Chipper Shredder Guide Saves Gardeners Time

Chipper Shredder Essay
Meta: A chipper shredder is a gardening tool that every gardener must invest. The best chipper
shredder can shred off dead leaves, tree branches, twigs, and other organic wastes to make natural
manure.
5 Best Chipper Shredder for Your Garden:
Find Out Which One is for you!
For many gardeners, it takes a lot of effort to keep your garden clutter–free. More often than not, we
often find twigs and leaves all over our backyard during seasonal changes. Cleaning up your whole
garden requires too much effort and time. Aside from that, the excessive timber makes your garden
cluttered and congested. Many gardeners find this situation problematic and would often spend
money on extra hand to clean the garden.
But with the advancement of technology, we don't have to worry about excessive timber anymore.
You don't have to spend the whole day out cleaning the garden nor spend more cash for an extra
hand. With the help of the best chipper shredder, cleaning the garden from debris becomes an easier
task. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
WHAT IS A CHIPPER SHREDDER?
A chipper shredder is a tool that chops and shreds branches, twigs, and certain woods into smaller
pieces. It is also used as leaf and organic waste shredder. This device can be used for both
commercial and residential purposes.
A chipper shredder often runs on electricity, but recently, it can now run on gas fuel. Their blades are
sharp, and they can shred any type of garden waste. Chipper shredders have different types, varying
in power, design, functionality, and portability.
https://pixabay.com/en/chop–bio–waste–garbage–garden–1255234/
This electric chipper shredder is working on the twigs and other debris in the garden
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Bioplastic: Replacing All That Plastic
Bioplastic is becoming a big topic in our society because of excess of amount of waste plastic being
used. Bioplastic decays much faster then regular plastic. There are many ways bioplastic can be
produced and many scientists are researching specifically making it with natural products. Scientist
figured out that high–leveled starch products are very effective when it comes to making of
bioplastic. Bioplastic is a very fast developing technology that will help the reduce the amount of
plastics in landfills and usage of fossil fuels. Many of the products people used everyday are made
from plastic. Plastics consists of polymers which are chemical compounds made up of long chains
of smaller molecules. Plastic is a necessity in the current society, although to manufacture, it
requires a fossil fuel. Fossil fuels are carbon–based fuel sources, such as oil and gas which is made
from fossilized plant and animal remains. Plastics are a bane to the environment because they are
not biodegradable (cannot be broken down by decomposers), and cause global warming. The price
for production of biodegradable plastic will soon drop for 3 reasons. First, as the production of
biodegradable increase, the cost disadvantage will disappear. Second, oil and petroleum are a
nonrenewable resource and the supply of will decrease. The supply is limited and when it starts to
run out the price will increase. And lastly, the world is trying to be more eco friendly and there are
many researches going on

Eco Friendly And Edible Silverware
Allie Lyda
4/9/2015
period 5/6
Eco–Friendly/ Edible Silverware
Our environment has a lot of problems with waste that we create and it is getting more out of hand
each year. Waste is harming wildlife, rivers, plants, and humans. I have come up with a solution to
this global problem and reasons why we need it. My solution is to develop eco–friendly/edible
silverware.
Biodegradable means to have the ability to decompose by bacteria and other living organisms.
Biodegradable products are made out of natural plant materials like corn or sugarcane. I believe
biodegradable products are a good way to reduce waste and keep our environment healthy, unlike
plastic, which many products consist of. General everyday plastic is made out of oil, one of Earth's
limited resources. Oil takes up to three hundred million years to form. Also, oil–based products that
are not reusable end up in one of the world's many landfills, which can take up to one thousand
years to decompose. Oil based products also can get washed into seas or oceans. Over time, the
plastic products can release poisonous toxins, harming wildlife and polluting nearby rivers.
Comparing biodegradable products to plastic products you can see that biodegradable products use
up to seventy percent less carbon dioxide to produce than plastic products. It also only takes twelve
weeks for biodegradable products to decompose.
Recycling waste is a simple answer to our problem, but instead, the shortage of waste treatment
systems can

Environment Issues Of Hong Kong Essay
Environment Issues in Hong Kong
Introduction
Waste has been a common problem in most of the developed regions. Hong Kong is not an
exception; the problem has been deteriorating as the society develops and its population grows. The
country produces waste huge amount every day and it is estimated to be increasing by 3 percent in
every year. According to the research conducted by Ambrose and Harris (2011), most of the waste in
this nation is handled by land–filling. Young (2014) expressed a similar idea where he claimed that
in 2003 the land is approximated to have received average daily waste of 17757 tonnes. However,
the existing landfills are anticipated to be filled within 8–10 years if the current trend of waste
generation continues. However, Hong Kong has a limited land resource, and it 's hard to find new
land–filling sites. This raises the need to improve the situation ensuring continuous development.
One of the most notable types of waste is the waste resulting from packaging material. Packing is
done basically to protect products from damaging thus ensuring the quality of the product is
preserved. Yucel and Ozkan (2015)by summarizing the work of many others claims that over the
years, consumerism has become more apparent influencing packaging to come up with various
complex designs with a motive of attracting consumers. Cela and Kaneko(2013) claimed that most
of the packaging waste result from domestic activities accounting for 43 percent, followed by

The Dangers Of Plastics And Its Effects Of Plastics
The destruction of the earth is becoming a more and more prevalent issue. Between water, air,
radioactive, and even light pollution, the more advanced humans become, the worse we seem to
treat our planet. One of the most commonly used products that contributes greatly to the
mistreatment of our earth is plastic. Most plastics are made from petroleum or natural gas; non–
renewable resources extracted and processed using energy–intensive techniques that destroy fragile
ecosystems. The manufacture of plastic, as well as its destruction by incineration, pollutes air, land
and water, and exposes workers to toxic chemicals, including carcinogens. It's not news that plastic
is harmful to the environment, but how much damage is it really causing? Plastic is everywhere
around us and a huge part of our lives. Chemicals added to plastics are absorbed by human bodies.
Some of these chemicals have been found to alter hormones or have other potential human health
effects. Along with effects on humans, plastic also very negatively affects wildlife. Plastic debris,
laced with the same chemicals that affect humans, are regularly ingested by marine animals. When
plastic is "disposed of" in landfills the chemicals spread underground and eventually find their way
into our water sources. "One of the most ubiquitous and long–lasting recent changes to the surface
of our planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics," wrote David Barnes, a lead author
and researcher for the British Antarctic Survey. Considering how detrimental plastic is to our world,
one would expect that an alternative material would be utilized, and we could be one step closer to
having a cleaner earth. But unfortunately, like everything else in this world, it's all about money.
Many alternative materials that could replace plastic would be more expensive to produce and
utilize, which isn't worth it for plastic producers. Despite there being many more expensive
replacements, there is one substitute that is efficient, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly:
industrial hemp plastic.
Hemp has been grouped in with marijuana as the same thing and demonized as a drug. But, there is
actually less than 0.5% THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) in hemp, which is the

