Flow Of Water Within The Soil And The Nutrient Cycle

Flow of Water within the Soil and the Nutrient Cycle
Introduction:
"Plants can absorb water over their entire surfaces, but the greater part of the water supply comes
from the soil (Larcher, 1995, p.223)."
Many factors affect nutrient availability, all of which are interlinked and are vital in the overall cycle
of nutrients. For example, the ability of water to transport nutrients to the rhizosphere unimpeded is
important. A factor which is considered to be central to nutrient cycling is the soil micro–organisms,
which break down soil organic matter (SOM), releasing nutrients back into the soil through
mineralization. If nutrients are cycled well plants are more likely to grow to their optimum potential.
The purpose of this assignment is to look at the flow of water within the soil and how it can affect
the cycling of nutrients, while outlining the remedial methods needed for sustaining suitable nutrient
levels.
2. Soil:
In agriculture, soil can cause limitations to plant growth through (a) depth, stoniness, texture and
structure which together can influence the amount of water which can be held in the profile and the
ease with which roots can penetrate and (b) the availability of nutrients (Rowell, 1994). There are
four main constituents of soil: mineral matter, organic matter, air and water (Fig. 1.1). 2.1 Soil
texture:
The preferred texture type is called loam, which is a mixture of three elements, sand, silt & clay.
Courtney & Trudgill (1976) explain that sand particles
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The On The Soil Lacks For Life On Mars Essay
The soil lacks in nutrients. Therefore, greenhouses would have to be built and constructed in a way
that the plants can adapt to the environment in almost a similar way to Earth. This would allow the
plants to grow on Mars and over some time, create food for life on Mars. To have this greenhouse on
Mars it would help grow plants for food, recycling and for replenishing the air. The main
disadvantage to easily growing plants on Mars is the low atmospheric pressure that would make the
plants act as if they are quickly drying out and dying. To get around this issue on Mars, we would
have to be able to control the air pressure in the greenhouse. Scientists have stated that "A
hydroponics system allows the plants to grow without soil, while artificial light ensures the plants
are able to grow efficiently".
The food planted needs to have enough nutrients in its roots to be able to grow and have enough
nutrients for humans to survive. For human survival, we would have to plant enough plants for some
to be used as creating oxygen in the atmosphere and the edible portion to our nutrition. This would
keep us healthy on Mars and be able to survive. Surprisingly enough, the Martian soil contains
nutrients that is even more nourished than some of Earth's soils. This means that the soil doesn't lack
any nutrients to grow food, it is the excessive volume of Perchlorate chemicals which would cause
adverse effects on a human's health. On Mars, as the plant grows, it starts to absorb the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cropland
CONVERSION OF GRASSLANDS TO CROPLANDS
There appears fewer studies on the effects of grassland to cropland conversion than on the forest to
cropland conversions which has been studied in much more detail. For example, many soils in
Africa under cereal crops were grasslands before they were cultivated. Conversion of these
grassland has caused a decline in soil organic Carbon This decline reduced the nutrient stocks and
resulted in the off–site effect of increased water and wind erosion. The large scale conversion of
grassland in the central plains to cropland caused severe soil erosion reported by Uzoho et al,
(2007).
2.2.3 CONVERSION OF COASTAL WETLANDS
Dent and Pons, (1995) reported that in coastal wetlands with tidal swamps and inland marshes ...
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"Seventy percent of Earth's land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the
deforestation that destroys their homes." The trees of the rainforest that provide shelter for some
species also provide the canopy that regulates the temperature, a necessity for many others. Its
removal through deforestation would allow a more drastic temperature variation from day to night,
much like a desert, which could prove fatal for current

intensive day
Study Questions: 1.) Why is sub–soiling needed in soils with hard pans?
Sub–soiling is essential especially to hard pan layer because it will help the roots penetrate deep and
be able to explore and obtain water and nutrients from larger volume of soil. Hard span obstructs
root's downward proliferation and restricts root growth of crops (of crops that have vertical root
growth). With sub–soiling, the needed soil depth, at least 80cm will be met . With sub–soiling, we
can break hard pan without inversion and with less disturbance of top soil.
2.) Show that a triangular system has 15% more plants than a square system using the same distance
of planting by computing the number of plants in each system.
If we give certain values for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These includes in sequence, plouging, clod crushing, leveling, discing , harrowing, manure mixing
& compacting the soil and implements to be used are ploughs, clod crushers, disc ploughs or harrow
, bladed harrow etc.
It includes primary & secondary tillage:
a) Primary tillage: It mainly includes the ploughing operation which is opening of the compacted
soil with the help of different ploughs. Ploughing is done to:
1) Open the hard soil,
2) Separate the top soil from lower layers,
3) Invert the soil whenever necessary and
4) Uproot the weeds & stubbles.
The cutting & inverting of the soil that is done after the harvest of the crop or untitled fallow or to
bring virgin or new land under cultivation is called primary tillage. It may be done once or twice a
tear in normal or settled agriculture or once in four to five years in dry land agriculture. b)
Secondary tillage : Lighter or finer operation performed on the soil after primary tillage are known
as secondary tillage which includes the operations performed after ploughing, leveling, discing,
harrowing etc.
2. Seedbed preparation: when the soil is brought to a condition suitable for germination of seeds &
growth of crops, called as SEEDBED.
After preparatory tillage the land is to be laid out properly for irrigating crops if irrigation is
available for sowing or planting seeding which are known as seedbed preparation: It includes
harrowing, leveling, compacting the soil, preparing irrigation layouts such as

Mistreatment of Land, Natural Disaster, and Drought...
The Dust Bowl was a time period in which many dust storms affected the agriculture and economy
of the United States. Before the dust storms and droughts, the land being used by the farmers was
already being damaged. Overuse had caused the soil to become useless, and by over–cultivating the
land, farmers were no longer able to use the once fertile soil, causing a major impact on the lives of
those involved in agriculture.
Before the infamous Dust Bowl, the lands to the West were unknown until the exploration of Lewis
and Clark. On the expedition of Lewis and Clark, they discovered and explored new land west of the
Mississippi River, finding beautiful nearly unused land that was only being used by some Native
Americans. When the lands were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Recently, we have had our own periods of drought and high summer temperatures, so in reality, yes,
the United States could have their own Dust Bowl in this time period. However, I believe that after
the Dust Bowl in the 1930's happened, farmers were much more conscious of their actions. Because
of the Dust Bowl, farmers tended to the soil with more care. For example, farmers use a method
known as the Crop Rotation. Crop Rotation is the practice of planting different crops on the same
land. Using the crop rotation method improves soil fertility, so that the risk of overuse similar to the
1930's is not as high. Another example of a simple method that promotes soil conservation that
farmers use today is the planting of trees. Trees help prevent soil erosion with their roots and they
also block the wind of possible wind or dust storms. Another method farmers use is the method of
terracing. By using the terracing method, farmers decrease the amount of erosion going on. The
terracing method is when farmers make short steps out of a large slope to reduce the erosion that
would normally occur on such a large slope.
If farmers were to not treat their land with care, then I would say that it would be completely
possible to have another Dust Bowl in America, especially once you add in the time periods without
rain and the high

