1. Biological Forum β An International Journal 6(2): 77-81(2014)
ISSN No. (Print): 0975-1130
ISSN No. (Online): 2249-3239
Oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) fauna of Konkan, Maharashtra, India
with New distributional records
Shelley Acharya and Paramita Basu
Zoological Survey of India, M-Block,
New Alipore, Kolkata, (West Bengal) India
(Corresponding author: Shelley Acharya)
(Received 08 July, 2014, Accepted 01September, 2014)
ABSTRACT: The present work deals with a Collection of soil oribatid mites from some selected habitat
of five districts of Konkan Region of the Maharashtra state. 21species under 20 genera belonging to 14
families of soil oribatid mites were found from the present investigation. As this region is totally
unexplored all the species found are supposed to be new records from the state with 3 new records to
India.
Key words: Konkan region, New Distributional Records, Oribatid mites
INTRODUCTION
Although tiny themselves, mites belong to most
impressive lineage of animals, the arthropods. They
are ubiquitous in every sort of aquatic, terrestrial,
arboreal and parasitic habitat but, being among the
smallest arthropods, even those inhabiting well
studied systems are often overlooked. It is estimated
that there are about 9000 species of soil oribatid mites
belonging to 800 genera are presently known from the
world.
When compared the state Maharashtra is so far
known to comprise only 4 Oribatid species belonging
to 3 genera and 2 families as against 2186 species
belonging to 643 genera and 207 families reported
from India.Narsapur (1983) made the first record of
Oribatid mite from Maharashtra from the soils of the
state. Later Sanyal (1984) studied soil mites of
Maharashtra and published one paper containing
description of two new species. No work has been
done on soil oribatid mites after that.
The present paper is based on a Collection of soil
oribatid mites from the Konkan region of the state
Maharashtra. An account of 21 species under 20
genera belonging to 15 families is provided here with
diagnostic characters and details of collection. The
oribatid fauna of this region is practically unexplored
and the present account will form a basis for future
research on this group from the area. As this region is
totally untouched all the species found are supposed
to be new records from the state and 3 are new
records to India.
Konkan division is one of the six administrative
divisions of Maharashtra state in India. It comprises
the Konkan region, which occupies the entire west
coast of Maharashtra. The two districts in the state
capital Mumbai also fall in Konkan division. The
total area comprises 30,746 km2 and districts
Mumbai, Mumbai Suburban, Raigad, Ratnagiri,
Sindhudurg and Thane. Collections were made from
soil and litter from different habitats.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
For taxonomic studies of oribatid mites, litter, soil
and humus samples from all possible habitats were
collected. The samples Collected by shovel from
upper 10 cm soil profile were kept in polythene bags.
The samples were extracted by using modified
Tullgren funnels and extracted mite specimens were
collected in glass tubes containing 70% alcohol.
The body of most of the oribatid mite is heavily
sclerotized and opaque. The extracted material were
made ready for taxonomic study following the usual
procedure of keeping the specimen in solution of 90%
alcohol and lactic acid (v/v) as advocated by Balogh
(1965). For microscopic observations, Baloghβs
(1965) method of temporary mounting in lactic acid
was followed. After necessary microscopic
observations the specimen was transferred in small
glass vials containing 90% alcohol. The vials were
then properly labelled and stored.
The specimens were studied under Nikon Eclipse, 50i
microscope .In this study, the classification proposed
by Balogh (1972) has been followed.
All specimens are deposited in the National
Zoological Collections of Zoological Survey of India,
Hqs.
Study Area: The districts of Konkan Region
(Marked in red) of Maharashtra were surveyed.
2. Acharya and Basu 78
RESULTS
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
1. Family: PHTHIRACARIDAE Perty, 1841
1. Genus: Hoplophorella Berlese,1923
1923. Hoplophorella Berlese, Redia, 25: 260.
1. Hoplophorella scapellata Aoki, 1965
1965. Hoplophorella scapellata Aoki, Nat. Life
Southeast Asia, 4:131.