Vegetable Waste Disposal and Management in Cebu City...
VEGETABLE WASTE DISPOSAL AND MANAGEMENT IN CEBU CITY PUBLIC MARKETS
A Research Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of the School of Business and Economics
University of San Carlos
Cebu City, Philippines
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the course
Business Research BA109N
By
BOCO, MELISSAANNE
DELA TORRE, NYMPHA ROSE
OZARAGA, MA.REBECCA
QUIJADA, MA.GABRIELLEN
SAN PEDRO, MA.LOURDES
January 21, 2013
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Organic vegetables and fruits are considered important food sources. They are generally inexpensive
and though naturally low in fat and calories, they are stillpacked with important nutrients. However,
their tendency to spoil easily in their fresh and unpreserved stateresults in organic waste. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Applying efficient and effective vegetable waste management methods would produce a positive
impact not only on the incomes of Cebu City public market vendors but also on the Cebuanosociety
as a whole and the community in which it lives.
Statement of the Problem
The researchers conduct this study to describe the methods for disposal and management of
vegetable wastes in the public markets of Cebu City. Specifically, the study attempted to answer the
following questions: a. How much vegetable wastes are currently being disposed of in the public

markets in Cebu City? b. What method for disposal and management of vegetable wastes are
currently implemented by the authorities that are responsible for the public markets? c. How do
public market vendors respond to these implemented disposal and management methods? What are
their attitudes and behaviors towards these methods? d. What are effective alternative methods of
disposing and managing vegetable wastes in the public markets of Cebu City?
Statement of Assumptions
It is assumed that the disposal of spoiled vegetables in the proper and most advantageous manner
presents problems to public market vegetable vendors, and that these vegetable vendors have their
own strategies in disposing of spoiled vegetables which differ from market to market. It is also
assumed that the public market area is a factor that affects the

Eco Friendly And Edible Silverware
Eco–Friendly/ Edible Silverware Our environment has a lot of problems with waste that we create
and it is getting more out of hand each year. Waste is harming wildlife, rivers, plants, and humans. I
have come up with a solution to this global problem and reasons why we need it. My solution is to
develop eco–friendly/edible silverware. Biodegradable means to have the capability of being able to
decompose by bacteria and other living organisms. Biodegradable products are made out of natural
plant materials like corn or sugarcane. I believe biodegradable products is a good way to reduce
waste and keep our environment healthy, unlike plastic, which many products consist of. General
everyday plastic is made out of one of Earth's limited resources, oil. Oil takes up to three hundred
million years to form. Also, oil based products that are not reusable, and end up in one of the world's
many landfills, which takes up to one thousand years to decompose. Oil based products also end
being washed into seas or oceans, and overtime the plastic products can release poisonous toxins,
harming wildlife, or polluting nearby rivers. Comparing biodegradable products to plastic products
you can see that biodegradable products use up to seventy percent less carbon dioxide to produce
than plastic products. It also only takes twelve weeks for biodegradable products to decompose.
Recycling waste is a simple answer to our problem, but instead the shortage of waste treatment
systems can resort in

Benefits Of Using Plastic On Food Industry
Veronika Kavun
Professor Allen Austin
SCI 2000
27 April 2016
Edible Alternatives To Single–Use Plastic In Food Industry
Plastic pollution has reached the all–time high. According to recent research, there are already more
than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250 000 tons afloat in the oceans (Eriksen et al., 2014).
Sustainablecoastlines.org, a New Zealand Charity dedicated to cleaning up the island's coastlines,
estimates that 72.4% of all plastic pollution in the Pacific oceans consists of single use plastics,
22.5% of which is food wrappers, containers and bottle caps ("Our Impact"). Those numbers spell
out an urgency to come up with a sustainable solution that will slow down the production of plastic
debris while maintaining ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Biodegradable plastics, produced from food–based products rather than petroleum, although very
promising, still represent a very small percentage of the waste problem. Those should be broken
down only in specialized composting facilities through a controlled process that still produces
considerable amounts of methane (Dell, 2010). Clearly, the issue needs a completely different
approach. Edible alternatives to plastic are the next logical step to solving the contamination
problem.
Designers of edible packaging borrowed the concept from nature. Just like apple or grape skins,
those ultra–thin but strong membranes are capable of holding both liquid and solid foods while
being completely washable. Edible plastics can be made from vegetables, fruits or nuts with some
chitosan (biopolymer) or alginate (algae extract). Once those particles are gelatinized, they create
the firm but edible skin which mimics resistance of conventional plastics. This kind of packaging
will still need an outer box or a bag to keep the product clean on the shelf, but the individual
servings will no longer have to be ripped open and discarded. Instead, they can be dissolved in hot
liquid directly or rinsed off and eaten together with the contents. Some examples of this new zero–
waste food industry ideas have already appeared on the

Marketing Mix Of Producing Bio Friendly Plastics
Table of Contents
Executive Summary 1
1. Company Background 2
1.1 Establishment 2
1.2 General Objective 3
1.3 Award and Success 3
2. Market of ECOVATIVE Product in Bangladesh 3
3. Marketing Mix analysis 4
3.1 Product 4
4. Mushroom Surfboards 6
3.2 Price 6
3.3 Place 7
3.4 Promotion 8
4. Production cost analysis 8
Reference 9
Executive Summary
The project focuses on a company ECOVATIVE that is producing bio–friendly plastics those help to
fulfill the human demand as well as save the environment. The core focus is to develop a view to
save the environment by using bio–friendly products and promote it on worldwide market as well as
satisfy consumer demand with low cost. The project also focuses on the 4p (Product, Price, Place
and Promotion) positioning of bio–plastic.
The inner goal of this whole project is to replace and eliminate the synthetic and plastic materials
like Styrofoam, plastic covering, and other types of synthetic packaging with the new bio–
technology called mushroom packaging. The synthetic materials like plastics require a large number
of energy to produce as disposal issues requirement and these materials are slowly poisoning our
planet each and every time. One little bit of Styrofoam substance consists of 1.5 liters of petrol. In

addition, Styrofoam reaction is not so organic with soil material. Consistently individuals are
producing 20 billion dollars of this material, in everything from building materials to surfboards and
table tops.
According

Essay on Municipal Solid Waste a.k.a. Trash
Municipal Solid Waste
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is what is commonly known as trash or garbage. The continents of
Municipal Solid Waste consist of array of inorganic, organic, human solid waste, and hazardous
materials. It has been said that in earlier history of waste management used open dumps as the
popular method of waste deposal. The waste method used to make deposal of the waste during pre–
industrial were not advanced at all ,however, overtime this has changed dramatically modern
landfills are complex enterprises now. Solid waste landfills are now built to be environmentally
friendly and have a higher protection against contaminants and motoring groundwater contaminants
(Landfills, 2014). In the modern landfills there is consists ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Was everything associated with the early landfills great? No, the problems associated with early
landfills consist of toxins contaminating the soil and groundwater, leachate pollution, and
greenhouse gases releasing methane into the atmosphere. Leachate travels through drains and water
percolates material can be extremely harmful to the water supplies (Editorial Board, 2014). It is
imperative that the various pollutants be prevented from contaminating groundwater resources.
Methane is release into the atmosphere from landfills; paper waste, household waste, and food waste
deposed of and can produce methane release is highly flammable and extremely dangerous.
Incomplete decomposition is the complete breakdown of carbon dioxide, water, and carbon
compounds (M.U.S.E, 2013). What is settling it has been said that settling is the decomposition of
waste. The Altamont Landfill one the baggiest landfill operating it is also an electricity–generating
landfill with gas–powered turbines and windmills. The waste that is processed at this particular site
"non–hazardous municipal solid wastes, non–hazardous industrial and special wastes, de–watered
wastewater treatment plant sludge (bio solids), treated auto shredder wastes, contaminated soils,
liquids for solidification, and friable asbestos wastes as noted by (Altamont Landfill (n.d) ." The
Altamont

