Chile And The Us Banking Industry

Chile And The Us Banking Industry
The present working paper is referred to the analysis of some "financial benefits" that banking institutions would be receiving as Too Big to Fail
(TBTF) banks. The request is whether those institutions are constantly subsided from governments or it is merely a hypothetical idea. For those
purposes, it is analyzed the Chilean banking industry to disclose the implicit subsidy in the South American country. In order to answer the posited
questions, first it is cited some similarities between Chile and the US banking industry, and then how it evolved to this point after several financial
crises. Secondly, it is examined potential implicit guaranties of Chile's TBTF banks. In that sense, it is analyzed the concentration and interconnection
in Chile. Then, it is analyzed those expected financial benefits that flow to the TBTF banks. Specifically, two of the likely financial benefits. Primarily,
the over the counter (OTC) derivatives, and then repurchases agreements in the banking industry, especially in events of default, insolvency, and
bankruptcy. Thirdly and lastly, it is stated some remedies that I can propose to solve these issues, including the Subsidy Reserve Act, as adapted for the
Chilean banking industry, among others. As a result, policymakers, congressmen, local and international organizations, and governments would be able
to use this work for the financial and banking reform. At the end, the purpose is bringing some balance between TBTF banks and small and
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The Investment Banking Industry Is A Global Multibillion...
The investment banking industry is a global multibillion–dollar business that acts as an intermediary between the issuers of securities and investors,
such as financial institutions, corporate businesses, high net worth individuals and governments. Campbell and Bailyn (C&B) is rated as one of the
top five investment banks in the world. However, a significant change in the economic and regulatory environment may put their success in jeopardy.
As detailed in the Issue Tree and the SWOT, issues facing the firm are: (1) Lack of leadership preparedness in anticipating and preparing for change.
(2) Lack of organisation wide discourse on the urgency for change. (3) Structure and Processes not aligned towards a homogenisation of a one
organisation... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, though Winston realised the need for change the survival anxiety did not create an urgency to change as evidenced by his lack of effort, to
buy in and build confidence within the Boston Business Unit. Further, though Winston's direct report Callahan is supportive of his change strategy he
lacks belief in the intervention itself. Aptly, pointed out by Callahan that forcing generalists to take on specialist roles created uncertainty and
disruption to the point that customers were divided on the benefits of the new structure. Generalists whose earnings earlier depended largely on sales
commissions were now concerned over the loss of revenue and loss of importance and power within the firm. Moreover, employees like John Oates
considered the change a threat to their job security and future career prospects. As experienced by Callahan the new structure was gradually impacting
existing customer networks that were person driven, a loss that could prove detrimental in the current and future business environment. Hence, the
forces restraining the change were the change agent Winston himself, Callahan and the Generalists. The six–box model is influenced by two
underlying principles employee goal clarity and goal agreement, reflected in: (1) Strategy: C&B is among the top five

Banking Fraud And The Banking Industry
A banking fraud is the use of illegal means to gain money, assets from depositors or clients fraudulently while posing as a bank, agent or any other
financial institution. In many countries and especially the United States, bank fraud is a criminal offense even though experts refer to it as a white
collar crime due to the manner in which it is carried out. The paper below will look at the vulnerabilities that face the banking industry while using the
example of Stanford Financial Group Company to show how the banking fraud can be committed. Moreover, the paper will also look at the different
frauds that can be committed in the banking sector and how the vulnerabilities can be avoided. A fraud prevention program will also be created meant
to help companies in the banking industry prevent and detect crimes and frauds before they occur (Riggs, 2007).
Stanford Financial Group Company: A Brief History
The Stanford Financial Group Company was a privately owned international group that specialized in financial services under the control of Allen
Stanford. Allen Stanford controlled the financial company until United States authorities seized in at the end of 2009 due to what came to be known as
"Ponzi scheme or scandal." Among its many groups was the Stanford International Bank, with more than 50 offices in 136 countries around the globe.
The company offered diversified financial services such as brokerage and investment advisory, private and commercial banking, advising clients on

Companies That Exist Within The Banking Industry Essay
1.Competitors
There are over 46 companies that exist within the banking industry. Citigroup, Wells Fargo, Bank of America, J.P Morgan Chase and several others.
The competitors are relatively equal in size, however, they have different ranging revenues. The four major competitors consist of Citigroup,Bank of
America, J.P Morgan Chase, and Wells Fargo. Revenues for Citigroup Inc. were reported at $76 billion in 2014,Bank of America was reported at $100
billion, and $96 billion for J.P Morgan Chase. Wells Fargo lags behind with $26 billion in revenues. Each banking company had roughly around
200,000 employees. Another competitor includes the Commercial Bank of China with revenues totaling $2.8 billion. Each bank has an average of $2
billion in assets, so not one bank has more than the other.
The banking industry has the least amount of growth compared to other industries. However, according to Deloitte (a highly established accounting
firm) the industry could grow within the next 10 years if they strategized and added possible advantages such as; sustainable technology, a new design
for service experiences, and building customer relationships. Sustainable technology can be described as mobile banking, pictured deposits of checks,
and several other mobile capabilities. Artificial intelligence and block chain technology has been thought of as a new design for service experiences.
Block chain technology would allow for all transactions that occurred within the banking