Material Examined: 1β , Varsoli Sea Beach, Raigad,
Maharashtra, 21.ix.2013 from soil & litter, Coll. S.
Acharya, 4979/17/ZSIHQ.
Distribution: India: West Bengal, Bihar, Manipur.
Remarks: The species is recorded for the first time
from Maharashtra.
2. Family: ORIBOTRITIIDAE Grandjean, 1954
2. Genus: Indotritia Jacot, 1929 (= Otibotritia,Jacot,
1924)
1924. Indotritia Jacot, Journ. N. Chim. Branch Roy.
As. Soc., 55:78-83
1929. Indotritia Jacot, Psyche, 35: 213-215.
2. Indotritia sp.
Material Examined: 1β, Ganapatipule Temple,
Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013 from Soil and
Litter, Coll. S. Acharya, 4980/17/ZSI HQ.
Remarks: The genus is recorded for the first time
from Maharashtra.
3. Family: LOHMANIDAE Berlese, 1916
3. Genus: Annectacarus Grandjean, 1950
1950. Annectacarus Grandjean, Arch. Zool. exp. gen.
Paris, 87:131
3. Annectacarus sp.
Material Examined: 1β, Aareycolony, Mumbai,
Maharashtra, 13.ix.2013 from Soil & Litter, Coll. S.
Acharya, 4962/17/ZSI HQ.
Remarks: The genus is recorded for the first time
from Maharashtra.
4. Genus: Heptacarus Piffl,1963
1963. Heptacarus Piffl, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
9:162-169
4. Heptacarus neotropicus Mahunka, 1985
1985. Heptacarus neotropicus Mahunka, Revue
Suisse de Zoologie, 92(1) 1985: 119-144.
Material Examined: 1β, Aareycolony, Mumbai,
Maharashtra, 13.ix.2013 from Soil & Litter, Coll.
S. Acharya, 4962/17/ZSI HQ.
Remarks: The species is recorded for the first time to
India.
5. Genus: Javacarus Balogh,1961
1961. Javacarus Balogh, Acta. Zool. Acad. Sci.
Hung., 7: 24
3. Acharya and Basu 79
5. Javacarus sp.
Material Examined: 1β, Basari Village, Ratnagiri,
Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013 from Soil & Litter, Coll. S.
Acharya,4981/17ZSI HQ ;1β , Varsoli Sea Beach,
Raigad, Maharashtra, 21.ix.2013 from soil & litter,
Coll. S. Acharya, 4982/17 ; 1β, Nagaon Village,
Raigad, Maharashtra, 17.ix.2013 from Soil & Litter,
Coll. S. Acharya,4983/17/ZSIHQ.
4. Family: TRHYPOCHTHONIDAE Willman,1931
6. Genus: Allonothrus Van der Hammen,1953
1953. Allonothrus Hammen, Proc. Acad. Sci. Amst.,
56C: 244.
6. Allonothrus russeolus russeolus Wallwork, 1960
1960. Allonothrus russeolus Wall work Acarologia,
2(4): 571
Material Examined: 1β, Nagaon Village, Raigad,
Maharashtra, 22.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter, Coll.
S. Acharya, 4961/17/ZSIHQ.
Distribution: India: West Bengal, Assam.
Remarks: The species is recorded for the first time
from Maharashtra.
5. Family: GYMNODAMAEIDAE Grandjean, 1954
7. Genus: Gymnodamaeus Kulczynski, 1902
(=Plesiodamaeus Grandjean, 1954)
1954.Plesiodamaeus Grandjean, Bull. Soc. zool.
France, 78: 421-446.
7. Gymnodamaeus glaber (MihelΔiΔ, 1957)
(=Plesiodamaeus glaber MihelΔiΔ, 1957)
1957. Plesiodamaeus glaber Mihelcic, Zool. Anz.,
159: 41-68.
Material Examined: 2β, Ratnagiri Fort, Ratnagiri,
Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter, Coll. S.
Acharya,4992/17/ZSIHQ; 1 β, Majiwara, Thane,
Maharashtra, 16.ix.2013 from Soil and litter, Coll. S.