How Do Volcanoes Affect The Life-Span Of Earth?
There have been around 1,500 volcanoes during the life–span of earth. Those volcanoes affect many
factors in their surrounding regions. Volcanoes can improve the land and assist agricultural farms.
Examples include Mount Vesuvius by the Italian city of Naples and Hawaii's Mauna Loa.
Volcanic eruptions, such as Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii, can reform the surrounding
landscape. Ash and deposits of minerals from the eruption serve to richen the soil. After much
weathering, the soils are "among the richest on the earth"(Russell McDonaugh). These soils assist
farmers grow their crops and allow natural vegetation to flourish like in Hawaii Volcanoes National
Park. Volcanic eruptions improve natural landscapes by bringing nutrients that enhance

Soil Analysis : Soil And Soil
Soil Analysis
Introduction– The purpose of this investigation was to identify the texture of the soil we collected,
while learning the different methods used to determine soil texture. I hypothesized the soil we
collected from the North side of the school would be Clay Loam. In the Soil Introduction Power
Point we learned about the pedosphere. We discovered that soil houses both organic (materials
containing carbon compounds) and inorganic matter (materials like minerals: phosphates and
nitrates). Also, we found the components that make up the ideal soil. (Diagram A below). It must
have pore space for the exchange of gases and water movement to keep it healthy. Then we talked
about the five factors that make soil, or how it forms. A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The last part of the Power Point was the layers soil forms as it develops including duff, topsoil,
subsoil, and bedrock. Duff is top layer of organic matter, which isn't always there because it could
have been mowed or washed away. Topsoil is the second layer and the most fertile layer with a lot
of nutrients where most of the plant's roots are. The third layer, also called subsoil, is less nutrient
rich and has less organic material; it is possible for some roots to reach this layer. The final layer is
bedrock, a solid layer of rock beneath some soils. (Note: Some soils not all soils; these layers can
vary at different locations) During the Soil Water Absorption Power Point on the other hand, we
learned how a soil's texture could control the amount and how quickly water can seep into the layers
of soil (the duff, topsoil, subsoil, and bedrock). A soil's capability to collect and store water is vital
to the other parts of the ecosystem like the plants growing there and the topography. An example of
that could be erosion. The texture of the soil also affects the other parts of the soil as well, such as
the pore space. Poor space is the bare space between the particles of soil that can be infiltrated by
the air and water. If there is a lot of poor space then the soil can absorb a lot of water but too much
poor space is not a good thing. If there is too much, water will carry through so quickly the plants
can't exploit it. Similarly,

Water Is Essential For Any Plants
In order for any plants to grow you need water. Water is essential for any and all life to be
sustainable. Water itself is made up of hydrogen and oxygen. This happens through chemical
processes in which two hydrogen atoms combine with one oxygen atom in order to fulfill a
complete outer energy shell. When the process is completed water is formed.
Water is found all around you. It 's in lakes, river, streams, oceans and even in canals. Water makes
up 70% of the world. 2% of it is frozen at the poles in glaciers. Although it 's most of the world, not
all of the water is drinkable. Roughly 3% of earth 's water is fresh water and drinkable. Through
scientific research, a person can only go two days without drinking or consuming any water before
they die. Water also keeps kidneys functioning and working properly.
Photosynthesis is what plants use to create their food, and water is crucial to this process. Water
comes through plant 's stems and travels up to its leaves, which is where photosynthesis actually
takes place. Once in the leaves water evaporates, as the plant exchanges water for carbon dioxide.
This glucose can be converted into pyruvate which releases adenosine triphosphate by cellular
respiration.
Sunlight is earth 's most valuable light source. Without the sun earth wouldn 't have plants and the
earth 's temperature would be below zero in under a week. If the sun would miraculously go out, it
would take eight and a half minutes to reach earth. Within nine

The Geographic Landscape Of The African Continent
When it comes to discussing the geographic landscape of the African continent people are quick to
overlook the important role that soil has played in the development of cultures and civilizations in
Africa because it can be so easily overshadowed by Africa's other geographic features such as its
rivers, mountains, deserts and grasslands. However, to ignore soil is undoubtedly a mistake because
"African soils cannot be separated from African history" (Showers 118). Soils are literally the
foundation of life, used for farming, building houses, making pottery, and mined for their mineral
deposits. They are "in themselves, historical bodies and they have interacted with human history
since its beginning." (Showers 118). While looking for information on the soil of Africa it is not
uncommon to find descriptions such as "African soils are indeed poor" (Bohannan 23) while being
presented with the seemingly paradoxical fact that "By far the greatest number of Africans are
farmers." (Bohannan 43). This paper will examine how it is possible for Africa to be a continent
consisting of such "poor soil" yet be full of such a rich history of farming that persists into present
day. It will explore the general characteristics of African soil, how humans have historically
interacted with soil, and the way that outsiders have used generalizations about Africa's soil to
perpetuate Western misconceptions.
When attempting to gain insight into the general characteristics of African soil it is

Organic Gardening Research Paper
Research paper
Organic gardening means not using synthetic fertilizers or pesticide. Organic gardening is important
because it can help better with the environment, It can help with people's health problems, also help
with the nutrition growth of the soils and plants, and many plants that have pesticide is bad for many
reasons.
Organic gardening can help better the earth's environment in many ways to bring the environment at
a better state. There are many benefits that helps with the environment. "There are amazing benefits
to live healthy soil, both to the plants as well as to the environment." (WOLFE) The quote explains
that moving to organic planting can help with the soil which would later on also help the
environment. In my opinion this is better for the environment to switch to organic gardening. "Not
only will you improve the soil fertility of your farm or garden but you command higher prices for
you premium crops." (Hall) this quote states that organic gardening won't only improve soil but
make the crops better quality from what we have now and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
"You have to get the chemicals out. Why would you put petroleum products on the soil and kill soil
life?" the quote states that the soil life is being harmed and killed by the use of other products to
"better" the crop. "Organic farming contributes to terroir by getting out of the way of the plants
natural metabolism." this quote says that organic farming is good for the natural metabolism in
plants that make it very healthy. Organic "definition: The growing of crops without the use of
synthetic fertilizers or pesticides." the quote states that the meaning of organic farming is to farm the
plants without the use of many other products that harm the soil and the plants that later also harm
the

