun exposure. These MC1R
polymorphisms reduce the ability of the melanocortin 1 receptor to ... Show more content on
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Skin damage caused by UV radiation from the sun is a major risk factor for developing melanoma
and other forms of skin cancer.Studies suggest that variations in the MC1R gene may also increase
the risk of developing melanoma in the absence of UV radiation–related skin damage. In these
cases, melanomas can occur in people of dark or light skin coloring. These cancers are often
associated with mutations in additional genes related to melanoma risk, such as the BRAF and
CDKN2A genes. Researchers are working to explain the complex relationship among MC1R
variations, other genetic and environmental factors, and melanoma risk.
(https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/MC1R).
Ancient DNA has been used to show aspects of Neanderthal appearance. A fragment of the gene for
the melanocortin 1 receptor was sequenced using DNA from two Neanderthal specimens from Spain
and Italy: El Sidrón 1252 and Monte Lessini. Neanderthals had a mutation in this receptor gene
which changed an amino acid, making the resulting protein less efficient and likely creating a
phenotype of red hair and pale skin. Modern humans display similar mutations of MCR1, and
people who have two copies of this mutation have red hair and pale skin. However, no modern
human has the exact mutation that Neanderthals had, which means that both Neanderthals and
humans evolved this phenotype independent of each other.

A Brief Note On Diabetes Mellitus Type II
One of the diseases more prevalent in my family is Diabetes Mellitus type II. It has been the cause
of death of one of my paternal great grandmothers, and now it is starting to develop in my maternal
grandmother as prediabetes. Therefore, it is very important for me to identify the characteristics of
this disease, its prevalence, its risk factors and prevention, and its treatments. According to the
American Diabetes Association, type 2 diabetes, or non–insulin dependent diabetes, is defined as a
chronic condition in which the body does not use insulin properly, this is known as insulin
resistance. This condition is caused because the pancreas is not able to produce the insulin necessary
to normalize blood glucose levels, so these levels ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These terms stand for increased thirst, hunger, and urination respectively. Hunger may increase
because cells do not receive enough energy in form of glucose, which can also cause fatigue. Weight
loss is another symptom. As the body cannot metabolize the sugar, the body uses other sources for
energy. Blurred vision is another symptom of diabetes. As glucose is too high on blood, fluid may
be pulled from the eye lenses affecting the ability to focus. In addition, as diabetes affects the
healing and resisting infections' ability, slow–healing sores or frequent infections have a high
incidence in diabetics. Finally, the insulin resistance may produce acanthosis nigricans which is a
production of areas of darkened skin. In the long term, more serious conditions may be developed
from diabetes. One of these complications is cardiovascular disease. Diabetes increses the risk of
heart attack, stroke and hypertension among others. Diabetes may also end in neuropathy, which
expresses in tingling, numbness, and even loss of all sense in affected limbs. This also may lead to
foot damage, which can end up in amputation of affected areas with gangrene. Nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, constipation, and erectile dysfunction can occur also because of the nerve damage.
Nephropathy is another complication. Diabetes damages the filtering system of kidneys leading to
kidney failure. This might end up requiring dialysis or kidney transplant. Diabetes can provoke eye

Hypovolemic Shock Case Study
Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition caused by loss of whole blood (hemorrhage), plasma
(burns), or interstitial fluid (diaphoresis, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, emesis, diuresis, and
diarrhea) in large amounts. This makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body (Heller,
2014). The severe compromise in blood flow and therefore systemic perfusion contributes to
cerebral, renal, or hepatic ischemia and possible organ failure. It is the most common type of shock
in children with dehydration and trauma being the most common factors (McCance, 2010. pp 1703).
Pathophysiology
Hypovolemic shock begins to develop after losing about a fifth or more of the normal amount of
blood in the body resulting in compensatory vasoconstriction, increased SVR (systemic vascular
resistance) and increased afterload in order to improve blood pressure and perfusion to core organs
of the body (Heller, 2014) (McCance, 2010. pp 1672). Compensatory mechanisms have limited use
and benefit.
Hypovolemic compensations:
Systemic vasoconstriction – increases left ventricular afterload and myocardial oxygen consumption
and may produce tissue ischemia.
Prolonged tachycardia – may impair subendocardial blood flow and increase myocardial oxygen
consumption; both may ultimately contribute ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the onset of hypovolemic shock, the primary goals are to replace blood and fluid volume via
IV infusion; maximization of oxygen delivery, and minimization of oxygen demand. Patient is
positioned in a manner that supports maximal circulation and airway patency (oxygenation,
ventilation, and perfusion). Diligent treatment of fever, fear and pain are necessary to reduce oxygen
demand. Humidified supplementary oxygen is given as needed at up to 10 to 15 L/min by non–
rebreathing mask or bag–mask ventilation and is monitored continuously through pulse oximetry
(McCance, 2010. pp