Global Warming : A Potential Solution
Bioremediation: A potential solution to reduce our footprint
Industrialized societies are now tormented by several pollution problems that were largely unknown
prior to WWII. Prominent among these problems is environmental pollution of xenobiotic synthetic
chemicals that fail to be recycled by microorganism and may be biomagnified with destructive
effects. Also, deforestation, land conversion, overhunting and the burning of fossil fuels are other
human's activities that impact negatively our ecosystem. Contributing to global warming, the
devastation of the coral reefs, wildlife reduction, soil erosion and pollution. Contributing to global
warming, the devastation of the coral reefs, wildlife reduction, soil erosion and pollution. An ...
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Microbial metabolism in soils is essential for maintaining soil fertility and for plant growth.
Bioremediation involves the use of microorganisms to remove pollutants. For bioremediation to be
considered as an applicable technology for cleanup of a pollutant, it is necessary to show that the
chemical or chemical mixture is biodegradable and that the process of bioremediation will not result
in an inconvenient ecological side effects. However, various factors influence the ecological
proliferation and functioning of microbial populations. Microorganism have upper and lower
tolerance limits as well as optima in respect to temperature, radiation, pressure, salinity, water
activity, pH, and redox potential. These factors are the same ones that limits the power of
bioremediation as a technique to reduce the accumulation of pollutants.
The two general approaches to bioremediation approaches are environmental modification, such as
through nutrient application and aeration, and the addiction of appropriate xenobiotic degraders by
seeding. The end products of affective bioremediation include water and carbon dioxide that are
nontoxic and can be accommodated without harm to the environment. Using bioremediation to
remove pollutants is inexpensive compared to physical methods for decontaminating the
environment. Whereas conventional technologies call for moving large quantities of toxic waste–
contaminated soil to incinerators, bioremediation

Sources Reduction And The Recycling Of Waste
Unsustainable patterns for the production and consumption of waste exist throughout economies
across the world. The issue that we currently face is taking a real initiative to reduce the amount of
waste we dump into landfills every day. As the population in urban areas continue to rise, we will
see dramatic increases in the amount of municipal solid waste being dumped into these landfills.
This article discussed the topics of source reduction and the recycling of waste. Source reduction is
the riddance of waste before it is created. Recycling is the conversion of waste into reusable
materials. In 2012 the total amount of municipal solid waste generated in just one year worldwide
totaled up to 1.3 billion tons. This figure is projected to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, they do sell reusable shopping bags to customers who forget to bring their own for an
affordable price. Another city that is doing their part to work towards lessening their generation of
waste is Portland, Oregon. Portland prohibits the use of polystyrene foam containers in restaurants
and other retail vendors. This is to help them achieve waste production close to "Zero Waste". They
want to be able to reach their goal of producing no more than 10% of waste that will go into
landfills. They have also given their residents guidance to purchase eco–friendly products by
making sure they are durable, recyclable, reusable, and biodegradable. There is the waste to energy
system that was mentioned in the article as well. Several cities have taken initiative to reduce waste
by converting it to energy. This has allowed some districts to be able to provide energy to power
school buildings or heating systems for an entire community. City governments are trying to seek
financial incentives too. They are trying out higher landfill charges to encourage people to recycle or
compost instead of throwing all of their waste away. This is similar to the "Pay As You Throw"
system. Recycling of materials such as plastics or aluminum in exchange for money is a form of
refund system that cities also offer as an alternative to throwing these materials into the trash. There
was even a section about "Empowering

Advantages Of Straw Bale
Abstract: Our country is known worldwide for Agriculture as its major Industry. As per results till
2011, India had a large and disparate agricultural sector, counting, on an average, for around 16% of
GDP and 10% of the total export earnings. Land area of arable land in our country is 159.7 million
hectares (394.6 million acres) which is listed as the second largest of world, first is The United
States. India is among the top global producers of many crops that includes wheat, cotton, pulses,
rice, ground–nuts, fruits and vegetables. According to same study in 2011, in the world, till then,
India had the largest numbers of buffalo and cattle, and amazingly was the largest producer of dairy
products and has fastest growing and largest poultry ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This isdue to the exceptional insulating properties of the bales.
Healthy Choice
Straw bales are a healthy choice. They do not contain the paints, chemicals, glues and toxins
Combined with clay and lime renders and natural paints or oxides to finish the structure, straw bale
walls can breathe and provide a natural, fresh and healthy living environment. The thick walls seal
out noise.
Cost Advantage
Straw bale is a low cost material. At best, the bale walls can reduce your overall budget by 5 to 10
%. But you'll be getting more than twice the insulation value and great aesthetic potential, and
savings in energy costs will stay with you for the life of the buildings. Heating costs can be reduced
by up to 75% annually compared with modern style housing.
Structural Capabilities
Research has shown that structural load bearing straw bale walls can withstand loads of more than
48,826 kg/m2. In the load–bearing straw bale method, walls of up to 3 stories have been
constructed, with infill walls, in post and beam type structures; the straw does not take weight

Food : Causes And Effects Of Waste Food
We all remember that time going to dinner with our grandparents, them wanting to order a nice meal
for us. Then looking at it, and trying our hardest to eat everything, even the fat. Most of our
grandparents grew up in the "Baby Boomer Generation" or "The Silent Generation" where they
were taught to eat everything on their plate even if it did not taste good. To today's standard, people
think that the "Millennials" waste food. Food is to be considered a loss if it is thrown away or
allowed to spoil. Twenty–five million tons of food go to waste a year by grocery stores, restaurants
and various food vendors. According to Food Waste "food waste refers to the intentional rejection
and discard of edible food that occurs on the retail and consumption side of the supply chain."
Consumers in America are guilty for throwing out another 43 percent of food resulting in twenty–
seven million tons of wasted food. About $218 billions of food is wasted yearly in the United States.
Seventeen percent of food loss comes from comes from manufacturers such as farms. Millions of
tons of food go to waste each year, leaving causes and effects of food waste and people wondering
what the state, business and individuals can do to help reduce food waste. Food waste. Who wants it
or by those matters, who wants food waste. Food loss can be caused from millions of ways during
the process; starting with agricultural production all the way to us as consumers. Developing
countries have food waste that