Assess The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Impact Of...
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, land care was a major purpose in life for Aboriginal people and
although their approach was entirely sustainable, they were actively intervening in the landscape.
They involved activities such as damming creeks, fire–stick farming and sustainable harvesting
methods. (Roberts, 2014) The damming of creeks created natural watering holes for their own use as
well as attracting animals to the area, which incidentally resulted in a change in Australian
landscape. Fire–stick farming was used to promote the growth of valued plants, with plant species
unable to survive fire and declining in numbers, and more resistant species, such as grass trees,
eucalypts and acacias, dominating. The Indigenous harvesting techniques were also quite sustainable
in conserving resources. For example, women dug some varieties of yams in such a way that a
portion which would regenerate was left in the ground. (Williams, 1986, pp. 93–94) Prior to the
arrival of Europeans, the Indigenous Australians managed their lands in a way that was sustainable
and would ensure biodiversity for the future.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of the impact of 3 European farming ... Show more content
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However, they left huge impacts on the environment. Whilst the artificial fertilisers provided extra
nutrition and improved yield, it also encouraged weed growth, consequently, causing a demand for
herbicides. The use of artificial fertilisers created runoff which entered rivers and contaminated
them, killing both aquatic life and the animals which relied on the rivers as their main water source.
Apart from contaminating the rivers, they also contaminated groundwater and this greatly changed
the pH of the soil in a large area, resulting in the change of soil acidity and toxic water; which was
harmful towards the growing native

The New Zealand And Australia
New Zealand and Australia have a high reliance on soil resources for agriculture, and indirectly the
economy (Withgott & Laposata, 2015). Due to this, it is important that productive soils are
sustainability managed in a way future generations can also receive benefits from them. New
Zealand's class 1 soil caters for approximately 0.7% of soil resources, therefore, it is important that
it is protected from soil degradation impacts, as soil formation is a slow process taking hundreds of
years (ENVS101–16B, 2016). Therefore, the impacts take years to mitigate.
Soil is a complicated structure made of nutrients, organic matter, fragmented rock, water, air, gases,
and microorganisms (Withgott & Laposata, 2015). These organisms and nutrients play a large role in
the composition of soil, therefore are fundamental to agricultural production, and indirectly an
invaluable part of the New Zealand and Australia economy, as well as important in terms of social,
cultural and environmental factors. Due to this, the need to sustainably manage these soils is great,
to maintain its capability to support life (Withgott & Laposata, 2015). Sustainable management is
defined as "managing the use, development, and protection of natural and physical resources in a
way, or at a rate, which enables people and communities to provide for their social, economic, and
cultural wellbeing" (Parliamentary Council Office, n.d.). It allows for resources, such as soil, to be
used in ways, which provides

Trophic Categories Etc..
Trophic Categories: 1. Producers 2. Consumers 3. Detritus feeders and decomposers Producers =
organisms that capture energy from the sun or from chemical reactions to convert carbon dioxide to
organic matter Organic Matter vs. Inorganic Matter –Matter that makes up the bodies of living
things generally characterized by the presence of carbon and hydrogen bonds. Most producers are
green plants. 1. Autotroph i. Chemosynthetic bacteria ii. Green plants iii. Algae 2. Heterotroph i.
Animals ii. Fungi iii. Protists (some) Consumers Primary consumers = {herbivores} {omnivores}
secondary consumers, tertiary consumers etc. = {carnivores} Predator Prey Relationships: Predator:
organism which does the feeding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
• nearly colorless, tasteless, and an odorless liquid. • the universal solvent; (rarely clean) • Water
is the only common, pure substance found naturally in all three states of matter • Highest density at
4˚C due to hexagonal crystal structure & hydrogen bond. • Polar nature The importance of
this property cannot be overemphasized for its role on the ecosystem of Earth. If water were more
dense when frozen, lakes and oceans in a polar environment would eventually freeze solid (from top
to bottom). This would happen because frozen ice would settle on the lake and riverbeds. an
important advantage for freshwater life in winter. • Surface water chills increases in density and
sinks • convection currents form that cool the whole water body, • when the temperature of the
lake water reaches 4 °C, water on the surface gains density and eventually forms ice. • downward
convection of colder water is blocked by the density change, • coldest water forms near the surface,
away from the riverbed or lakebed. Lithosphere: All other elements and minerals found in
lithosphere Mineral: hard crystalline inorganic material of a given chemical composition Organic
compounds: carbon–carbon, carbon–hydrogen bonds Inorganic compounds: have no C–C, or C–H
bonds Natural organic/ synthetic organic Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon

The United States Bureau Of Land Management
1 The U.S. Bureau of Land Management has stepped in to provide restorative practices upon
500,000 acres of heavily degraded public grasslands. This land is suffering from severe soil erosion
as well as degradation due to overgrazing. The suppression of natural fires has caused shrubs and
invasive weeds to encroach upon the grasslands. A full scale assessment will take place on this land
before restoration efforts begin. The first thing that would need to be assessed is the soil, for it is
eroding and holding little nutrient value. Samples would be taken of this soil from various parts of
the grasslands including the eroded gullies. Each soil sample would be taken from at least 1 foot
below the surface, to test for carbon richness below the topsoil. These would then be tested for
texture, density, water retention, and chemical composition. Typically, powerful, healthy soil will
contain amounts of both Nitrogen and Phosphorous, which are essential nutrients in sustainable
plant growth. These samples would also be tested for any build–up of salts, something known as soil
salinization. Unhealthy, salinized soil is created over years of over–hydrating and deep plowing.
Excess water will suffocate root systems of once–healthy crops, and salinized soils will reduce crop
output up to 20% (Withgott &Brennan, 2011). The next assessment would be in the shrubs and
invasive weed species on the land. Knowing the volume and location of these plants gives way to a
better understanding of