Analysis of Online Banking Industry
According to King, McKay, Marshall, Lee and Viehland (2008) online banking or electronic banking (e–banking) includes various banking activities
conducted via the Internet from home, business, or on the road opposed to at a physical bank location. This paper shall compare and contrast both the
online and offline retail environment for banking services.
Internet banking offers great opportunities to the financial–services industry, including:
a huge potential customer base
large economies of scale in investment
the possibility for services to be delivered using standardised modular software
easy management of software
a common browser front end
the possibility to be equipped with good security protocols
the easy application ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sites must be user friendly and convey a feeling of security.
According to Zakaria (2003) even though Internet banking has been long established, one of the most important factors that may be slowing its
progression is customer's concern for security of financial transactions over the Internet. In a recent Key Note consumer survey (conducted in 2008)
into attitudes towards electronic banking, 40% of respondents said that they liked to manage their money using the Internet. The survey found men
were slightly more likely than women to use this channel. 51.3% of respondents postulated that they were concerned about the security aspects of
electronic banking and 25.1% of the sample would not trust an electronic bank with their money (Source: Key Note Report 2008).
Due to the nature of the online environment it is difficult for banks to build trust and relationships with their customers. The Internet is extremely
impersonal due to its global audience, the bricks and mortar location of the local branch with a smiling advisor is much more inviting in comparison
to a cold lifeless computer screen. Also the learning process involved in using e–banking can be daunting, customers must invest their time and effort
into learning more to use and navigate their way around the sites. Internet banking can also be time consuming to set up and registration numbers and
access codes can be misplaced, stolen or forgotten. Although

Marketing in the Banking Industry
Marketing in the Banking industry
Introduction:
In many ways, the banking industry has functioned more as a private industry offering something of a public utility. Through this unique role, the
industry has dramatically expanded its service and product offerings over the last several decades. However, even as the industry has evolved, its
marketing strategies have remained somewhat static. The assumption for many in the banking industry not unlike a public utility is that their services
are needed by the public. This, in and of itself, is a view that has dissuaded many from achieving the type of marketing presence from which they might
otherwise benefit. However, this approach is shifting significantly today as banks struggle to compete with one another and with their own negative
reputations. As the discussion here will show, more effective marketing is the key to driving new success in an industry in need of a recovery.
Problem Statement:
Over the last decade, a string of corporate collapses has contributed to a decided downslide in the reputation of the global banking industry. Scandal,
embezzlement and dishonesty marked the downfall of a number of prominent investment banking firms, helping to compound a sense for many in the
public that bank's are driven by greed and are not to be trusted. This denotes a clear problem for the banking industry on the whole, which relies on the
public's trust and loyalty to court and maintain customers. Therefore, a great

Taking a Look at the Banking Industry
Chapter 1
Summary
1.0 Executive summary
1.1Categories of banking
The banking sector occupies a pivotal position in the global economy. it is useful to understand the variety of banks. Typically, the banks can be
divided into two categories, one is the local banking and other is the foreign banking.
п‚џlocal banking
The local banking may includes the Corporate Banking ;Investment Banking ;Private Banking, and Retail Banking
п‚џforeign banking
The foreign banking consists of Full Banks; Wholesale Banks; Offshore Banks and Merchant Banks.
1.2Focus areas of recent changes in the Banking industry
The banking industry has experienced the rapid development during last decade. The development of banking industry can be seen from the large
number of bank mergers and the increasing of average size of banks and the area over which they operate. However, the banking is passing through a
period of substantial structural change under the combined and inter–related pressures of eight key areas in banking industry:
п‚џHaving a new reality Environment
The external environment has been affect by . there are several market insight attracts the banking . firstly, the rising of asia market, it has been
expected having the massive fund and wealth transfer in the next decade, also, the generation & demographic effects plays an important role in market
external environment such as Women segment on the rise, Young & Rich: +40% HNWI are 45 yrs old or younger, and more use of online social media.
п‚џ