Environmental Issues And Food Waste
Introduction
Food waste is one of the most wasteful forms of consumption in Australia. Research shows that we
commonly waste food because too much food was cooked; goes off before the best before date, too
much has been purchased, inadequate stock or poorly planned meal and menus. (Love Food Hate
Waste. 2015) Around forty–seven percent of the wastes produced in metropolitan areas are typically
food and green waste. Over 4.2 million tonnes of food waste is disposed to landfill in Australia each
year. Around 1.5 million tonnes of this comes from the commercial and industrial sector, costing
around $10.5 billion in waste disposal and lost product– not to mention the effect on our
environment. (Bowling. D 2015)
Scope of Study
Area of Study– Contemporary + Future Issues This is topic is mainly focused on contemporary
issues and food waste is considered to be contemporary.
The focus questions that will underpin the investigation include the following:
1. Guiding Question 1: What type of general waste is generated by food businesses and why is it a
concern?
2. Guiding Question 2: What are the current strategies being implemented to minimize food
wastage?
3. Guiding Question 3: What would encourage or prevent business from taking greater responsibility
to minimize their food waste?
Methodology
This investigation used both primary and secondary sources, majority of which being books,
websites, videos, surveys and interviews. Interviews were planned to be conducted with

Treatment Methods On Physical And Chemical Characteristics...
Treatment methods:
Suitability of various treatment methods depends on physical and chemical characteristics of waste
(Fig.1). The method of treatment is decided based on moisture content, organic matter and total
solids.
Biological Properties of MSW
Excluding plastic, rubber, and leather components, the organic fraction of most MSW can be
classified as follows:
1. Water–soluble constituents, such as sugars, starches, amino acids, and various organic acids.
2. Hemicellulose, a condensation product of five– and six–carbon sugars,
3. Cellulose, a condensation product of the six–carbon sugar glucose
4. Fats, oils, and waxes which are esters of alcohols and long–chain fatty acids,
5. Lingnin, a polymeric material containing aromatic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of VS in describing the biodegradability of the organic fraction of MSW is misleading, as
some of the organic constituents of MSW are highly volatile but low in biodegradability (e.g.,
newsprint and certain plant trimmings). Alternatively, the lignin content of a waste can be used to
estimate the biodegradable fraction, using the following relationship [8]:
BF = 0.83 – 0.028 LC 8
where BF= biodegradable fraction expressed on a volatile solids (VS) basis 0.83 = empirical
constant 0.028 = empirical constant LC = lignin content of VS expressed as a percent of dry weight
As shown in Table 7, wastes with high lignin contents, such as newsprint, are significantly less
biodegradable than the other organic wastes found in MSW.
4.hazardous waste definition
Characteristics of Hazardous Waste The Environmental Protection Agency of America (EPA)
defines the characteristics of hazardous waste as:
1. Flammability and Ignitability The waste burns or explodes with the application of fire, friction,
electricity spark, or any source of heat; wastes with high ignitable potential and/or which burn
vigorously and persistently. Such wastes have a flash point of less than 600 C. Examples: solvent

washes, waste oil, alcohols, aldehydes, paint wastes, petroleum wastes, cleaning solvents, etc. Flash
point of a liquid is the lowest temperature at which it gives off enough vapour to form an

Does America have a Throw Away Society? Essay
Since 1955, after Life magazine named it so, the United States of America has been called "The
Throwaway Society." In the United States, society is based on the principal of convenience. In every
aspect of life, Americans seek to maximize their output while minimizing their input. Americans buy
fast food so that they can eat without the burden of grocery shopping, cooking, or cleaning up.
Americans get their clothes dry cleaned so that they do not have to worry about the burden of
washing, drying, and hanging up their own clothes. And Americans want everything in a neat,
ready–to–use package to avoid the burden of preparing it themselves. But these millions of
disposable bags, disposable bottles, and disposable cups add up to be a whole ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, plastic bottles tossed into the recycling bin will never again be plastic bottles because
recycling plastic is too difficult. All in all, as Captain Charles Moore says of the percentage of
plastics that Americans recycle, "the under–five–percent of plastics recovered in our waste stream
[is] diddly–point–squat." This inefficiency shows that even if more waste was recycled, it would not
be enough to compensate for America's extreme waste generation.
The Consequences of a Throw–Away Society Are Severe, Visible, and Affect Humans
All of this trash means one thing: the current rate of waste generation in the United States is
unsustainable; something must be done. The consequences of the throw–away society mindset are
already visible, not only on the environment, but on the economy as well. Excessive waste leads to
waste management fees, in addition to the cost of reproducing the disposed of products, the cost of
the fuel to transport American garbage overseas, etc. All of this extra expense adds up to a
substantial amount of wasted money that negatively impacts the American economy.
But trash has a much more noticeable impact on the environment. The trash that does make it to a
landfill still spreads toxins into the environment. But even more problematic is that not all of the 500
billion pounds of trash generated

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Recycling Plastic
Introduction
Plastic in its various forms is the most useful but cheap invention that mankind has ever made .
Having widespread applications from industries to minute household stuff, its utility cannot be
expressed in a few sentences.
But, at the same time, plastics possess a property which makes nature quite vulnerable to their
misuse. This property namely is NON–BIODEGRADABILITY. By closely observing the structure
of plastic, we come to know that plastic is made of extremely strong carbon–carbon bonds, which
cannot be easily broken down into small units by any natural processes. This property of non–
biodegradability poses a serious threat to the environment.
So what is the solution to this problem? This problem has a simple, yet effective ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
* It has a better Particle compression ratio of 3/1 to 5/1.[6]
* Most importantly, this works on the principle of continuous compressions, wherein plastics are not
physically damaged due to plastic's less deformable nature. This can be explained with the data [6]
that fracture point in the stress strain graph for plastic material such as Polypropylene may be as
high as 80 Mpa, whereas that of organic material such as wood is 40 Mpa. Other organic things are
easier to break. So, if we apply a stress between these two critical pressures we can break the
organic matter keeping the plastic intact. The exact value should be optimised experimentally.
(a) (b)
Fig.(a ) Animation and (b) Details of Jaw Crusher[2]
Only organic wastes entering the jaw crusher are crushed into finer particles. Plastics remain intact.
This will help in better biodegradation of the organic wastes as it will increase the surface area of
the particles so that microbes can attack the organic wastes easily.
Biodegradation of organic wastes
Different microorganisms transform the organic compounds into simpler compounds ultimately
releasing CO2, CH4, water as the main products, reducing the volume and weight of the organic
wastes and increasing proportion of plastic in waste, making the separation of plastic

The Problem Of Waste Solution
Today there are several problems in the U.S and all over the world that affect our environment in a
negative way. This research paper will discuss waste disposal and educate you on how it effects our
earth. It will also provide some tips and steps on how to save our earth from being damaged by
waste disposal. Further, It will tell you who waste disposal affects, who is trying to solve the
problem and suggestions for future solutions. After discovering the many ways that rubbish is
affecting the earth, maybe this will prompt everyone to do a small part, in order to save the planet.
What is waste disposal?
Removing and destroying or storing damaged, used or other unwanted domestic, agricultural or
industrial products and substances. Disposal includes burning, burial at landfill sites or at sea, and
recycling.
Why is waste disposal a problem?
Disposing of waste has huge environmental impacts and can cause serious problems. Most waste is
buried in landfill sites holes in the ground, sometimes old quarries, sometimes specially dug. Some
waste will eventually rot, but not all, and in the process it may smell or generate methane gas, which
is explosive and contributes to the greenhouse effect. Leachate produced as waste decomposes may
cause pollution. Badly managed landfill sites may attract vermin or cause litter.
Who is affected most by waste disposal?
The United States leads the world in the production of waste, followed by other leading industrial
nations.The U.S.