The Effects Of Soil On The Environment
In the natural environment, one of the most important elements that constitute it is soil. It
contributes greatly to the sustenance of living components as well as influencing their distribution
on the world's surface. Being a habitat provider, soil also controls and regulates the circulation of
water as chemical components present within the atmosphere (Nadimi & Farpoor, 2011). Some of
the vital gases within the environment also rely on soil for their circulation. The include oxygen and
carbon dioxide, which are crucial to the biological and cellular processes within living organisms.
Another role carried out by soil includes recording the human activities that occurred in the past up
until the recent time. Due to this, soil enriches the cultural essence and heritage of various
communities.
From the brief detailed discussion on the importance of soil to the low and higher life forms as well
as to the environment, it is important to understand its formation and the factors involved in this
process. Soil formation is an intricate process that allows for the development of soil based on
several factors, which influence it ( Nadimi & Farpoor, 2011). The paper delves deeper into
understanding the process of soil formation and the role each factor plays in determining the overall
soil development process and composition. Comprehension of these factors and soil formation
process allows the global community to appreciate the environment and equips the society with
information

The Effect Of Soil On The Soil Formation Of Soil
The soil is a complex mixture of minerals, water, air, organisms and organic matter that are decaying
remains of once–living things. The soil is vital in supporting plant life and all forms life. The soil is
not consistent throughout the world because of the way that it is formed and environmental factors
that vary through the process of soil formation.
The factors that play the most important role in the formation of soil are climate, organisms, relief,
parent material and time. These factors form the acronym CLORPT that is used to describe the
processes. Climate includes factors such as temperature and moisture; they are important in
determining the speed of weathering and the decay rate of the organic material. Organisms include
animals that burrow through the soil that affects the permeability and amount of air in the soil. Other
organisms in the soil are bacteria that affect the rate of decay of organic matter. Relief is the
direction and slope of the surface. This factor determines the amount of sunlight and how much
water is kept in the soil. Parent Material influences the chemical characteristics of the soil. For
example, a soil formed from limestone will have higher calcium concentration than soils that are
formed from a parent material with lower calcium than limestone. Time affects soil by how much
time it had to develop. Older soil will be different than younger soil because it has had more time to
breakdown parent material and decay organic matter. CLORPT

Unit 7 construction and maintenance of buildings
Unit 7 – Construction and maintenance of buildings
Assignment 1
P1.1:
Desktop Surveys – This survey takes place before the site has been visited and before construction
has begun which is during the very early stages of planning. The survey involves a number of
different things like the internet, books, maps, geological maps and council offices which all play a
part within the survey. A good starting point is to consult a number of large scale maps of the
proposed site to check the site boundaries, building lines, existing buildings and other man–made, or
natural, features which will affect the future buildings. A comparison with older maps may give
some clues to determine former use and potential hazards that may arise.
Walk over survey ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Analysis of representative soil samples will also be undertaken to characterise different soil
material, for example, pH, particle size, organic matter, potential contaminants and so on.
P1.2:
Ground investigations are a crucial part of the survey as they determine the nature of the land and
explains the different types of soil which helps identify the type of foundations that should be used
or how water absorbent the soil is. A few stages of a ground investigation include; Trial Pitting,
Dynamic Probe testing/Sampling, Cable Percussive Boreholes and Rotary Boreholes.
Trial Pitting – Trial pits can easily be performed by hand but it will take triple the amount of time
and you won't be able to get a good depth to get a good samples. Trial pits are usually dug
mechanically because it is finished much faster and can be dug a lot deeper. Trial pits are normally
excavated at 4.5m deep as this provides a good insight of what the foundations will be sitting on and
it provides information if deeper foundations are needed. The advantages of machinery is that
greater depths can be achieved which would result in a more detailed soil sample test etc. A
disadvantage of this would be minor ground disturbance which could cause problems.
Dynamic probe testing/Sampling – This can be performed with a tracked percussive or pneumatic
samplers which then collect the samples in plastic test

Factors That Affect Soil Development
Factors Affecting Soil Development
Studies on the research of soil have shown that the profile of soils is influenced by five factors
interacting with each there. These are: parent material, climate, topography, organisms, and time.
Parent material:
This refers to the mineral material, or organic material from which the soil is formed. Soils will
carry the characteristics of its parent material such as color, texture, structure, mineral composition
and so on. For example, if soils are formed from an area with large rocks (parent rocks) of red
sandstone, the soils will also be red in color and have the same feel as its parent material.
Time:
Soils can take many years to form. Younger soils have some characteristics from their parent ...
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It also means more runoff, more percolation and more water erosion. They all help to determine the
kind of soils in an area.
Relief:
This refers to the landscape position and the slopes it has. Steep, long slopes mean water will run
down faster and potentially erode the surfaces of slopes. The effect will be poor soils on the slopes,
and richer deposits at the foot of the slopes. Also, slopes may be exposed to more direct sunlight,
which may dry out soil moisture and render it less fertile.
Organisms:
The source and richness of organic matter is down to the living things (plants and animals) that live
on and in the soils. Plants in particular, provide lots of vegetative residue that are added to soils.
Their roots also hold the soils and protect them from wind and water erosion. They shelter the soils
from the sun and other environmental conditions, helping the soils to retain the needed moisture for
chemical and biological reactions. Fungi, bacteria, insects, earthworms, and burrowing animals help
with soil aeration. Worms help breakdown organic matter and aid decomposition. Animal droppings,
dead insects and animals result in more decaying organic matter. Microorganisms also help with
mineral and nutrient cycling and chemical reactions.
The Water Cycle
The water cycle, also called the hydrologic cycle, operates similarly to biogeochemical cycles in

which plant and animal nutrients move through the atmosphere, the earth, and through living things.
The

The Origin Or Coming Into Being Of Something : The Process...
Genesis: The origin or coming into being of something: the process or mode of origin. (Merriam–
webster.com, 2015).
Soil genesis is the process the mantle of a planet has undergone to decompose to the state we see
today. For simplicity, people refer to this as weathering. While weather does have a hand in the
process of soil formation, it is not the only environmental factor at play. Soil (S) is a function of
climate (c), organisms (o), relief (r), parent material (p), and time (t). This relationship can be
expressed as a formula:
S=f(cl,o,r,p,t)
Each of these factors can fluctuate and cause a shift during the life of a soil. The life of a soil could
take thousands of years before it is past it's prime. As humans, we can only look at a small window
during the lifespan of a soil. We have to look through a multitude of windows to piece together the
story of Soil.
S=f(cl) cl,o,r,p,t – Climate
If all factors are held steady and only climate is allowed to change, the effects climate has on a soils
life can be seen. The amount of water and the temperature a soil is exposed to cause the soil to
behave in different manners. It takes water infiltrating the soil's profile to dissolve solutes and carry
them off to a new place. This breaks down the parent material and leads to change in the material.
This new material will have new properties. A dry soil will not have the water to help leach away
materials in the soil's profile, therefore it ages more slowly than a wet soil.