Mobile Banking And Its Impact On The Economy,...
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The way we live today is so much influenced by computing technologies. Computers control the economy, transportation, banking and many other
functions. Internet and mobile technologies are increasingly being adopted and utilized in the banking industry; this has reshaped the consumption of
financial services. Electronic banking is considered a way of delivering banking services through the internet to the consumer at a reduced cost to the
banking industry and improved convenience to the customer . However there exists a low internet connectivity in the developing countries given the
costs of connection especially in rural areas and yet banking services need to be brought closer to the population to enhance development . A viable
solution here is mobile banking. Mobile banking is considered as a service that enables users to receive information regarding the status of their
accounts, transfer among bank accounts, to facilitate stock trading and direct payment confirmation using mobile devices.
So with this in mind, in CFCU we are planning to implement mobile banking technology. The main objective is to develop mobile application for
Android and IOS for the customers to have real time access to their bank accounts. Customers can access their accounts, Transfer money, Deposit
checks, pay their bills using our feature that allows them to set up monthly recurring payments. Furthermore, for better visualization, we also plan to
present customers with dashboards

A Report on NatWest Bank and an Analysis of the Banking...
A Report on NatWest Bank and an Analysis of the Banking Industry
1. Introduction
This report focuses on NatWest and the industry in which it operates. The purpose of the report is to give a concise but accurate view of how NatWest
operates as an organisation and the links between its environment, in this case the banking industry.
Company History ===============
National WestminsterBank came into being in 1968 when National Provincial Bank and Westminster Bank merged and began trading on 1st January
1970. This allowed the bank to expand and venture into new services such as credit cards and computer–linked cash dispensers. The 1980's saw
deregulation of the financial markets ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ВЈ21 billion deal is the largest take–over in the history of British Banking. NatWest is now part of the second largestfinancial services group in the
UK and Europe and the fifth largest in the world by market capitalisation.
What will the report tell us?
The report will identify and evaluate the significant problems and issues which NatWest is facing and the banking industry as a whole. Once these
issues are identified it will then be possible to identify any potential consequences which NatWest is likely to face if they are not addressed, the use of
relevant analytical tools will make this possible. The report will then suggest and analyse alternative solutions to potential problems by weighing up the
advantages and disadvantages of any proposed solutions.
The findings of the analysis will be critically evaluated in order to achieve the main aim of the report in the conclusion from which suitable
recommendations will be made. These recommendations will acknowledge all the problems identified in the analysis and evaluation and advice how
they may be dealt with.
2. Evaluation

Industry Analysis =================
The British banking industry has come under extreme scrutiny over recent years and it is likely to continue during the foreseeable future. The
perceived anti–competitive nature is as a result of

Finance And Banking Industry Uses
DM solutions can be applied to different kinds of organisations, in diverse fields such as biotechnology, finance, sports, manufacturing, retail and
education. These solutions are mostly integrated with decision support systems. The following are a few examples of DM solutions [84]: Finance –
The finance and banking industry uses DM solutions to determine customer loyalty and the credit risk of customers. DMsolutions help the industry
with money laundering investigations and enable customised plans to be prepared suitable for customers' requirements. Insurance companies also use
DM solutions to make customised plans suitable for customers' requirements and to detect any fraudulent claims by customers. Financial data collected
by banks and financial institutes is usually high quality data. DM solutions for Financial Data: 1. Loan payment prediction and customer credit policy
analysis 2. Classification and clustering of customers for targeted marketing 3. Detection of money laundering and other financial crimes Retail –
Businesses use retail analytics to understand customer behaviour data and use this knowledge for direct marketing and, advertising purposes, or to
create marketing strategies to up sell or cross sell brands. Supermarkets use customer preferences to stock items in the store. 2.5. APPLICATIONS OF
DM METHODS 57 DM solutions for Retail Analytics: 1. Multidimensional analysis of sales, customers, products, time and region 2. Design and
Analysis of campaigns 3.

Privacy Issues in the Banking Industry
Introduction
With the improvement of technology continuously growing every day, privacy has become one of the most important issues in today's society. Privacy
refers to one's right to control how your personal information is collected and used by financial institutions. It is the financial institution's responsibility
to provide security to your personal information. Security refers to the obligation of the company that collects and uses your information to ensure that
your information is safe against unauthorized uses (Privacy Rights Clearinghouse). For the banking industry, identity theft is a growing concern for
customer privacy. Identity theft can occur anywhere including the internet. The technology of online banking is ... Show more content on
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The GLB Act, especially, was not designed to protect the consumers alone. Instead, I think it is designed to protect both the business and consumer
world. From a business perspective, it is important to yield a net proftiprofit. When financial institutions share customer information with other
affiliates, it is with an objective of money–making in mind. Hence to please the customer, the GLB Act added an "opt out" option to its regulations for
consumers if they do not want their information to be shared. There is nothing else that a consumer can do to prevent financial institutions from
sharing their information. This loophole within the regulations that do not fully protect consumer privacy and does not give the consumer total control
over how their information is shared. The ability to protect one's private information is limited. It places the burden on the consumer to protect their
own privacy. And they only have one option, which is to "opt out".
With the GLB Act, banks and financial institutions are left on their own to develop an appropriate security program that is suitable to the business .
In the end, there are no standards to decide whether the security program is suitable enough or not. The GLB Act alone only acts as a guideline for
banks to follow to cover privacy concerns instead of a mandatory rule to