The Factors Of Food Waste In Public Schools
Growing research shows steady increase in food waste throughout the globe. One largely
contributing factor is food waste produced from the public schools. The amount of food wasted in
schools, according to the USDA, has ranged between 10–37% of calories served (Buzby, J., Guthrie,
J., 2002). It is difficult to compare public–school waste to global amounts due to the scarcity of
specific data –– this would depend on region, economic status and additional factors associated with
how and why food is wasted in schools. Having said that, this is a large enough problem that it is
actively noticed and prompting intervention. With these numbers rising, food waste negatively
impacts costs for the community, carbon emissions, water use and more.
However, students in the public schools are not completely to blame, as some factors affect food
waste after the implementation of some lunch programs, which are targeted to increase encourage
students to reach their recommended adequate intake of nutrients, such as the Healthy, Hunger–Free
Kids Act of 2010 (Hakim, S., Meissen, G., 2017). Likewise, food serving methods have also played
a role in the amount of food wasted by students, by using the "offer model" and "serve model"
approaches in cafeterias. A non–exclusive list of other issues affecting food waste in schools are:
socioeconomic status, accessibility of food at home, the time of day food is consumed, the amount
of time given to eat, student activity level, health limitations or

Effect of the Different Types of Substrates on the...
I. Background of the Study: Official figures show that plastics make up around 25% of the garbage
that metro manila churns out, while an independent survey conducted by Eco waste Coalition and
Greenpeace on the composition of discards on manila bay in 2006 found that 51% were plastic
bags,19% sachets and junk food wrappers, 5% Styrofoam, 1% hard plastics,10% rubber, 13%
biodegradable wastes (Cayetano, 2008;www.senatorpiacayetano.com/psc/pressreleasedetails.php?
recordID=175) Biodegradable plastics are degradable plastics on which the degradation results from
the action of naturally occurring micro–organisms such as bacteria, fungi , and algae (info@epi–
global.com). These plastics are broken down into water, carbon dioxide, methane and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another three aluminum trays ( 7' x 9" ) were labeled L1, L2, L3. Five hundred grams of loam soil
were placed in each 3 tray. One hundred mL of tap water were mixed with the soils. Plastics strips
labeled C1, C2, and C3 were placed in trays labeled C1, C2 and C3 containing ( compost soils).
Plastics strips L1, L2 and L3were placed in trays L1, L2 and L3 containing ( loam soil ). Five
hundred mL of ( sea water ) were placed each in three glass jars. The jars were labeled S1, S2 and
S3. In another three jars, 500mL of tap water were placed. The jars were labeled T1, T2 and T3.
Plastic strips labeled S1, S2 and S3 were placed in jars containing sea water while plastics strips T1,
T2 and T3 were placed in jars containing tap water. The plastic were immersed in different
substrates last September 9, 2008. The set–ups were placed in the Biology laboratory room and were
observed from time to time. Physical observations of the plastic strips were made on the following
dates: September 24, 2008,October 6, 2008, and November 15, 2008. Last November 15, 2008, the
plastic strips were harvested from the different substrates. They were washed with tap water and air
dried for 48 hours. Physical changes in each strip were noted and recorded. Pictures of the plastic
strips were also taken to observe changes before they were immersed in the different substrates and
after immersion for about two months. The dry weights in grams of each plastic strips were

Speech On Good Choices
Thank you for an opportunity to participate in the webinar on Good Choices, Bad Choices:
Environmental Rights and Environmental Protection in Ontario. The webinar was very informative.
You have highlighted many important environmental issues. For instance, it is very regrettable that
was not found a solution for mercury contamination in Northwestern Ontario area. As you
mentioned, mercury is highly toxic and can cause extremely serious health effects.
The mercury contamination can be present as a result of the broken fluorescent lamp in any
household, office and industrial site. Mercury vapour can be released into the air even at room
temperature. The mercury air concentration after breakage of the fluorescent lamps can lead to a
health ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Waste reduction in the circular economy is vital for climate change mitigation. However, non–
recyclable waste products (e.g. contaminated plastic, paper, diapers, medical waste, waste biomass,
anaerobic digestion and industrial byproducts, etc.) are very difficult to recycle and reuse. Using
appropriate Waste–to–Energy technologies, non–recyclable waste can be converted into higher
value clean energy products, diverted from landfills and prevent contamination of air, water, and
land. The circular economy could be based on emerging technologies of the applied Waste–to–
Energy technologies and not limited to recycling. Therefore, "Ontario's Strategy for a Waste–Free
Ontario: Building the Circular Economy" could include the use of effective waste–to–energy
technologies in the circular economy to extract energy from non–recyclable waste. The waste
feedstock can be a cost–effective and environmentally sound supply of clean energy source and
replace a portion of fossil fuels. The waste potentially can be transformed into various forms of
clean energy products, such as electricity, hydrogen, liquid synthetic fuels, and "green" chemicals.
The circular economy could be based on emerging technologies of the applied Waste–to–Energy
technologies and not limited to recycling, incineration and anaerobic digestion. Incineration is a
wasteful use

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biogas
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1Solid Waste Management
Wastes are the substances that are not starting products through which the person has no further
utilization in account of his own profit of production, changes or consumption, and that he wants the
disposal. Solid waste may be originated during the extraction of raw material, the process of raw
material into intermediate and final object, the use of final products, and the other person activities.
Recycled residuals or re–consumed at the place of origination are excluded. The products which are
waste refers to the 3 R which is reduce, recycle and reuse which states waste management
techniques according to their demand in account of minimization waste.[6] A proper and
harmonious relation b/w ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Civil Engineering means the production of traffic in states, both external and internal trade, and this
is used in the construction of buildings, moles, bridges, aqueducts, canals, roads , river navigation
and docks for internal intercourse and exchange, and in the construction of ports, harbours,
breakwaters and lighthouses, and in the construction and application of machinery, and in the art of
navigation by artificial power for the purposes of commerce, and in the drainage of cities and towns.
Environmental engineering deals with environmental conditions, management of solid waste
treatment and organic waste treatment work. Environmental engineering deals with chemical
treatment, biological treatment and thermal wastes. Environmental engineering also covered the
purification of water, solid waste treatment, air and hazardous waste management and remediation
of contaminated sites after waste disposal or accidental contamination. Environmental engineers
have a role to reduce pollution, industrial ecology and green engineering. Thus civil engineering and
environmental engineering are inter related to each

How Food Waste Management Is Implemented On A Local Scale...
Waste is seen as a sign of human success, where the more waste that is generated the wealthier the
human population is (Bulkeley, H et al 2009). The world produces enough food to provide for twice
the number of the present population which is ironic looking at the global number of malnourished
people. Politically, the more we buy the better our economy will be, but finding the balance between
economic development and environmental sustainability is key to extending the social, cultural and
economic lives of things (Bulkeley, H et al 2009). Downs (1972) states that "environmental
problems have a life cycle where there is an increase in people becoming motivated to make a
change, but as time goes on they lose interest and abandon all effort" (Eden, S 2005). In this essay
we will look at how the human population needs to take responsible actions to help humanity and
the environment. The John McIntyre Conference Center is an example used to show how food waste
management is implemented on a local scale. It shows how much food waste Edinburgh University
students discarded without taking into consideration the future health and environmental hazards.
The "JMCC" have taken steps to ensure a level of education regarding food waste for the students
and staff, as well as investing in improved policies and equipment to limit wastage. We then go one
step further and look at how the Scottish Government has implemented sustainable policies for
Edinburgh households and their effectiveness.