Secondary And Types Of Secondary Nutrients
Secondary & Micronutrients Secondary nutrients are also required for plant growth and consist of
Sulfur, Calcium, and Magnesium. Though they are secondary they are still quite abundant in the soil
and are utilized within the complex functions a plant needs to grow. Sulfur is important for its
presence in vitamins and enzymes, calcium is essential to the structure of the cell wall, and
magnesium is the main electron carrier in the photosynthetic reaction (Prasad & Power, 1997, p.
243). Micronutrients are those that are only found in trace amounts but are still quite important in
many of the metabolic functions of the plant. The lack of some of these micronutrients are
responsible for a variety of deficiencies a plant may encounter due to ... Show more content on
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119). Soil microbes not only produce accessible nitrogen, but they also fix many nutrients which are
specific to plant growth (Araujo & Melo, 2010, p. 2421). These microbes naturally fertilize plants
and soils which embraces microbial life and more active nutrient cycling.
Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizal fungi play a large role in the terrestrial manifestation of plants (their movement onto
land). This is because this species of fungi form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, allowing
them to have more surface area and an overall greater water and nutrient absorption. These
symbiotic relationships occur in majority of plants and growth results can be drastic since
mycorrhizae allows for greater phosphorus consumption than the 15–20% consumed by plants
without mycorrhizae (Prasad & Power, 1997, p. 171). This fungus can be inoculated and integrated
within the soil when planting new crops, giving the plant roots greater potential for nutrients.
Mycorrhizae naturally occurs on the majority of plant roots making them abundant in natural soil
ecosystems and forest floors.
Other Important Aspects of Soil
Organic Litter Organic litter makes up the uppermost layer of soil and is supplemented by dead
leaves, branches, trees, and dead animal waste. These are all forms of organisms rich in organic
compounds that supply soil microbes with the raw material to convert into the components of soil
and usable nutrients. This

Soil Respiration : The Greatest Terrestrial Contributor Of...
Soil respiration is the greatest terrestrial contributor of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and can be
a direct indication of agricultural crop and soil health (Schlesinger and Andrews, 2000). The amount
of carbon dioxide generated from soil respiration is influenced by several factors including,
temperature, moisture, and carbon/nitrogen ratios in plant litter amongst others (Biology 208 Lab
Manual 2016). The occurrence of soil respiration is as a result of root respiration which signifying
healthy plant roots, and soil decomposers and microbial activity, a sign of nutrient–rich soil (Rustad
et al. 2000 and Bond–Lamberty et al. 2004). While limited carbon dioxide output shows poor soil
quality and little microbial metabolic activity, excessive output indicates over–tilling of soil and
diminishing soil nutrients, which could decrease crop yield (USDA, 2012). Knowledge of how
abiotic and biotic factors influence CO2 output is industrially beneficial when trying to determine
the best supplements for plant growth that contribute to environmental sustainability.
Increased temperature plays a role in the amount of liberated carbon dioxide (Wan and Luo, 2003),
and because cellular respiration is a metabolic reaction, increased temperature will increase the
activity of decomposers, releasing more carbon dioxide. To promote a sustainable environment and
optimum plant health, it is critical to be aware of the range of temperatures suitable for adequate soil
respiration. If

Acid Rain Pollution Essay
ACID RAIN
name here
Engineering 303i
Professor h
May 3, 2004
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Penguin Publishing House, 1987 , Pearce Fred Acid Rain. What is it and what is it doing to us? New
York Publishers, 1989, William Stone Acid Rain. Fiend or Foe? Lucent books, Inc. 1990, Steward
Gail Acid Rain.
Acid Rain
Acid rain is a great problem in our world. It causes fish and plants to die because earth's rainwaters
are contaminated. It also causes harm to people as well, because we eat fish, drink water and eat
plants that are polluted by acid rain. It is a problem that we must all face together and try to get rid
of. However, acid rain on it's own is not the biggest problem. It causes many other problems such as
aluminum ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Farmers put lime (a very strong alkaline substance) and special fertilizers in there soil neutralize the
acid in the soil on a regular daily basis.
In general, soil structure is classified as sandy, clay, or loam, although most garden soils are
mixtures of the three in varying proportions. A sandy soil is very loose and will not hold water. A
clay soil is dense and heavy, sticky when wet, and almost brick hard when dry. Loam is a mixture of
sand and clay soils, but it also contains large quantities of humus, or decayed organic material,
which loosens and aerates clay soil and binds sandy soil particles together. In addition, humus
supplies plant nutrients. Then, soil structure can be improved by digging in compost, manure, peat
moss, and other organic matter.
Parts of western United States, Minneapolis, northeastern North America and east and north Canada
are places in North America where soil is more sensitive to acid deposits then any other places.
Many factors, including the soil chemistry and the type of rock determine the environments ability
to neutralize the acid deposits from the rain.
Soils naturally contain small amounts of poisonous minerals such as mercury, aluminum, and
cadmium. Normally, these minerals do not cause serious problems, but as the acidity of the soil

increases, chemical reactions allow the minerals to be absorbed by the plants. The plants are
damaged and any animals that eat the plants

Electrical Grounding Best Practices : Electrical Systems...
Electrical grounding best practices
A good grounding system should provide the maximum safety from contact, electrical system faults
and lightening. For a grounding system to perform efficiently over long periods of time, it should be
designed and installed properly using reliable materials and proven techniques.
Grounding is important for three main reasons;
Safety to people
Protection of equipment and building which may come into contact with the live wires or systems.
Electrical noise reduction
The electrical ground provides a current return path to the earth mass. The earth is usually
considered to be an electrically neutral body with equal number of positive and negative charges
which are distributed *** throughout the earth and any given time.**** RD
The effectiveness of the grounding system depends on the individual components. Some of the
factors to consider include
The grounding conductors : that connects noncurrent carrying metal parts to raceways, enclosures,
etc
Grounding electrodes
Grounding Connectors
Type of the soil and environment Components of a building grounding system
The building grounding system consists of
The exterior grounds
The electrical service ground
Building interior grounding
Equipment grounding and bonding
Lightening protection
Basic grounding practices
The electrical service ground – Ground bus
Installation has a bus bar which provides a single point ground. This is usually a heavy copper bar or
wire of low