Literature Review Of Literature : Introduction To Foot Odors
Review of Literature
Introduction to shoe odors In today's society foot odor has become a major problem for some
people. The medical name is bromodosis, and it can affect anyone. There are various conditions
causing this problem as well as odor in a person's shoes. The main cause of smelly feet is sweat, but
there are also a lot of other factors and medical conditions that can lead to this smelly condition.
These conditions can vary from diseases to stress. There could also be conditions as minor as not
drying your feet after a shower and wearing the same pair of shoes over and over again. There are
various ways to combat foot odor and shoe odor, ranging from home remedies to over the counter
products.
II. Causes of foot odors Sweat is moisture exuded through the pores of the skin, typically in profuse
quantities as a reaction to heat , physical exertion, fever, or fear. According to podiatrist, Lorraine
Jones, feet become smelly if sweat soaks into shoes and they don't dry before you wear them again.
Then the bacteria on the skin breaks down the sweat as it comes from the pores. A cheesy odor is
released as the sweat decomposes which causes the bad odor on your feet. Your feet hold more
sweat glands than any other part of your body. Sweat glands are a small gland that secretes sweat,
situated in the dermis of the skin. Such glands are found over most of the body, and have a simple
coiled tubular structure. The main function of sweat glands is to keep your skin

Common Health Conditions Of Asthma Essay
Common health conditions
To begin with, we will look at some of the most common health conditions you are likely to come
across when supporting people who have complex needs. For each condition, you need to think
about how it can change as it progresses or worsens, and the possible effects of these changes.
The conditions we will discuss in this learning guide are listed below, but you may be able to think
of others in relation to supporting people with complex needs.
asthma.
depression.
diabetes.
hypertension.
congestive heart failure.
respiratory disease.
epilepsy.
Parkinson's disease.
multiple sclerosis.
obesity.
stroke.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
chronic wounds.
palliative or life–limiting conditions.
Key words condition – a state relating to a person 's health and functional status, usually related to a
specific illness, disease or disability. progresses – changes over time.
Asthma
Asthma is a type of respiratory disease where spasm attacks in the bronchi of the lungs cause
breathing difficulty. It is usually connected to an allergic reaction or other forms of hypersensitivity.
Signs and symptoms
Changes that occur as the condition progresses
Asthma is not a progressive condition, so it does not necessarily worsen, grow or spread over time.
However, a person may suffer from a different severity of attacks at different times, often depending
on the triggers they are exposed to, e.g. chest infection, certain things in the air,

Evaluation Of A Good Physiological Experiment
Introduction:
"A Good physiological experiment like a good physical requires that it should present anywhere, at
any time, under identical conditions, the same certain and unequivocal phenomena that can be
always be confirmed", Johannes Muller – as an archetype this is the ideal for any experiment and
subsequent experiments.
If protocols and procedures applications are correctly, they should be repeatable and any results
should be consistent.
With regard to thermal stress, the following should be noted: Thermal homeostasis is a careful
balance of heat production and heat loss with the aim of keeping a constant body temperature. This
range as defined by Anderson, Hall and Martin is 36.1°C and 37.8°C, (Anderson et al., 2004) stating
that this mechanism is governed primarily by the hypothalamus, which balances this between heat
loss and heat gain. Since the factor of heat stress we are looking at is heat gain, from exercise and
environmental factors, we need to understand what these are. Both Anderson et al, Mcardle, et al,
agree on the factors, Radiation, Conduction, Convection and Evaporation as the four factors
regulating heat loss. (McArdle, Katch and Katch, 2006)
There are practical considerations with environmental factors such as air temperature and humidity
to consider, since these will not be controllable in a field situation, but will be to a degree in a
laboratory environment. In the field, testing both temperature and humidity can fluctuate greatly,
and