Literacy Task
Literacy Task
1 PRODUCING BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC JUST GOT CHEAPER AND GREENER
The topic of this report is that producing biodegradable plastic just got cheaper and greener. What
this report is about and how it relates to the society, technology and the environment will be
discussed.
Biodegradable plastic is plastic that is capable to decompose through the action of living organisms.
It is originally from renewable resources and made from natural materials such as corn starch.
Biodegradable plastic is also an alternative source of plastic. To produce it, 'First, lactic acid is fed
into a reactor and converted into a type of pre–plastic under high temperature and in a vacuum',
Professor Bert Sels explains(2015). These are only the some of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It also leave harmful chemical remains on earth. As compared to normal plastic, biodegradable
plastic takes a shorter period of time to decompose. Normal plastic has harmful impacts on the
environment such as affecting natural habitats and marine wildlife. In the final report for the
department for the Environment Australia, at least 77 species of marine fauna have been recorded as
being impacted by plastic debris in Australian waters over the last three decades (2009). The
constant rise in biodegradable plastics of global production capacities in figure 4 increases the
chances of biodegradable plastic fully replacing plastic as an alternative

Food Waste As A Dystopia
Food waste is the food that people do not use and this food is being put into landfills. These landfills
will eventually be too small for all the waste. The concern that the world needs to have is that
ordinary people are putting methane and nitrous oxide into the air because of our agriculture and
waste. This is getting people involved because they are leaving waste and trash on the public streets.
This is costing the public people because they are breathing in methane and toxic air. A dystopia is a
world where everything is bad or unpleasant. Our landfills are reaching capacity and forming a toxic
atmosphere which will lead to a dystopia. We can improve the atmosphere by not throwing so much
out and cleaning our environment. Some states are doing more than others to help control the
amount of food being thrown out. The state of Massachusetts placed a ban in October. It stated if an
institution has one ton of waste a month they are not allowed to put in in a landfill (Axelrad).
Although, this ban might not have been a good idea because these institutions do not know where to
put their waste. They could put their trash on the streets for the public to see. This ban could make
institutions pay more because they do not know where to put their waste and they have to find
somewhere to put the trash so the waste is not on the streets (Axelrad). This means there will be
boxes and bags of trash all over the streets. Some people hope that this new ban will make new ideas
for waste

Is Banning Plastic Bags the Best Option?
"Bhutan first banned the use of plastic bags in 1999. This was reinforced in 2005 and again in 2009.
Now in 2013, we still see plastic bags in use"
Topic: Write an easy on weather banning plastic bags is the right approach to waste management or
are there other means to achieve waste management.
Plastic bag waste has become one of the serious problems that have threatened the health of natural
resources, ecosystem, biodiversity, animals, human life and environment. We can see tens and
thousands of people are throwing and using plastic bags every day. According to Oxford
Dictionaries (2014) they define plastic bags as "A synthetic material made from a wide range of
organic polymers such as polyethylene, PVC, nylon, etc., that can be molded into shape while soft,
and then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form". According to Facts and Myths report of 2014 notes
that every year over one trillion plastic bags are consume and used worldwide. China consumes
almost 3 billion plastic bags yearly and in every minute around 0ne million of plastic bags are
consumed. The number of plastic user is increasing every year due to its extraordinary strength and
it's versatile for the consumers. Plastic bags can be classified into two categories that are
biodegradable and degradable. Biodegradable are those plastic bag that are made from plant–based
material such as corn, wheat and etc... and they will biodegrade within six month if they are
composted where as degradable plastic bag are made

Benefits And Benefits Of Recycling
Benefits of Recycling
Today, government agencies, environmentalists, and other environmental stakeholders are
concerned with sustainable development. There is increasing pressure on the environment due to
high demand for natural resources. According to Sorvari, high population growth and increasing
economic activities have led to exploitation of resources at a rate that cannot be sustained by the
environment (492). Some of the effects of unsustainable economic activities include environmental
pollution, destruction of biodiversity, food shortages, climate change, desertification, and high
poverty levels. As natural resource exploitation continues, there is a possibility that the environment
may become completely depleted and unable to sustain life. As a result, environmental stakeholders
are searching for solutions to promote sustainable economic development. These solutions must be
implemented in all economic sectors, including manufacturing, agriculture, mining, and service
sectors.
Recycling is one of the important solutions to environmental problems because of its well–known
environmental benefits. According to Sidique, Lupi, and Joshi, many environmental stakeholders,
including government entities, institutions, and businesses, agree on the environmental and
economic benefits of recycling (164). Today, various economic sectors produce enormous quantities
of wastes that are often harmful to the environment. Some of the materials can be collected and
processed into new

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Waste
Waste is unwanted material that needs to be disposed of. It may include materials leftover from
manufacturing procedure or from households. They can be discarded straightaway or can be treated
by recycling. It can comprise a wide range of materials like papers, cards, plastic, glass, metals,
textiles, used needles, body parts, food waste, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, radioactive materials, and
medical devices.
Refuse means discard of worthless materials. It means trash. It refers to combustible trash e.g. paper,
boxes, wood and non combustible trash e.g. metals, tin, concrete, glass.
Sullage is the used water, also known as gray water. It can be recycled instead of disposed of. It is a
mixture of water, soap, detergent, bleach and dirt but it does not include ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is mainly composed of organic waste such as animal excreta, soiled water, plastics, pesticides and
waste oils.
Hazardous waste contains toxic substances which can be a risk to the environment. It can be
corrosive, inflammable or explosive. Most of this type of waste is from gas stations, auto repair
shops, mineral processing sites and industries. It also involves sources that discharge liquid, gaseous
or solid waste. Products include heavy metals, sulphuric acid, contaminated wastewater, organic
chemicals, cyanide, solvents, ammonium compounds, chromium compounds and phosphates.
Municipal waste includes solid waste generated by households and commercial establishments and
then collected by government authorities. Mainly it is due to waste by street cleaning, landscaping,
from recreational areas and wastewater treatment plants. It is made up of residual waste, bulky
waste and litter collections.
Construction and demolition waste contains debris from construction and demolition of buildings
and other infrastructure. It contains concrete, wood, metals, glass and other similar

Literature Review Of Waste Management
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
A.O. Coaker ,C.G.Achi, M.K.C. Sridhor, C.J.Donnett(2015) studied the current institutional solid
waste management in a Nigerian private institution of higher learning. Using key informant as
interview and personal field observations, the waste generation rate, pattern and characterization
was made. It was concluded that if all the organic waste streams from the kitchens ,canteens and
animal house are utilized for the bioenergy and organic fertilizer and non–biodegradables can be
sold in the secondary market and considerable amount of wealth can be recovered
R.Rajamanikam, G.Poyyamoli(2014) discussed the importance of waste stream analysis with special
reference to the domestic waste to design and develop sustainable solid waste management systems
in the higher education institutions(HEIs) through a study conducted at staff quarters of aim herry
engineering college (PEC) . Solid waste was segregated into compostable(organic) , dry and special
wastes. The results showed that the average household solid waste was 1.76 kg/day. The
composition of solid waste was found . It was also found that there was a considerable portion of
recyclables. Based on these findings programs and policies for improving source segregation ,
storage of recyclables , collection and transportation and safe disposal methods to facilitate
increased recovery rate towards forming an inclusive sustainable waste