Impact Of The Crisis On The Banking Industry
In 2008 the world economy faced the worst global financial crisis since the great depression of 1930's. The impact of the crisis on the banking
industry was critical during this period. From 2007, bank runs began on several British and American major banking firms, but instead of the
classic bank run it was as described by Gorton, G. and Metrick, A. (2009) 'a run on the shadow banking system'. This period was characterised with
failure of major banks across Europe and the US. This financial crisis resulted in few takeovers in backing sector and forced governments to rescue
the global financial market. In this essay I will discuss what happened during the financial crisis of 2008–09, why it happened, and what questions
researchers have... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2008, losses of these securities were estimated to exceed $500 billion.
A global saving glut is considered as a factor that contributed to the global financial crisis. In early 1990's, developing countries such as China used
to borrow capital from developed countries. But developed countries suffered currency crisis due to low level of foreign exchange holding and it
caused developing countries capital outflow and recession. After the currency crisis, developed countries started managing international capital flows.
These countries increased the saving but reduced the investment therefore it caused the current account surplus. Countries such as South Korea and
Thailand started holding high volume of foreign currency and it led to global saving glut. It allowed the US to overinvest and in 2002 the US
recorded current account deficit of over $450 billion. A factor contributed to the low interest rate was an influx of Chinese capital into the US.
Bernanke (2005) suggested the global saving glut helped increase in the US currency account deficit and the relatively low level of long term real
interest rates in the world. As a result, global saving glut caused the credit availability and the US housing boom.
Sub–prime loan is a major factor that led to the global financial crisis. During the housing boom, mortgage companies sold mortgage

Banking And Securities Dealings Industry
Investor Confidence NEGATIVE: The last 8 years have been challenging for the Investment Banking and Securities dealings industry. The industry's
role in the mortgage crisis damaged its brand and dried up once flowing revenue streams. In the process the crisis created an environment of regulatory
scrutiny, consumer skepticism, and investor uncertainty that the industry has battled for almost a decade. As consumer confidence dropped and
uncertainty rose the willingness to invest decreased resulting in an erosion of corporate profits. As explained by IBISworld, "Changes in corporate
profit influence the performance of equities markets because they impact how companies are valued, which in turn influences trading and business
activity. Higher... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
IPO's for 2016 are trending towards less than 2015 (stastista). Stock Market Performance POSITIVE: Both damage and recovery are displayed in the
performance of stock prices and market value. In 2008 industry leaders Goldman Sachs stock was reduced to $78 a share from $247 a share the year
before. Shares for the company are currently trading at $170. Bank of America stock dropped from $51 a share to $7. Shares for the company are
now at $16. Both barely survived the crisis and did so with the aid of government funds under TARP. The stock market overall has rebounded quite
well and this bodes well for the Investment Banking and Securities dealing industry. In fact, since 2009 the NYSE is up 130%, the S&P 182%, the
Dow Jones 145%, and the Nasdaq is a healthy 250%.
Threats
Political
Arguably the most scrutinized industry over the last decade, the Investment Banking and Securities Dealing industry has yet to shed the impending
litigation, fines, and regulations that have dragged down earning since 2009. As of March 2016, big banks have paid $180 billion dollars in fines
related to the mortgage crisis. The results have sucked capital from major industry players Goldman Sachs and JP Morgan, while Deutsche Bank is
currently in litigation to find out its final fine amount. Deutsche Bank's fine brings with it not only loss of capital but fears that the bank could fail
resulting in another crisis (CNBC). Economic
Britain's exit from

The United States Banking Industry
The United States banking industry has been a problem ever since the fraud and corruption from the market crash of '08. There have been two
sides arguing what we should do to these banks. Many people say, "We need to split up the big banks into smaller banks." Their argument is that
the smaller banks will be easier to monitor to make sure no fraud is going on and it will cause there to be more competition in the industry which
will lower interest rates. The other side of the argument where many people also stayed is that the big banks don't need to be split up. They just need
a bailout to get back on their feet and they can sort this mess out. The arguments stand on two principles one side says the banks are corrupt and need
to be disbanded, and the other side's states that the banks are too big to fail; come ground is difficult for these two but they both want to fix the
economy. The argument is really heated on who know how to fix the economy. The government backs the too big to fail side of the argument while
most Americans side with the splitting up of the banks side of the argument. The too big to fail argument says "Rates can only below if big banks set
the rates there, the smaller banks can't operate at too small of rates" (White 36). The bigger the bank the lower the rates they can afford to offer. In
theory, that plan should work, but banks are greedy and when a bank dominates the field they charge the highest rates they can because they can. In the
textbook