Effects of Climatic Elements on Livestock Production
EFFECTS OF CLIMATIC ELEMENTS ON LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SALAMI, Saheed
Ayodeji University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
INTRODUCTION
Climatic elements have direct effect on the system of animal production, body physiology and
animal behaviour, feed supply and quality, proliferation of pests and parasites as well as
preservation of animal products (Samson et al., 2011)
A number of climatic elements such as temperature, rainfall, humidity, radiant energy, air
movement, light, altitude etc. greatly influence and interact with the performance of livestock
production. Similarly, they also cause major effects on animal physiology, behaviour and
productivity through their individual or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Normal body temperatures of some domestic animals are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Normal Body Temperatures of Domestic Animals (FAO, 1986). Animals Temperatures
Average Range
Dairy Cow 38.6 38.0 – 39.3
Beef Cow 38.3 36.7 – 39.1
Pig 39.2 38.7– 39.8
Sheep 39.1 38.3 – 39.9
Goat 38.7 – 40.7
Horse 37.9 37.2– 38.2
Chickens 41.7 40.6 – 43.0
The body temperature of most domestic animals is considerably higher than the environmental
temperature to which they are exposed most of the time. They maintain their body temperatures by
balancing internal heat production and heat loss to the environment. The hypothalmus gland acts as
a body thermostat by stimulating mechanisms to counteract either high or low ambient temperatures
(FAO, 1986). For example, increased conversion of feed to–heat energy is used to counteract low
ambient temperatures, while for example increased respiration (rate and volume) and blood
circulation in the skin counteracts high ambient temperatures. Varying temperature also results in
changed behavior . Most animals reduce their level of activity in a hot environment and, for
example, pigs lie clustered in a heap at low temperatures, while they lie

Diabetes Is A Chronic Disease
Introduction
Diabetes (Diabetes mellitus) is a chronic disease caused by number of reasons. Diabetic patients are
characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood in sugar) resulting from defect of insulin secretion
(Mellitus, 2005). World Health Organization (2008) defined the Diabetes untreated disease, known
by chronic rise of the concentration of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Glucose is a major source of
energy in our body; food converts to fats, protein, and carbohydrates. Carbohydrates during eating
convert to glucose. The glucose is the source of energy in the body. The World Health Organization
(2008) estimates 171 million people in the world with diabetes in 2000 and the number will increase
to 366 million by 2030.
Types of Diabetes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some women have high levels of glucose in their blood, and their bodies are unable to produce
enough insulin to transport all of the glucose into their cells, resulting in progressively rising levels
of glucose (Mellitus, 2005).
Diagnosis
There are many ways to diagnose the diabetes. First, by measuring the glucose levels in blood.
When the patient does not eat or drink (except water) for at least 8 hours, the test usually is done. It
is done usually early in morning before breakfast (WHO.2008). The normal fasting blood sugar in
healthy people is 80 – 90 mg/dl compere diabetic patient is 126 mg/dl (Diabetes Association, 2008).
Second , the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The OGTT is a two–hour test that checks your
blood sugar levels before and after two hours of drinking a special sugared drink. The blood sugar in
healthy people is 80 – 139 mg/dl compere diabetic patient is 200 mg/dl (Diabetes Association,
2008). Third, by doing a random plasma glucose test. In this test, blood is checked at any time of
day if the glucose is higher than 200 mg/dl.
Symptoms
The common symptoms of diabetes are a rise in urination (polyuria) and thirst (polydipsia) and
tiredness (WHO, 2008). Diabetes symptoms differ according to the type of diabetes. The common
symptoms in type one diabetes are unexpected weight loss, Fatigue or tiredness, blurred vision,
itching skin, nausea, dry mouth, vomiting and in woman, frequent vaginal infection . The common

Insomni Symptoms And Factors Essay
Insomnia
Introduction
Insomnia is a prevalent health complaint.
About 6% to 10% of Americans are suffering from insomnia on a regular basis each year. Insomnia
is predominant
Among elderly people,
People with chronic medical illness, and
Those with anxiety or depressive disorders. In patients with cancer, insomnia is reported to be a
common problem.
The causes for insomnia in patients with cancer are related to psychological factors (anxiety or
depression), pain, treatment–related toxicity, or other comorbid medical conditions.
Adverse impacts of insomnia:
If an individual does not get proper treatment, insomnia can lead to various adverse sequelae in
psychiatric, neurocognitive, and medical domains, as well as significant reduction in quality of life.
In addition, insomnia can lead to daytime dysfunction, such as daytime sleepiness, irritability,
depressive or anxious mood, and accidents.
Further, insomnia is linked with increased rates of depression, decreased quality of life, and
increased fatigue in other patient populations.
Symptoms and Factors Related to Insomnia:
Insomnia is among one of the most prevalent, distressing, and undermanaged symptoms. It is
associated with adverse outcomes and should be proactively targeted for intervention.
Often, sleep disturbances are associated with situational stresses such as illness, aging, and drug
treatments. However, the physical illness, pain, hospitalization, and medications, along with the
psychological impact of a

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