Landfill Gas Generation And Collection From Waste
2.2 LANDFILL GAS GENERATION AND COLLECTION FROM WASTE
Landfills are designed structures built into or on top of the ground to ensure refuse isolation. The
design and operations act to ensure that there are minimal effects to public and environmental
health. MSW landfills have 6 components: 1] Bottom liner systems, 2] Refuse wells 3] Storm–water
drainage system, 4] Leachate collection systems, 5] methane collection systems, and 6] a covering
cap. These components promote methane capture [Sawyer, 2007].
1. Bottom Liner systems are usually constructed from puncture–resistant, plastic HDPE or PVC.
These are used to prevent the movement of leachate and LFG [Kim, 2003].
2. Wells are the most common methods of LFG extraction. Vertical Well ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Drainage pipes and storm water liners collect water from different areas in the landfill and channel it
to collection ponds before it is pumped off–site [Freudenrich, 2005].
4. Leachate Collection systems optimize landfill systems and are designed as fail–safes for the
storm–water drainage systems. Whenever water permeates through the landfill wells, it reacts with
organic and inorganic contaminants and then becomes leachate. It is treated as sewage or wastewater
before it is released [Freudenrich, 2005].
5. Methane recovery systems are used to pump methane and carbon dioxide which is then collected
and then transported to processing stations [Guo & Song, 1996].
6. Landfill covers or caps are used to control moisture infiltration, mitigate the release of LFG,
prevent and pests from rummaging through the refuse. It also allows the site to be re–used in the
future [Kim, 2003]. Figure 3: Typical Landfill Gas Recovery and Use Project Diagram Source:
Globalmethane.org
2.3 FACTORS THAT AFFECT LFG GENERATION AND COLLECTION
I. Quantity of Waste Disposed: The amount disposed at the landfill is directly affects the amount of
LFG generated. The more waste you have in the well, the more LFG produced [Reinhart & Barlaz,
2010].
II. Waste Composition: Waste can be defined according to the relative biodegradability:
a) Readily biodegradable (such as food waste)
b) Moderately biodegradable (Paper waste and green waste)
c) Slowly biodegradable (Paper waste

Key Concepts: Ubuntublox And Ecobricks
Key Concepts
SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainability is based around on simple yet effective principle: Everything that we need for our
survival and well–being depends directly or indirectly on our natural environment. Sustainability
helps create the conditions under which humans and nature can co–exist in productive harmony. It
permits the fulfilling of social, economic and other needs of not only the present generation but also
the needs of future generations to come. Sustainability makes sure that we have and will continue to
have resources to protect the human race and the environment, simultaneously. (EPA.2014)
SUSTINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable development requires that we see the world as a system that connects space and a
system that connects time. Brunland Commission defines sustainable development as: "development
that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the regards to environmental sustainability and communities, the idea of people living inside
waste/rubbish structures does not sit well with some people. This is a not an argument of race but
rather of class. Classism is of a sneaky and rather pervasive nature. Classism defined is "the biased
or discriminatory attitude based on distinctions made between social or economic classes." (meriam
webster). The simple question is : How do the people living in these upcycled structures feel about
the structures?. While at the Open Design Festival some important questions were raised. Dillion
Phiri, from Creative Nestlings stated that he hopes the people behind the Eco–Bricks Exchange have
considered that they're dealing with real people. He went on further to say that although the design
of the initiative was amazing the fact remains that real children will be within the Ecobrick walls of
the classroom being built. Dillion believes that the middle–class,

Solution Of Environmental Pollution
Last year the United States alone, used over 39 billion plastic bottles of water. That is enough to
wrap around the earth over 190 times. Global warming is a growing problem because humans are
eliminating trash improperly, car fumes are affecting the quality of air, and because of improper oil
disposal in the oceans. The pollution levels have been increasing lately.Pollution is the dumping of
waste or any harmful substance that can have a negative effect on the environment.Examples consist
of the BP oil spill when tons of oil was spilled into the waters of the gulf of mexico,This put animals
in danger and the water was contaminated.Organizations have been coming together to find a
solution to the pollution. The pollution has been taking a toll on our environment all over the
world.Global warming has been a major ongoing problem for a long time because humans are
eliminating recyclables improperly, fumes are affecting the air, and oil is disposed of in the oceans.
Pollution is still a ongoing problem in a lot of places.old incidents still can have an affect on the
environment and the organisms within the environment.events such as trash being put into the ocean
a long time ago can affect today's organisms.many animals are found with cans or plastic around
their neck some even consume trash and it does not leave their system.this can cause damage to the
organs of the animal and lead to death. There has been cases where a seal had been found with

The Capstone Problem Statement : The Long Term Effect Of...
The capstone problem statement: The long term effect of plastic not being recycled properly and
thrown into the environment will be devastating. Thiers enough plastic water bottles to actually
stretch around the earth three times. The energy we waste using plastic water bottles would be
enough energy to power 190,000 homes. Plastic bottles make up to nearly 63% of all plastics
accumulated in streams, lakes, and rivers. There are billions of tons of plastic in the oceans causing
a substantial amount of damage to marine wildlife. Plastic is so common its injuring humans
chemically 93% of all humans over the age of 6 are tested positive for the plastic chemical BPA.
The production of plastic water bottles has increased the amount of plastic accumulated in water
sources while also damaging humans and wildlife. Plastic water bottles decompose after dozens of
years and if incinerated, they will release harmful chemicals into the atmosphere, for example
chlorine gas and ash containing heavy metals.
The Enviromental toll of plastics–(TETOP–Enviromentalhealthnews.org):
Synthetic polymers in the marine environment–(SPME–LTT–sciencedirect.com) A rapidly
increasing, long–term threat (SPME–LTT–sciencedirect.com) This article shows the effects of
plastic in an ocean ecosystem and other water sources. Synthetic polymers in the marine
environment also details how plastic in marine environments has consequences not just for marine
animals at the surface, but for marine organisms in the

Biomedical Waste Management
SUBJECT : ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
TOPIC: BIOMEDICAL WASTE
F.Y. B.M.S.
INDEX
|SR. NO. |TOPIC |pg. no. |
|1 |An Overview of Biomedical Waste Management |3 |
|2 |Biodegradable & Non–degradable Wastes |6 |
|3 |Hazards associated with Poor Health Care Waste Management |7 |
|4 |Persons at risk of the hazards of medical procedures ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a study carried out in the family wing of a large hospital, he composition of wastes was bandages,
gauze and cottonwood waste 34.1%, coal ash 31.6%, foliage 13.5 5, food waste 11.5 %, trash5.1 %,
biological waste 2.3% and glass, bottles, etc. 1.8 %.
A 1988 study of AIIMS revealed that 67.5% waste originated from wards, 13.4 % from OPD and
19.1 % from the service area.
Waste management is generally not given the importance it deserves, because the intrinsic value of
the waste materials as an object of further utility has not been recognized. The net result is that a
hospital tries to cut the expenditure involved in waste disposal by meager allotment of resources. A
clean hospital and good housekeeping have a direct effect on the health, comfort and morale of
patients, visitors and hospital personnel alike. Cleanliness radiates a cheer and a well–kept hospital
would give the public a feeling of confidence.
INTRODUCTION
Biomedical Wastes
Biomedical wastes are defined as waste that is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human beings or animals, or in research activities pertaining thereto, or in the

production of biological.
Biodegradable and Non Biodegradable Wastes
Biodegradable waste means any waste that is capable of undergoing anaerobic or aerobic
decomposition, such as food and garden waste, and paper and paperboard. It also includes waste
from households, which