Acharya, 4993/17/ZSIHQ.
Remarks: The species is recorded for the first time to
India.
6. Family: MICROZETIDAE Grandjean, 1936
8. Genus: Orthozetes Balogh, 1962
1962. Orthozetes Balogh, Opusc. Zool. Budapest, 4:
35-38.
8.Orthozetes dispar Balogh, 1962
1962. Orthozetes Balogh, Opusc. Zool. Budapest, 4:
35-38.
Material Examined: 1β, Ratnagiri Fort, Ratnagiri,
Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter, Coll. S.
Acharya, 4990/17/ZSIHQ.
Remarks: The species is recorded for the first time to
India.
7. Family: EREMOBELBIDAE Balogh,1961
9. Genus: Eremobelba Berlese, 1908s
1908. Eremobelba Berlese, Redia, 5(1): 9.
9. Eremobelba sp.
Material Examined: 3β, Basari Village, Ratnagiri,
Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013 from Soil & Litter, Coll. S.
Acharya,4965/17ZSI HQ.
Remarks: The genus is recorded for the first time
from Maharashtra.
8. Family: BASILOBELBIDAE Balogh,1961
10. Genus: Basilobelba Balogh, 1958
1958. Basilobelba Balogh, Rev. Zool. Bot.Afr.,58 : 9.
10. Basilobelba sp.
Material Examined: 1β, Dadar Railway Colony,
Mumbai, Maharashtra, 13.ix.2013 from soil
and litter, Coll. S Acharya,4963/17/ZSIHQ.
Remarks: The genus is recorded for the first time
from Maharashtra.
9. Family: TECTOCEPHEIDAE Grandjean,1954
11. Genus: Tectocepheus Berlese,1896
1896. Tectocepheus Berlese, Acari Myriopoda et
Scorpioneshucusque in Italia reperta.Ordo
Cruptostigmata (Oribatidae. (Cryptostigmata II).
Portici.
11.Tectocepheus velatus (Michael,1880)
1880. Tectocepheus velatus (Michael), Journ. Roy.
Micr. Soc., 3(2): 190
Material Examined: 1β, Basari Village, Ratnagiri,
Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013 from Soil & Litter, Coll. S.
Acharya, 5029/17ZSI HQ; 1β, Kihim Village,
Raigad, Maharashtra, 22.ix.2013 from Soil and litter,
Coll. S. Acharya,5030/17/ZSIHQ.
Distribution: India: West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar,
Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim.
Remarks: The species is recorded for the first time
from Maharashtra.
10. Family: OPPIIDAE Grandjean, 1951
12. Genus: Brachioppiella Hammer, 1962
1962. Brachioppiella Hammer, Biol. Skr. Dan. Vid.
Selsk., 13: 1-17.
12.Brachioppiella periculosa Hammer,1962
1962. Brachioppiella Hammer, Biol. Skr. Dan. Vid.
Selsk.,13: 1-17.
Material Examined: 1β, Aarey colony, Mumbai,
Maharashtra, 13.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter, Coll.
S. Acharya, 4964/17/ZSI HQ.
Distribution: Uttarakhand. Remarks: The species is
recorded for the first time from Maharashtra.
13. Genus: Multioppia Hammer, 1961
1961. Multioppia Hammer, Biol. Skr. Dan. Vid.
Selsk., 13(1): 61.
13. Multioppia stellifera Hammer, 1961
1961. Mulotioppia stellifera Hammer, Biol. Skr. Dan.
Vid. Selsk., 13(1):63.
Material Examined: 1β, Kihim Village, Raigad,
Maharashtra, 22.ix.2013 from Soil and litter, Coll. S.
Acharya,5030/17/ZSIHQ.
4. Acharya and Basu 80
Distribution: India: West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh.
Remarks: The species is recorded for the first time
from Maharashtra.
14. Genus Oppia Koch, 1836
1836. Oppia Koch, Deutschlands crustaceen,
Myriapoden und Arachniden, 1-9.