The Service For The Banking Industry
The Critical Role of Service Employees in the Service Triangle for the Banking Industry
Wesley Tobola
Sam Houston State University
Abstract
The purpose of this research paper is to examine the service marketing triangle and how it relates to the role of service employees in banks and
financial institutions. Using academic journals and articles, this paper addresses the different aspects of the service triangle, including external marketing
, internal marketing, and interactive marketing and the significance of adapting this strategy for bank service employees. By using this strategic
framework, bank management will be able to monitor and understand the service employee's role in the overall success of the bank. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order for the service employee to deliver on the customer's expectations, the company (or management) must provide the necessary resources to
fulfill the duties of the job. The success of the firm is also supported by the internal customers, also known as employees, and the satisfaction of these
employees can influence the service encounters with external customers (Gremler, Bitner & Evans, 1994). It is imperative that management of the
company delivers to the expectations of the employees in order to fulfill business goals and objectives. Once the service employee and management of
the company come together to provide the service, the customer decides if delivery meets their expectations by either continuing business with the
company or spreading the word about the company. This three–sided relationship is how the service marketing triangle is formed. The triangle is a
visual representation of how the customers, employees, and company work together to build deeper customer relationships. In a highly competitive
environment, such as the banking industry, it is very important to ensure that customers' needs and wants are being fulfilled and that the customer is
satisfied overall. The banking industry provides many different options for customers with the same types of products. The level of satisfaction
perceived by the customer can affect the overall impression of the organization based on the employee's service

The Banking Industry and Customer Research
The Banking industry and Customer Research
Discussion
Given the competitive atmosphere in banking and the need to interest and retain clients, banks rely strongly on client's satisfaction and customer
loyalty. This is particularly so given today's slowing industry growth and tremendous pressure to maintain and hold onto one's business. Traditional
banks also today face competition from online banks that can afford to offer customers attractive deposit products at low rates and that provide
attractive interest rates. Aside from that, traditional banks face competition, too, from non–banks, such as a Wal–Mart, that open banks within their
stores. For all these reasons and more, the reputation and success of traditional banks directly hinges on the extent to which they manage to retain their
client's services and please him to the extent that he will refer others to the bank. The better then that the bank knows their individual clients and factors
that they seek from the bank, the better then will the bank succeed in pleasing these clients and attracting others. Customer research, ipso facto, is a
significant part of marketing in terms of enabling the bank to maintain and enhance its portfolio. Customer research is all the more effective when it
characterizes an open door policy with the bank and when it uses inbound marketing to reach customers outside the bank. In fact, given that banks have
a tough time to differentiate themselves from one another, they rely heavily on

A Report On The Australian Banking Industry
a.
The Australian banking industry resembles an oligopoly with a few players playing a key part. This is evident from the share of top 5 banks in total
housing loans standing at almost 73%, and it has risen over time from 60%. This shows that loans are more concentrated with top 5 banks now.
The global financial crisis has led to a more concentrated market with lesser competition , lesser number of banks with housing loans and a consequent
increase in share of total housing loans with the top 5 banks mentioned in the article.
Experts point out that, 'The pricing power of the four major banks reflects the strength of their brands and their dominant market positions. The big
banks charge more for loans and less for deposits than smaller banks, hence their average interest margin is 2.2 per cent, compared with the 1.8 per
cent margin of the regional banks.'
More evidence comes from a PWC report that states that' concentration levels have increased since the onset of GFC'. The rise in HHI is proof of
rising oligopolistic tendencies in this sector after 2008. b. A cartel is an example of collusive oligopoly– OPEC is a real life example. collusion will
imply that all firms operate as a monopoly, leading to a price of Po and quantity Qo as shown. This is found where MR= MC. Firms make abnormal
profits that are sustainable in long run.
As compared to perfect competition Qc > Qo and price is lower at Pc.
Competition reduces the deadweight loss or loss of economic

Banking Industry : An American Multinational Banking And...
Introduction
The banking industry is a huge sector of business and finance that has existed in human civilization in some form for thousands of years. In the modern
world, banks/financial institutions have become foundations of our economy for several reasons. They transfer risk, provide liquidity, facilitate both
major and minor transactions and provide financial information to individuals and organizations.
Citigroup Inc. or Citi is an American multinational banking and financial services and as of January 1st, 2015 is the third largest bank holding company
in the US by assets headquartered in Manhattan, New York City. Citigroup had the world 's largest financial services network, spanning 140 countries
with approximately 16,000 offices worldwide and holds over 200 million customer accounts in more than 140 countries (Citi, 2015).
Like any other bank, Citi deals with many risks faced by financial industry in its day to day operations. The risks to which Citi Bank is particularly
exposed in its day to day operations are: credit, market (interest rate, foreign exchange, equity and commodities risk), liquidity, systematic, operational,
and Business risk. (We will discuss credit and market risk in details as part of this paper).
Describe the industry you selected? Based on your research (i.e., web–based, news releases, business journals, etc.), what risks does this industry
currently deal with on a recurring basis (i.e., monthly, quarterly, annually)?Identify and describe a