Core Aeration
How Can Core Aeration in Lexington KY Benefit You?
Soil needs to breathe under the surface of vegetation, and when we talk about that, we talk about
aeration. Everything that is living needs oxygen for combustion of fuel to procure energy, for the
preservation of life. Therefore, it becomes very crucial to take care of the lawn soil, in order to
facilitate the beauty of the landscape. Lawn aeration could be as simple as removing chunks of soil
around the plant or digging holes to allow oxygen, fertilizers, and water to enter the soil. In technical
terms, it is just soil cultivation which has to be done in order to aerate the lawn.
How could one be benefitted from aeration?
Removing weed, unwanted growth, digging the soil and perforation, are all processes involved in
aeration. Aeration promotes good health to the soil and the vegetation. Everything about core lawn
aeration has benefits written over it. It allows the exchange of oxygen and other ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This process of air exchange between the soil and the roots is basically what we are talking about
and aiming at. Landscaping is our area of expertise and we are fully equipped to achieve the same.
As far as core aeration is concerned, digging out chunks of compacted soil which allow the
exchange of oxygen, water, and nutrients, is very crucial to successful landscaping. Everything
about core lawn aeration sounds tedious, considering the amount of time it consumes and the
expenses one has to bear. However, core aeration is required just once in a year, mainly during the
spring. We, the team of core aeration in Lexington KY, help relieve the soil of your lawn from
compaction, beautifying the landscape. The perforation of the soil makes it more tolerant to heat and
extreme conditions and the reduced soil compaction makes the lawn grow in no time. Thus, the
picturesque, core aeration in Lexington KY provides, is highly enticing and

Ap Bio Soil Essay
What is soil?
Xenophanes wrote, "For all things come from earth, and all things end by becoming earth."
Over 2500 years ago, Xenophanes knew that soil was indicative of life on Earth, and with today's
amelioration of scientific literacy, we are able to concede with the poetic statement. So, what is soil?
Perhaps a more cordial question would be to inquire soil's relevance to life on Earth. This essay will
argue that soil plays a vital role in general ecosystems (ranging from man–made cities to forest
environs).
Soil is a mixture of mineral particles, decaying material, living organisms, air, and water. The
specific aforementioned composition of soil permits plant life and is essential for life on Earth.
Although understanding soils constituent parts is crucial, as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Soils provide a habitat for a wide range of organisms (ranging from macro–organisms; such as mice
to micro–organisms; bacteria and fungi).
4. Not only does soil capture water, but soil also filters water by physical, chemical and biological
processes.
5. Soil stores, moderates the release of, and cycles nutrients and other elements, an example may be
the element; carbon. Living organisms are then able to repeatedly use these nutrients or elements.
6. Soils serve as a foundation for human architecture and engineering (such as buildings, dams and
roadbeds).
7. Soil is used to augment the groundwater in order to withdraw freshwater before it moves into an
aquifer.
When assembling all roles of soil, one is able to see that soil plays a vital part of the natural
environment. It is just as important as plants, and animals. It influences the distribution of plant
species and provides a habitat for a wide range of organisms.
Thus, in conclusion, this essay has considered: the definition of soil, identifying the components of,
and its contribution to soils unique properties, and the critical roles in which soils play to sustain life
on Earth. Soil, therefore, coincides with life on our

Factors Influencing Soil Formation
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Factors influencing soil formation and soil properties
Soil is an open system. Properties are functionally related. System changes when properties change.
There are five main factors possible affecting soil formation topography, climate, vegetation, time,
and parent material. In addition, human activities are also considered one of the factor influencing
soil properties.
1.1.1. The effects of parent material on soil formation:
The parent material of a soil refers to the mineral material or organic material from which the soil is
formed that determines the original supply of those nutrient elements that are released by weathering
and influences the balance between nutrient loss and retention. Soils will carry the ... Show more
The effects of topography on soil formation: Topography can affect soil nutrient storage and organic
matter in soil by influencing evaporation, microclimate, transpiration, and runoff, because it
determines the amount of solar radiation received. The amount of insolation governs air and soil
temperatures, and soil water availability, which in turn affect establishment and growth of plants [3]
[4], long slopes mean water will run down faster and potentially erode the surfaces of slopes also,
slopes may be exposed to more direct sunlight, which may dry out soil moisture and render it less
fertile. Figuer1.1.4: How–does–slope

Soil Conservation
Soil, which is one of the most important natural resources, is often less heeded. The importance of
soil conservation is relatively less talked about as compared to the conservation of water and other
natural resources. The almost–omnipresent soil is mostly taken for granted. Its omnipresence is
ironically the reason behind us, human beings, taking it for a ride. We rarely even think of it as a
natural resource that needs to be conserved, a part of the natural wealth that needs to be preserved.
The concept of the conservation of soil takes into account, the strategies for preventing the soil from
getting eroded and preventing it from losing its fertility due to an adverse alteration in its chemical
composition. Here are some ways to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Salinity of soil is detrimental to the vegetative life in the soil. The death of vegetation is bound to
cause soil erosion. Hence, salinity management is one of the indirect ways to conserve soil.
Soil organisms: Organisms like earthworms and others benefiting the soil should be promoted.
Earthworms, through aeration of soil, enhance the availability of macronutrients in soil. They also
enhance the porosity of soil. The helpful organisms of soil promote its fertility and form an element
in the conservation of soil.
Indigenous Crops: Planting of native crops is known to be beneficial for soil conservation. If non–
native plants are grown, the fields should be bordered by indigenous crops to prevent soil erosion
and achieve soil

Types Of Soil Life And Soil Chemistry
3. Mycorrhizal fungi
Mycorrhizal fungi form a bridge between the roots and the soil, gathering nutrients from the soil and
giving them to the roots. In this association, the fungus colonizes the host plant roots, either
intracellular as in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or extracellular as in ectomycorrhizal fungi. They
are an important component of soil life and soil chemistry. Arbuscular mycorrhiza, which is formed
between plants and Glomeromycota fungi, has the widest distribution in the nature (Sadhana, 2014).
Both types (Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Endomycorrhizal Fungi.) penetrate the plant roots,
ectomycorrhizae spread their hyphae between root cells, while endomycorrhizae hyphae penetrate
root cells.
Ectomycorrhizae hosts include members of the Pine, Oak and Beech families as well as few others
in scattered families. Endomycorrhizae are the most common, and are found in grasses, shrubs,
some trees, and many other plants. There are four major plant families that usually do not form
mycorrhizae: Amaranthaceae (Pigweed family), Brassicaceae (Mustard family), Chenopodiaceae
(Goosefoot family) and Zygophyllaceae (Peters, 2002).
These plant families are well known as weeds.
Endomycorrhiza are variable and are further classified as arbuscular, ericoid, arbutoid, monotropoid
and orchid mycorhizae. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous in soil habitats and
form beneficial symbiosis with the roots of angiosperms and other plants (Gerdemann, 1968).Most
terrestrial