14. Lasiobelba kuehnelti (Csiszar, 1961) (= Oppia
kuehnelti Csiszar, 1961)
1961. Oppia kuehnelti Csiszar, Acta zool. Hung.,7:
345-366.
Material Examined: 1β, Nagaon Village, Raigad,
Maharashtra, 22.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter, Coll. S.
Acharya, 4989/17/ZSIHQ.
Distribution: West Bengal, Assam, Kerala, Tripura,
Sikkim, Manipur, Gujarat, Arunachal Pradesh,
Mizoram.
Remarks: The species is recorded for the first time
from Maharashtra.
11. Family: ORIBATELLIDAE Jacot, 1925
15. Genus: Lamellobates Hammer, 1958
1958. Lamellobates Hammer, Biol. Skr. Dan. Vid.
Selsk., 10(1): 100.
15. Lamellobates palustris Hammer, 1958
1958. Lamellobates palustris Hammer, Biol. Skr.
Dan. Vid. Selsk., 10(1): 100.
Material Examined: 5β Ratnagiri Fort, Ratnagiri,
Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter Coll. S.
Acharya, 4984/17/ZSIHQ; 1β, Basari Village,
Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013from Soil and
Litter, Coll. S. Acharya, 4985/17/ZSIHQ; 1β,
Majiwara, Thane, Maharashtra, 16.ix.2013 from Soil
and litter, Coll. S. Acharya, 4986/17/ZSIHQ; 2β,
Kihim Village, Raigad, Maharashtra, 22.ix.2013from
Soil and litter, Coll. S. Acharya, 4987/17/ZSIHQ.
Distribution: West Bengal, Bihar, Tripura, Uttar
Pradesh.
Remarks: The species is recorded for the first time
from Maharashtra.
12. Family: SCHELORIBATIDAE Jacot, 1935
16. Genus: Scheloribates Berlese, 1908
1908. Scheloribates Berlese, Redia, 5: 2.
16. Scheloribates curvialatus Hammer, 1961
1961. Scheloribates curvialatus Hammer, Biol. Skr.
Dan Vid. Selsk., 21(4):35.
Material Examined: 1β, Nagaon Village, Raigad,
Maharashtra, 22.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter, Coll. S.
Acharya, 5015/17/ZSIHQ; 1β, Varsoli Sea Beach,
Raigad, Maharashtra, 21.ix.2013 from soil and litter,
Coll. S. Acharya, 5016/17/ZSIHQ; 2β, Mahakali
Cave, Andheri, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 15.ix. 2013
from Soil and Litter, Coll. S. Acharya,
5017/17/ZSIHQ; 5β, Ratnagiri Fort, Ratnagiri,
Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter, Coll. S.
Acharya, 5018/17;1β, Aarey Colony, Andheri
Mumbai, Maharashtra, 13.ix.2013 from Soil & litter,
Coll. S Acharya; 5019/17/ZSIHQ; 3β, Basari
Village, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013 from Soil
and Litter, Coll. S. Acharya, 5020/17/ZSIHQ.
Distribution: West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh.
Remarks: The species is recorded for the first time
from Maharashtra.
17. Scheloribates huancayensis Hammer, 1961
1961. Scheloribates huancayensis Hammer, Biol. Skr.
Dan Vid. Selsk., 21(4):35.
Material Examined: 45 β , Nagaon Village, Raigad,
Maharashtra, 22.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter, Coll. S.
Acharya, 5022/17/ZSIHQ; 4β Varsoli Sea Beach,
Raigad, Maharashtra, 21.ix.2013 from soil and litter,
Coll. S. Acharya, 5023/17/ZSIHQ; 8β, Kurla
drainage area, Andheri, Mumbai, Maharashtra,
14.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter, Coll. S. Acharya,
5024/17/ZSIHQ; 8β, Basari Village, Ratnagiri,
Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013 from Soil and litter,
5025/17/ZSIHQ.
Distribution: West Bengal, Assam, Himachal
Pradesh.
Remarks: The species is recorded for the first time
from Maharashtra.