Information Technology And The Banking Industry
Since the inception of Information Technology (IT), the business world has been transformed. In many aspects of business, IT contributes remarkably
in increasing effective usage of time, efforts and financial costs. This article is going to outline some examples of IT efforts that run, grow, or transform
the businesses it serves, thorough increasingly important layers of business operation and management. Those layers are finance, communication and
systems. 1.Finance
Some decades ago, business financial activities were far different from they are now. Transactions were made using cash orbank notes in person or
sent via mails. It could take about a week for a transaction to be completed due to the distance. Orders given to brokers on ... Show more content on
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Currently, 10,500 financial institutions and corporations in 215 countries are connected to SWIFT. Companies now are greatly benefited from SWIFT
services for foreign trade to receive timely payment.
Online banking is an important example of efforts that grow banking industry. In US, online banking was introduced widely when four of the city 's
major banks (Citibank, Chase Manhattan, Chemical and Manufacturers Hanover) started to offer home banking services, using the videotex system.
"When the clicks–and–bricks euphoria hit in the late 1990s, many banks began to view Web–based banking as a strategic imperative. The attraction of
banks to online banking are fairly obvious: diminished transaction costs, easier integration of services, interactive marketing capabilities, and other
benefits that boost customer lists and profit margins. Additionally, Web banking services allow institutions to bundle more services into single
packages, thereby luring customers and minimizing overhead."
For stock market and stock brokers, the introduction of National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) in 1971, the
world's first electronic stock market, made a huge impact. The NASDAQ helped lower the spread (the difference between the bid price and the ask
price of the stock) and reduce significantly the delay between the initiation and execution of stock orders. Moreover, NASDAQ has provided a basis
for the development of online brokers, which leads to a

Banking Industry
Executive Summary One would think that the main purpose for a bank besides managing one 's money would be giving good customer service.
Excellence in customer service is the most important tool for sustained business growth. Customer complaints are part of the business life of any
corporate entity. This is more so for banks because banks are service organizations. As a service organization, customer service and customer
satisfaction should be the prime concern of any bank. Banks believe that by providing prompt and efficient service to their customers, this is essential
not only to attract new customers, but also to retain existing ones because customer dissatisfaction would spoil the bank 's name and image (uco bank,
n.d.). There ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the customer is not satisfied, then he/she should be provided with alternate avenues to take care of the complaint. Customer service representatives
go by many different job titles and provide help in both general and specialized areas, but their goal is always the same: to establish and maintain
good customer relations with bank clients. Some work in the very front of the bank as bank tellers, answering walk–in customers ' and phone
customers ' questions, solving simple problems, and doing basic routine tasks like opening and closing accounts. Others often called sales associates
or personal bankers work at desks on the bank floor or in small office or cubicles dealing with more complicated questions and problems. They might
help a customer choose and apply for a loan, open multiple accounts, replace a stolen credit card, or purchase certificates of deposit (Career Prospects,
2007) . Because today 's banks compete with many other financial institutions, such as credit unions and brokerage firms for customers ' business,
customer service bankers must work hard to please customers by patiently answering questions, trouble–shooting problems, and offering sympathetic
help. Customer service bankers can go a long way to win customer loyalty for their banks.
Statement of the Problem Many bank customers are not always satisfied. Many of the complaints need

Investment Banking And Securities : An Insight Into The...
September |2014 Investment Banking and Securities: An insight into the industry's market structure and the impact these structural characteristics have
on the behaviour and performance of the industry and firm. David Harris–Burland Word Count : FIMML3 Year Abroad Project Oddo et Cie, 12
boulevard de la Madeleine, Paris CONTENTS SUMMARY INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 3 I – Market Structure Insight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 1.1 – Market Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 – Market Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 1.4– Market Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5 – Geography Segmentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.6 – Porter's Five Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 II – Impact on performance and behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 2.1 – Industry . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 2.2 – Firm (Oddo et Cie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 CONCLUSION . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .

Bank Mergers And Its Effect On The Banking Industry
Bank mergers often occur to diminish costs and increase efficiency across the banking industry. In Finance 412, we have expressed the importance
of regulatory burdens and the stress and challenges banks face with enforcing these regulations. According to Kersha Cartwright, a bank official that
I spoke with, ProBank (PB), formerly located in Tallahassee, Florida, was under a regulatory order to raise more capital. Since 2009, regulators have
been concerned with banks holding greater capital buffers and to keep larger reserves of liquid assets to prevent from becoming insolvent. ProBank's
regulatory order precluded it from lending new money within the Tallahassee market place until more capital was raised. Bremen, Georgia's American...
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ProBank was established September 5th, 2007. Originally beginning with 21 employees, their personnel peaked in 2009, reaching as many as 30
employees. From March 31st 2013, to March 31st, 2015, their personnel was cut by nearly 50%. On the other hand, ACB had an average of 25–27
employees between March 31st, 2013 and March 31st, 2015. From March 31st, 2015 to June 30th, 2015, which was a month after acquiring ProBank,
American Commerce Bank's employee number increased by 56% to 39 employees. According to Kersha Cartwright, the merger between the two banks
did not involve a lot of layoffs. Another important part of a merger and acquisition, in addition to layoffs and employment information, is how well the
two companies blend in terms of company culture. Stephen R. Winn, Interim President of ProBank stated that: partnering with a bank that has a similar
culture and commitment to service is very exciting. [He is] looking forward to expanding [their] ability to serve [their] customers through the strength,
resources and expanded product offerings provided by American Commerce Bank.
Lodorfos and Boateng state in their article The Role of Culture in the Merger and Acquisition Process that the "magnitude of cultural differences can
effectively impede a successful integration...resulting in poor overall performance" and "cultural heterogeneity creates tensions and affects financial
and managerial

Literature Review Of The Banking Industry
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The banking industry started long time ago to provide financial services to merchants in
Athens, Venice, Genoa, Florence, and other commercial cities (Conant, 1915). Coins and banknotes were used to facilitate trading and exchanging
goods. As the idea of money movement grew, central banks were developed to act as a third party center of trust (Rousseau & Sylla, 2003). For
decades, banks used to work in the same manner using the same traditional business models as banknotes and paper records. In 1967, the first ATM
machine was introduced (Kumbhar, 2011). The SWIFT foundation was then established in 1973 to secure money transactions between different banks.
Swift messages do not transfer money; they just send PO (Payment Orders) that must be settled by financial institutions worldwide (Scott &
Zachariadis, 2014). Recently, new changes took place in the surrounding environment where new digital products appeared, regulations were
mandated, and customer behavior patterns were developed (Hirst, 2017). Bitcoin was introduced in 2009, though still not used in traditional banks,
but it has emerged a new era of digitizing money and is considered as internet of money (Ali, et al., 2014). With these rapid changes, the need for
strong credit scoring systems increases. Some countries have strict scoring systems based on customers' historical loans and payments records, while
other countries have less strict systems where people simply get

Banking Industry
Introduction
The banking industry has always been susceptible to economic fluctuations. The subprime mortgages crisis, that started to be felt in 2007 and is still
going on, is not an exception. Although it had consequences all over the world, the main effects were seen in American financial markets, followed by
the European ones. The top ten banks of the world also suffered the consequences; these can be seen in the changes occurred among these leading
institutions in terms of market capitalization and also total assets. After several years of believing in free markets, capitalism and no government
intervention, the whole scene has changed. During this period, the governments, acting together with their respective central banks, assumed ... Show
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Promoting the safety and soundness of individual banking organizations requires the traditional skills of bank supervisors, such as expertise in
examinations of risk–management practices; the Federal Reserve has developed such expertise in its long experience supervising banks of all sizes,
including community banks and regional banks." Further discussion on the consequences of the crisis on banking industry will be presented on the
section Analysing the data.
Presenting the data There are several ways of ranking the world leading banking institutions. It is possible to distinguish at least three different
categories: * Market capitalization: is the total dollar market value of all of a company's outstanding shares. It is calculated by multiplying a
company's shares outstanding by the current market price of one share. It can be used to determine a company's size. * Tier 1 capital: is one of
the two categories into which a bank's capital is divided. It is considered as the best form of bank capital because it is easy to liquidate and
therefore it is less risky that Tier 2 capital. Under the Basel I Accord, it includes retained earnings and common stock. According to banking rules,
banks must keep a certain amount of Tier 1 capital to protect them against failing. * Total assets: it is all the property owned by a corporation. It
includes current assets, fixed assets and other assets such as licenses.