Pros And Cons Of Solar Energy
). It could be assumed from here that there should be effective government policies and initiatives
towards making use of renewable resources and cutting down the GHG emissions from burning of
fossil fuels to move towards a sustainable development of their nations. The compensations of non–
renewable resources for future generations could be done if everyone replaces the fossil fuels by
solar energy for power production. According to Gorjian Shiva and Ghobadian Barat, Iran has many
renewable resources which it put into use for production of energy. Iranian government makes
investments for renewable energy projects for not only getting rid of environmental effects, but also
to achieve a feasible development. As the country receives solar radiation in abundance, so they take
advantage for production of electricity. It is surprising to know that if only 1% of the deserts of Iran
would be covered by solar collectors, then "the energy obtained would be five times more than the
annual gross electricity production in Iran (p.534). In same way many other countries which are
located near to the equator like India, Africa could make use of this method and preserve their non–
renewable resources.
It could be concluded that solar energy is a great step towards sustainable development because it
reduces the use of fossil fuels and cut down the emission of greenhouse gases. For sustainability,
government should invest for funding the installation of solar power projects and make the people

Utilization of Biodegradable Kitchen Wastes Into Organic...
Utilization of Biodegradable Kitchen Wastes into Organic Fertilizer Using Earthworms * Abstract
One of the effective means to at least lessen the occurrence of our present garbage disposal problem
is through the use of methods that are non–toxic, less expensive, less–harmful, and yet equally
effective. This project aims to provide for a natural and effective way of disposing garbage.
During the experiment, kitchen wastes were collected. The materials were shredded and placed in
garbage bags with small holes. The temperature inside the bags was allowed to lower.
Three set–ups were prepared and were covered with plastic. The first box contained pure carabao
manurd, the second box contained 70 percent carabao manure and 30 percent ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Every living cell contains nitrogen and its abundance leads to green, succulent growth.
Phosphorous occurs in the protoplasm, with its great concentration in seeds thereby increasing –their
production. Potassium influences the uptake of other elements and affects both respiration and
transpiration (Fitzpatrick, 1974). * Methodology
Kitchen wastes, composed mainly of vegetable and fruit peelings, were gathered, shredded, and
placed in garbage bags with small holes. Temperature build–up inside the bags due to partial
decomposition was measured and allowed to lower down for one month until three consecutive
declining of temperature were achieved.
Three set–ups measuring 15 x 8 inches were prepared and were covered with plastic. One box
contained pure carabao manure, the other box contained 70 percent carabao manure and 30 percent
processed kitchen wastes and the last box contained pure processed kitchen waste. About one
hundred pieces of Lumbricus terrestris were placed in each set–up. The boxes were placed in a
lighted area to prevent the worms from escaping Since worms are known to be light–sensitive. The
set–ups were checked daily and watered to keep moisture. Upon consumption of the contents of the
boxes, as evidenced by the appearance of brown granular structures, the set–ups were spread on
newspapers under the sunlight. The Lumbricus terrestris were gathered. The resultant product, called
"earthworm castings," were then sun–dried and passed

Marine Debris
Issue Analysis: Marine Debris In an article written by Adam Vaughn for The Guardian, the issue of
marine debris is briefly addressed while a solution to the issue is analyzed. Marine debris can be
commonly known as plastics in the ocean, and Vaughn's article analyzes biodegradable plastics.
While this essay will not analyze biodegradable plastics, solutions to the issue are an important part
of creating a picture of the issue at hand. Marine debris, or plastic in the ocean, is an issue in
consequence to its negative environmental impact. It is not common for this negative environmental
impact to be argued against. It is more common for this negative environmental impact to be ignored
for the sake of human convenience. In one perspective ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More importantly both articles also focus on highlighting consumer awareness and alternatives to
plastics. Specifically, both McGlade and the authors of the academic article use context to encourage
consumers to think about plastic, it's necessity, and it's consequence. Another specific point is that
both articles use examples of how plastic impacts marine life. The article written by Vaughn uses the
example of jellyfish and how plastics allow them to broaden their range in the ocean and affect the
food chain of other marine life. The academic article uses the example of marine life ingesting
marine debris causing death within different species. Both of these examples can serve as evidence
to marine debris interfering with the biodiversity of the ocean. As jellyfish disrupt the food chain the
cycle of disrupted food source will continue down the chain as the issue worsens. As marine life
ingests plastics and die–off marine food chains are affected even further. To sum up, both articles
use examples that analyze the issue of marine debris, and both articles turn to the need for change
that can solve the problem. Whether the change be technologies that have real biodegradability or
alternate human behaviour all the writers understand the steps that need to be

Cassava as an Ideal Bioplastic
Cassava starch as an effective component for Ideal Biodegradable Plastics
A Science Investigatory Project presented to
Philippine Women's College of Davao
In partial fulfillment
Of the requirements in Science and Technology IV (PHYSICS)
To
Mr. Kenny Lloyd L. Angon
Physics Teacher
By
Gabriel Arañas
Danielle Andrea M. Ibaos
Jascha Bridget Lim
John Vergel Mori
Grade 10 – Probity
March 2013
Acknowledgement
Before I acknowledge the people who supported this Science Investigatory Project, I dedicate this
project for the people who believe on the quote which is "Less is more". I shall formally dictate all
the people who supported this Science Investigatory Project, first and foremost, God who have
given us the time ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They consume growing amounts of energy and other natural resources, degrading the environment
in numerous ways. In addition to using up fossil fuels and other resources, plastic products create
litter, hurt marine life, and threaten the basis of life on earth. There is over 45 million tons of plastics
per year and nearly every piece of plastic ever made still exists today because of its long–life
properties. Biodegradable plastics could be an effective solution to all of these problems.
Biodegradable plastics are a much better choice than non–biodegradable plastics because they are
friendlier to the earth and the environment. Biodegradable plastics break down faster, can be
recycled easier and are non–toxic. With these characteristics of biodegradable plastics, we could
help save lives and the environment as well and reduce the threat plastics give to marine life. Plastic,

the wonder material that we use for everything, is perhaps the most harmful of this trash because it
does not readily break down in nature but if it is biodegradable, these plastics break down faster so
they have a much shorter effect on the earth, and they will degrade completely. Normal plastics are
manufactured using oil, and this process is very harmful to the environment by polluting the air and
environment, but this is not the case with green biodegradable plastics. Using biodegradable plastics
will minimize the effects that these products

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