13. Family: HAPLOZETIDAE Grandjean, 1936
17. Genus: Trachyoribates Berlese, 1908
1908. Trachyoribates Berlese, Redia, 5(1): 3.
18. Trachyoribates (Rostrozetes) ovulum Berlese
(= Rostrozetes foveolatus Sellnick, 1925)
1908. Trachyoribates (Rostrozetes) ovulum Berlese,
Redia, 5(1): 3.
Material Examined: Ratnagiri Fort 21β Ratnagiri
Fort, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013 from
Soil and Litter, Coll. S. Acharya, 5006/17/ZSIHQ;
1β, Ganapatipule Temple, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra,
25.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter, Coll. S. Acharya,
5007/17/ZSIHQ;1 β, Nagaon Village, Raigad,
Maharashtra, 22.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter, Coll. S.
Acharya, 5008/17/ZSIHQ; 3β, D.F.O. Office Area,
Thane, Maharashtra, 19.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter,
S. Acharya, 5009/17/ZSIHQ; 2β, Basari Village,
Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013 from Soil and
litter, 5010/17/ZSIHQ; 2β, Kihim Village, Raigad,
Maharashtra, 22.ix.2013 from Soil and litter, Coll. S
Acharya, 5011/17/ZSIHQ; 1β, Aarey Colony,
Andheri Mumbai, Maharashtra, 13.ix.2013 from Soil
and litter, Coll. S Acharya; 5012/17/ZSIHQ; 1β,
Basari Village, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra,
25.ix.2013from Soil and litter, 5013/17/ZSIHQ; 1β,
Kopri Pole Area, Thane, Maharashtra, 17.ix.2013
from Soil and Litter, Coll. Dr. S.
Acharya,5014/17/ZSIHQ.
Distribution: West Bengal, Bihar, Tripura, Himachal
Pradesh.
Remarks: The species is recorded for the first time
from Maharashtra.
19. Setoxylobates foveolatus Balogh & Mahunka
1967. Setoxylobates Balogh and Mahunka, Acta Zool.
Acad. Sci. Hung., 23(1-2):59.
18. Genus Setoxylobates Balogh & Mahunka 1967.
Setoxylobates Balogh and Mahunka, Acta Zool.
Acad. Sci. Hung., 23(1-2): 59.
5. Acharya and Basu 81
Material Examined :3β , Ganapatipule Temple,
Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013 from Soil and
Litter, Coll. S. Acharya,5026/17/ZSIHQ; 1β, Aarey
Colony, Andheri Mumbai, Maharashtra, 13.ix.2013
from Soil and litter, Coll. S Acharya;
5027/17/ZSIHQ; 3β, Ganapatipule Temple,
Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013 from Soil &
Litter, Coll. S. Acharya, 5028/17/ZSIHQ .
Distribution: West Bengal, Tripura.
Remarks: The species is recorded for the first time
from Maharashtra.
19. Genus: Protoribates Berlese
1908. Protoribates Berlese, Redia, 5:1-15.
20. Protoribates (P.) magnus (Aoki, 1982)
(=Xylobates magnus Aoki, 1982)
1982. Xylobates magnus Aoki, Bull. Inst. Sci. Tech.
YokohamaNatn.Univ.8:173-188.
Material Examined:4 β, Nagaon Village, Raigad,
Maharashtra, 22.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter, Coll. S.
Acharya,4994/17/ZSIHQ ; 11β, Kurla drainage area,
Andheri, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 14.ix.2013 from
Soil and Litter, Coll. S. Acharya, 4995/17/ZSIHQ; 1
β, Dadar Railway Colony, Mumbai,
Maharashtra,13.ix.2013 from soil and litter, Coll. S.
Acharya, 4996/17;1β, Aarey Colony,
Andheri Mumbai, Maharashtra, 13.ix.2013 from Soil
and litter, Coll. S. Acharya; 4997/17/ZSIHQ; 6 β
Dadar Nursery Area, Mumbai,
Maharashtra,14.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter, Coll. S.