Switch Grass Pros And Cons
The USDA should allow farmers more land for cultivation of switch grass, and less land for corn
because switch grass grown for the purpose of producing ethanol will have many more benefits both
economically and environmentally compared to corn, which has many harmful outcomes.
Farmers are being held back from cultivating a huge amount of land that have a very high potential
for growing switch grass, The USDA is the cause behind this held back of potential land usage. In
Fact, the USDA is holding back thirty five million acres of marginal land; and since switch grass
does not have any or very little profit in the market farmers grow none to very little switch grass.
These marginal lands are a very poor soil type and has very little potential for other plants to be
grown on. Although, marginal land is considered to be a very poor choice for most conventional
agriculture, it is an almost perfect type of soil for switch grass to grow. Panicum virgatum, which is
the scientific name for switch grass, is a perennial plant, meaning it lasts two or more years, while
corn only lasts for only a year(Renz, Undersander, and Casler).
Corn on the other hand is grown on more than ninety millions acres of land. In 2011 about thirty
five billion bushels where harvested and only eleven percent of this was used as a food source and
the majority of the production was used for ethanol production( Brester). Corn, meant to be used as
a food source, is the crop that is used the most as a source of

The Planting Of Cover Crops
CROPS – summary
1. Planting of cover crops is a process of non–cash crops intend by farmer to grow purposely to
protect and improve in–between the time of crop production. It is an easy way to revitalize the
fertility of the soil for other subsequent plants growth. Crops duration time are varied from monthly
and years depending on its objective and approach adopted. It is usually planted in vacant space and
adds to the fertility of soil after they grow instead of being eaten up. They add a number of
advantages to a waste space in the off– season gardening.
The reasons why cover crops are usually used are: 1). Cover crops are usually used in arable rotation
as catch crops, providing cover key times to reduce nutrient losses. 11) It ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The types and growth influences how much nitrogen is captured and released when nitrogen shows
higher availability to follow crop. Ii) It improves soil structure when cover crops help open up soil
and access to water and nutrient can be improved. Iii) Cover crops supply ground cover for the risk
of soil erosion by water or wind, in this case there is possibility of reduction in erosion risk. Iv).
Habitat creation which enables cover crops to provide a winter cover and habitat for wild birds,
insects and small mammals, and this provides grazing opportunities for wildlife. v) Nutrient losses
are reduced – cover crops reduce soil run–off lessen the loss of phosphate fixed to soil particles.
This also reduces nitrate leaching and losses of nitrate and nitrate and nitrous oxide. Vi). Weed and
pest management – most of cover crops type normally contend with range of weed and assist to
provide a clean seedbed for crops. Lastly, water quality are improved and benefited cash crops, this
reduces losses of nutrient, sediment and pesticides. It impacts on water quality and habitats when the
soil run–off is in high level nutrient and cause choking to other aquatic life.
The constraints on cover crops affecting cover crops are: the accountability of labor overheads and
the cost of cover crops purchases, the time available to plant is

A Research On Organic And Chemical Essay
Organic and chemical are both antagonistic words, and both are rivals to say in the horticulture and
agriculture industries, as one of the words invokes a sense of greenery and meadows while the other
hinders to synthetic mixtures and various concoctions in a sterilized environment. What organic
fertilizers means is that they are minimally processed, in which the nutrients are sourced in their
natural form. Most of these sources are made from plant waste, animal wastes, and powdered
materials such as glacial rock dust and bone meal. On the other hand, chemical fertilizers are refined
nutrients from extracts that are mixed with chemical dressings to create a specific ratio. Chemical
fertilizers are made from petroleum products, certain rocks, and also from organic sources.
100 years ago a lone chemist, Fritz Haber, discovered ammonia synthesis, a process in which Fritz
used a sheet of osmium inside a steel chamber, flowing with nitrogen and hydrogen gas, and packed
with pressure and enormous heat, created ammonia. Fritz was a genius, and he discovered
something many scientists had been frantically researching for years, the idea of turning nitrogen
gas, which was abundant in the atmosphere, into a physical form in which plants can take up as
nutrients. The advent rise of chemical fertilizers has brought humans many great harvests in the turn
of the last century. It has given the ability for agriculture to sustain and feed humanity at an ever
more increasing rate, from 1.6

Seepage Control in Earthen Dams
Most dams in active use today exhibit seepage of one form or another. The location, rate of flow,
and turbidity (clear or murky) are the critical factors when evaluating the seriousness of seepage
from a dam. Seepage is the continuous movement of water from the upstream face of the dam
toward its downstream face, and is a major minor problem when it comes to the life span of dams
and embankments. It is a major minor problem because if controlled the affects are minor and not
hazardous, but if not controlled it can become a major problem and possibly result in failures.
–Conditions of Seepage– Most dams have some seepage through or around the embankment as a
result of water moving through the soil structure. If the seepage forces are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Most failures caused by groundwater and seepage can be classified into one of two categories based
on the type of soil movement that is occurring. The failures will typically develop over a relatively
long period of time so there will be ample warning if routine inspections are performed. The two
categories of failure include those that take place when soil particles migrate to an escape exit and
cause piping or erosion failures, and those that are caused by uncontrolled seepage patterns that lead
to saturation, internal flooding, excessive uplift, or excessive seepage forces.
–Controlling Seepage– Regularly scheduled monitoring and inspection is essential to detect seepage
and prevent dam failure. Inspections should be made periodically throughout the year. Frequency
should be based on hazard classification of the dam. Higher classified dams should be checked more
common, compared to those that are lower hazard classified. At a minimum all dams should be
visually inspected at least every six months, before a predicted major storm event, during or after
severe rainstorms or snowmelts, and inspected weekly after construction is complete and reservoir
filling is ongoing, and for at least two months after the reservoir has been filled. Dam inspections
performed on a regular basis are the most economical aid a dam owner can use to assure the safety
and long life of the structure while reducing liability risks. If seepage is detected on a

Essay about Compost Lab
Building a Compost Lab
Darius Dixon
Biology 5TH Period
6/7/10
Introduction Composting is nature's way of recycling and is the key to healthy soil and a healthy
environment. Composting is a cost– efficient way of getting rich natural soil for a very cheap price.
There are numerous types of compost bins available to make; each enable the growth of lawns and
gardens. A compost pile is usually made from fruit and vegetable scraps, newspaper and grass
clippings, worms (that act as decomposers), and leaves.
Hypothesis
According to the concept of composting it is more than likely that rich filled nutrient soil will be
produced from the worm compost bin at the end of a twenty day period. Rich soil that one buys at
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Day 16
6/3 N/A N/A N/A 6/4 Add fertilizer to make up for lost compost. Lettuce turns black
Day 18
Aerate
6/5 50 Fresh Smell Moist More worms however they are fried from being under sunlight and add
dirt.
Day 20
Finished
6/7 51 Ok looking Rough Dead worms show so mix up in compost.
Analysis and Conclusion
At the conclusion of my experiment my hypothesis was correct. The worm bin was successfully
composted and the organic waste was decomposed by the worms. However as a fault of leaving the
worms under direct sunlight it seems that they were burned and died. Also, as a result of moving
worm bin outside due to smell, a rodent knocked it over therefore I dirt was added to refill lost soil.
When one should conduct experiment again may upsize worm bit to produce more soil.

