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Instructions for Citing References
There are 2 commonly acceptable ways to cite references for
scientific research papers:
the name-year convention and the citation sequence convention.
EXAMPLE -- THE NAME YEAR CONVENTION
Literature Cited
Conant, R. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of
eastern and central North
America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA.
Gillis, R. 1979. Adaptive differences in the water economies of
two species of leopard
frogs from eastern Colorado. Journal of Herpetology 13:445-
450.
Ralin, D.B. and J.S. Rogers. 1972. Aspects of tolerance to
desiccation in Acris crepitans
and Pseudacris streckeri. Copeia 1972:519-525.
Schmid, W.D. 1965. Some aspects of the water economies of
nine species of
amphibians. Ecology 46:261-269.
Smith, J.W., D. Pettus and D.W. Hoppe. 1998. One hundred
years of amphibian water
economy studies: what have we learned? American Zoologist
66:124-198.
EXAMPLE -- THE CITATION SEQUENCE CONVENTION
Literature Cited
(1) Smith, J.W., D. Pettus and D.W. Hoppe. 1998. One hundred
years of amphibian
water economy studies: what have we learned? American
Zoologist 66:124-198.
(2) Schmid, W.D. 1965. Some aspects of the water economies of
nine species of
amphibians. Ecology 46:261-269.
(3) Ralin, D.B. and J.S. Rogers. 1972. Aspects of tolerance to
desiccation in Acris
crepitans and Pseudacris streckeri. Copeia 1972:519-525.
(4) Gillis, R. 1979. Adaptive differences in the water economies
of two species of
leopard frogs from eastern Colorado. Journal of Herpetology
13:445-450.
(5) Conant, R. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of
eastern and central
North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA.
OTHER EXAMPLES
Example of where to find the information for a journal citation
Example of an article in an edited volume:
Pianka, E.R. 1975. Niche relations of desert lizards. Pages 292-
314 in M. Cody and J.
Diamond, editors. Ecology and evolution of communities.
Belknap Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Examples of book citations:
Conant, R. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of
eastern and central North
America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA.
Welty, J.C. and L. Baptista. 1988. The life of birds. Saunders
College Publishing, New
York, New York, USA.
Example of citing a technical publication from a governmental
agency:
Sauer, J.S. 1998. Temporal analyses of select
macroinvertebrates in the Upper
Mississippi River System, 1992-1995. U.W. Geological Survey.
Environmental
Management Technical Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, April
1998. LTRMP 98-
T001.
Example of an online journal citation:
Cane, J. H. and V. J. Tepedino. 2001. Causes and extent of
declines among native
North American invertebrate pollinators: detection, evidence,
and consequences.
Conservation Ecology 5 <URL:
http://www.consecol.org/vol5/iss1/art1>. Accessed
16 July 2001.
Example of a paper from the proceedings of a scientific
conference:
Walkinshaw. L.H. 1982. Nesting of the Florida Sandhill Crane
on and near the
Kissimmee Prairie, Florida. Pages 1-18 in J.C. Lewis, editor.
Proceedings of the
International Crane Workshop. Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater.
Example of a web site citation:
BLAST 2005. <URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST>.
Accessed 5 April 2005.
Saccharomyces genome database 2007. <URL:
http://www.yeastgenome.org/>.
Accessed 5 April 2007.
http://www.uwlax.edu/biology/communication/citation%20instr
uctions-1.jpg
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST
http://www.yeastgenome.org/

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Instructions for Citing References There are 2 commonly ac.docx

  • 1. Instructions for Citing References There are 2 commonly acceptable ways to cite references for scientific research papers: the name-year convention and the citation sequence convention. EXAMPLE -- THE NAME YEAR CONVENTION Literature Cited Conant, R. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Gillis, R. 1979. Adaptive differences in the water economies of two species of leopard frogs from eastern Colorado. Journal of Herpetology 13:445- 450. Ralin, D.B. and J.S. Rogers. 1972. Aspects of tolerance to desiccation in Acris crepitans and Pseudacris streckeri. Copeia 1972:519-525. Schmid, W.D. 1965. Some aspects of the water economies of nine species of amphibians. Ecology 46:261-269. Smith, J.W., D. Pettus and D.W. Hoppe. 1998. One hundred years of amphibian water economy studies: what have we learned? American Zoologist
  • 2. 66:124-198. EXAMPLE -- THE CITATION SEQUENCE CONVENTION Literature Cited (1) Smith, J.W., D. Pettus and D.W. Hoppe. 1998. One hundred years of amphibian water economy studies: what have we learned? American Zoologist 66:124-198. (2) Schmid, W.D. 1965. Some aspects of the water economies of nine species of amphibians. Ecology 46:261-269. (3) Ralin, D.B. and J.S. Rogers. 1972. Aspects of tolerance to desiccation in Acris crepitans and Pseudacris streckeri. Copeia 1972:519-525. (4) Gillis, R. 1979. Adaptive differences in the water economies of two species of leopard frogs from eastern Colorado. Journal of Herpetology 13:445-450. (5) Conant, R. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. OTHER EXAMPLES Example of where to find the information for a journal citation Example of an article in an edited volume:
  • 3. Pianka, E.R. 1975. Niche relations of desert lizards. Pages 292- 314 in M. Cody and J. Diamond, editors. Ecology and evolution of communities. Belknap Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Examples of book citations: Conant, R. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Welty, J.C. and L. Baptista. 1988. The life of birds. Saunders College Publishing, New York, New York, USA. Example of citing a technical publication from a governmental agency: Sauer, J.S. 1998. Temporal analyses of select macroinvertebrates in the Upper Mississippi River System, 1992-1995. U.W. Geological Survey. Environmental Management Technical Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, April 1998. LTRMP 98- T001. Example of an online journal citation: Cane, J. H. and V. J. Tepedino. 2001. Causes and extent of declines among native North American invertebrate pollinators: detection, evidence, and consequences. Conservation Ecology 5 <URL:
  • 4. http://www.consecol.org/vol5/iss1/art1>. Accessed 16 July 2001. Example of a paper from the proceedings of a scientific conference: Walkinshaw. L.H. 1982. Nesting of the Florida Sandhill Crane on and near the Kissimmee Prairie, Florida. Pages 1-18 in J.C. Lewis, editor. Proceedings of the International Crane Workshop. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. Example of a web site citation: BLAST 2005. <URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST>. Accessed 5 April 2005. Saccharomyces genome database 2007. <URL: http://www.yeastgenome.org/>. Accessed 5 April 2007. http://www.uwlax.edu/biology/communication/citation%20instr uctions-1.jpg http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST http://www.yeastgenome.org/