Acharya, 4998/17/ZSIHQ; 4β, Mandavgaon,
Raigad, Maharashtra, 22.ix.2013 from soil and litter,
Coll. S. Acharya,4999/17/ZSIHQ; 39 β Varsoli Sea
Beach, Raigad, Maharashtra, 21.ix.2013 from soil
and litter, Coll. S. Acharya, 5000/17/ZSIHQ; 4β,
Mahakali Cave, Andheri, Mumbai, Maharashtra,
15.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter, Coll. S.
Acharya, 5001/17/ZSIHQ; 14β, Kihim Village,
Raigad, Maharashtra, 22.ix.2013 from Soil and litter,
Coll. S. Acharya, 5002/17/ZSIHQ; 1β, Brindavan
Village, Thane, Maharashtra, 16.ix.2015 from Soil
and litter, Coll. S. Acharya, 5003/17/ZSIHQ;4 β
Varsoli Sea Beach, Raigad, Maharashtra, 21.ix.2013
from soil and litter, Coll. S. Acharya,
5004/17/ZSIHQ;1 β, Nagaon Village, Raigad,
Maharashtra, 22.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter, Coll. S.
Acharya, 5005/17/ZSIHQ.
Distribution: Himachal Pradesh
Remarks: The species is recorded for the first time
from Maharashtra.
14. Family: GALUMNIDAE Jacot, 1925
20. Genus Galumna (Galumna) Heyden
1826. Galumna (Galumna) Heyden, Isis Oken, 18:
611.
21. Galumna sp.
Material Examined: 3β, Ganapatipule Temple,
Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013 from Soil and
Litter, Coll. S. Acharya, 4966/17/ZSIHQ ;1β, Aarey
Colony, Andheri Mumbai, Maharashtra, 13.ix.2013
from Soil and litter, Coll. S. Acharya;
4967/17/ZSIHQ, 7β Ratnagiri Fort, Ratnagiri,
Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013 from Soil and Litter, Coll.S.
Acharya, 4968/17/ZSIHQ; 7 β, Nagaon Village,
Raigad, Maharashtra, 22.ix.2013 from Soil & Litter,
Coll. S. Acharya, 4969/17/ZSIHQ ; 4β,
Mandavgaon, Raigad, Maharashtra, 22.ix.2013
from soil & litter, Coll. S. Acharya, 4970/17/ZSIHQ;
2β, Kudal Village, Sawantwari, Sindhudurg,
Maharashtra, 28.ix.2013from Soil and litter, Coll. S.
Acharya,4971/17/ZSIHQ; 1 β, Kalyan, Thane,
Maharashtra,12.ix.2013`from Soil & Litter, Coll. S.
Acharya, 4972/17/ZSIHQ;1β, Basari Village,
Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, 25.ix.2013from Soil and
litter, 4973/17/ZSIHQ;1 β, Majiwara, Thane,
Maharashtra,16.ix.2013 from Soil and litter,Coll. S.
Acharya,4974/17; 1β, Mahakali Cave, Andheri,
Mumbai, Maharashtra, 15.ix.2013 from Soil and
Litter, Coll. S. Acharya, 4975/17/ZSIHQ; 8β,
Kihim Village, Raigad, Maharashtra, 22.ix.2013from
Soil and litter, Coll. S. Acharya, 4976/17/ZSIHQ.
Remarks: The genus is recorded for the first time
from Maharashtra.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to Dr. K. Venkataraman,
Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, for
providing research facilities and encouragements.
Authors are also grateful to Dr. A.K. Sanyal,
Emeritus Scientist, Zoological Survey of India,
Kolkata, for his kind help and valuable suggestions.
REFERENCES
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Narsapur, V.S. (1983). Studies on the biology of
Scheloribates laevigatus (Acari: Oribatei) in
India, Indian J. Acar., 81(1): 44-48.
Sanyal, A.K. (1984). Description of two new species
and one new record of Cryptostigmatid
mites (Acari: Oribatei) from Maharashtra,
India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Society, 81(1):
151-155.