1 Worm compost saves you money by replacing store–bought soil conditioners.
2 Helps garden and house plants grow by improving the fertility of your soil.
3 Saves water by helping the soil hold moisture and reducing water runoff.
4 Benefits the environment by recycling valuable organic resources, reducing air and water pollution
from refuse trucks and runoff, and extending the life of

The Decomposition Of Soil Organic Matter
The decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM), or plant litter, by soil organisms, influences soil
chemistry and its physical properties. The breakdown rate of SOM affects plant nutrient availability,
the moisture holding capacity of soils, soil structure and the biological activity of soil organisms.01
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), these
microorganisms carry out processes that are essential for soil health and biodiversity, performing
vital functions in the soil, such as soil fertility, plant growth, maintaining soil structure, soil
resilience and carbon storage. 01 There are three biogeochemical cycles that are essential to life –
carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)–and have been the focus of many studies, which have
found organic C, N, P and sulfur (S) to be strongly related. Having a better understanding of this soil
ecosystem, including processes and the C–N–P–S stoichiometry of SOM , is important to shedding
light on the nature of nutrient limitation in terrestrial ecosystems. Furthermore, it has applications to
the "capture of the benefits of soil biological activity for sustainable and productive agriculture" and
to the reduction of negative impacts from human intervention (FAO). 01
When I first arrived at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) in Lancaster, United Kingdom,
I had limited knowledge of the implications of nutrient cycling in soils and waters. Although I was
no stranger to environmental

Persuasive Essay On Agriculture
Seventeen years ago, when I was born, the world population was 6 billion. By the time I started
kindergarten, the population increased 9% to 6.6 billion. When I passed my driver's test, the
population grew to 7.4 billion which is another 10.8% increase. So it is safe to say the statistic "The
population expectancy is going to reach 9.7 Billion people by the year 2050" ("United Nations"), is
more than just an over repeated prediction, it is a reality my generation will be faced with. "In one
minute there are 250 children born, which correlates to one birth every eight seconds" ("Census
Bureau"). Meaning the demand for agriculture is only increasing to keep up with this growing
population. Producing more food requires higher yield, precision agriculture, and perhaps finding
creative ways to grow more food in less space. One important way to ensure maximum agriculture
production is with healthy soils that are full of life.
In today's society we face many problems as a nation and as a world, from economics, to war, to
famine. These issues often cause us to overlook the most basic need: to look out for our planet's well
being. Our main goal should be to conserve our natural resources such as soil and water.
Agriculture, ironically, is often one of the factors that is contributing to the destruction of our soil
and water. Farmers apply fertilizer, pesticides and many other chemicals to use on their fields.
Fertilizer stimulates soil microbes, which consume organic

Effect Of Fertilizer On Plant Growth
The Effect of Fertilizer on Plant's Growth
Plants need food to grow like human beings. Fertilizers can provide plant's nutrients that may be
lacking in the soil. How does the amount of fertilizer effect the growth of the plant? Plants are
important in our life. Plants give us food, regulate the water cycle, and provide us oxygen. Plants
make up the habitat, and contribute to the climate. Our everyday life depends on plants. Life could
not exist without plants. It is very important plants grow and develop properly. Lack of water,
nutrients in the soil, and natural disasters may contribute to the delay or reduction of the plant
growth. If a plant does not get the right amount of nutrients from the root then the plant will not
yield fruits, crops, and flowers. Plants need the right amount of fertilizer to grow and develop.
Usage of too much fertilizer can harm plants. Plant can suffer from dehydration and eventually die.
The correct amount of fertilizer is essential for the plant to grow healthy. If watering the plant with
too little or too much fertilizer, then plant's growth will slow down, because under fertilizer will
cause the lack of nutrients in the soil and over fertilizer will increase the salt amount of soil which
eventually slow down the growth of the plant.
The Department of Crop Production at Kwara State University in Nigeria conducted an experiment
on the growth of a plant called "Amaranthus Caudatus" in the savanna zone of Nigeria on November
20, 2014. This

John Medina's Brain Rules For Baby
The book Brain Rules for Baby which was written by John Medina who is a very successful man in
science. He is a molecular biologist from Seattle who actually founded the Talaris Institute ,which
helps parents raise emotionally healthy children. He also manages to share his knowledge on the
development of kids from the molecular level as well as in parenting and giving helpful advice
throughout the book. Now he has written a similar book just named Brain Rules but this book is
more in depth with the information on smaller kids from 0 to 5 years of age. A father Himself he
shares stories and research he has personally conducted while sharing research he has accumulated
over the years to help prove his point of view on the subject of child development ... Show more
Saying that no parent is perfect some is genetics but he helps us understand that while it is hard
being a positive influence you should try your best and not everything is your fault but you need to
know what the difference is between nature and nurture. A personal story he shared was he was at a
science fair with his family when a girl got their attention about an experiment she conducted .The
experiment was very simple ,she placed two seeds in soil and watered it to see the outcome .The
variables were nothing but the soil they received the same amount of water and sun but one was
placed in very rich fertile soil while the other one was in very poor soil. The outcome of the poor
soil was a poor plant and the opposite for the seed placed rich soil as the seed began to sprout and
blossom into a very healthy plant. He saw it as the past or genetics (soil in this case ) influenced the
variable but made me realize. Making me think about the experiment in a personal form. What if
you add fertilizer to the poor plant it would improve the outcome. The other thing i contemplated
was if you add too much fertilizer to the good soil plant you run a risk of killing it. You could also
change the soil. The inference of fuertelizer is to saythat thigs can always chnge and be altered .
meanyin it is never to late to a better healthier happy life or to raise a happy kid there is always
something

Flow Of Water Within The Soil And The Nutrient Cycle

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