Finance, Banking And Finance Industry
When you drive up to your bank or walk up to your teller, your main goal is to complete your transaction and move on with your day. The last thing
on your mind is how that transaction is taking place. You don't care what happens behind the scenes as long as your money is where it needs to be and
is safe. As the banking and finance industry has transformed, so has the process of how your money is handled. To accompany those changes, regulators
and lawmakers create laws designed to protect consumers, banks, and the economy as a whole. As you will learn, the history of the banking industry
has changed drastically over the last two thousand years and even more so in the last century with the advance of technology. It only makes sense that
those lawmakers must continue to update and invent new regulation to further protect those interested parties. My goal is to demonstrate just how
rapidly and radically the finance industry has changed and how new elements being introduced to finance and banking will adapt the industry and the
regulation.
In the world of finance and financial services, banking has been around longer than any other segment of that world. For more than two millenniums,
bankers have served as "money changers" who aided people in exchanging foreign for local currencies. As this practice grew and many began to throw
their funds into the banking system, the services that banks performed multiplied. Loans were granted and bankers collected interest. Most of

Retail Banking Industry
Contents 1.Introduction2 2.Industry Analysis3 2.1 Industry Background3 2.2 PEST (EL) analysis4 2.2.1 Political4 2.2.2 Economic5 2.2.3
Social–Cultural8 2.2.4 Technological10 2.2.5 Environmental11 2.2.6 Legal11 2.3 Summary of the PESTEL analysis11 3.Porter's Five Forces on retail
banking industry.12 3.1 Rivalry among Existing Companies13 3.2 Entry barrier14 3.3 Supplier power16 3.4 Buyer power17 3.5 Availability of
Substitute products19 3.6 Summary of the Porter's 5 Forces analysis20 4.Conclusion21 5.Method Evaluations and Writing Limitations22 6.Reference23
B014351 Xin Li
Msc. Finance and Management 2010
Is UK Retail banking industry still 'charming'?
A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
UK government had to take the responsibility as a salvation for this huge economic damage. Therefore in 2008, 'The Banking Bill' was first taken into
account by the House of Commons, aim of which is to protect UK banks from continuously the depositors' safety. (The Banking Bill 2008)
Actions should be taken to change the form of banking system, and firstly came to the retail banks. The deposit and saving amount have been
increasing since 2007 till now, even if there was a little going up in recent years. Under the policy of banking reform, the UK Government still holds
its basic principal on keeping the inflation rate stable at a certain normal section and tries to build the confidence of the depositors on the depositing.
By last month, April 2011, the inflation reached to 4.5% with the 2.5% increase in average VAT (
Bank of England). With all the ups–and–downs to the
retail banking market, hopefully this protection bill would work in the future and what on earth was acting as a drive to push this industry like this, it
worth a PEST analysis.
2.2 PEST (EL) analysis
2.2.1 Political
As financial institutions, retail banks are supervised by the central bank; also known as the bank of England, which determines the economy of the UK.
There are several monetary policies on the retail banking industry.
First,

An Analysis Of Banking Chatbots In The Banking Industry
. This is possible when this algorithm ingests millions of data poits from existing information. An Artificial Intelligent company in San Fransisco called
Sentient technology, running a hedge fund, has developed a machine learning algorithm that can get this done. Also, Numerai, which is another hedge
fund, is using Artificia iIntelligence to make trending decisions. Banking Chatbots: Machine learning algorithm and natural languauge process are very
important machineries to ensure a conversational and personalized experience to customers across board.The AI chatbots have played significant roles
in advancing the course of the banking industry . One way the AI chatbot is improving the banking sector is the way it helps user manage their... Show
The hman staff will have more time to engage in more challenging and important tasks while automation of tasks related to screening of curriculum
vitae, among others will be handled by Artificial Intelligence. New Employee Onboarding: Onboarding of new employees entails introducing them to
the culture, processes and polices of the company. The AI's Virtual Assistant can provide answers to those areas of questions. The Issues of Artificia
Intelligence The speed at which Artificia Intelligence is growing and developing is very interesting and at the sam time , a source of concern. The
school of thought of some researchers, scientists, and developers with respect to this pace of development is that Artificial Intelligence could grow to
the extent that regulation or the control of its activities may be very difficult to achieve. Humans now seem to be threatened that the degree of
intelligence intoduced into these machines may not be worth the while in the nearest future. The Threat To Safety: It is believed in some quarters that
self–improving Artificial Intelligent Systems can evolve beyond the expectations of hmans. If this happens,it will be very difficult to stop them from
achieving their gial ,which could lead to unintended consequenses. Concern About Human Privacy:

Job Satisfaction And The Banking Industry
Job Satisfaction in the Banking Industry 1. Research design Cross–sectional design aimed at finding out the level of frequency of specific subject
matter, such as job opportunities and its satisfaction in a defined number of population at a specific time period. (Cress–sectional surveys, 2015) For
example, by carrying out cross–sectional research we can find out what is the level of worker's satisfaction, dissatisfaction, stress and burnout in their
designated role. Advantages of cross–sectional design include: A single research can find out various outcome variables and relevant information. On
the basis of these variable and information, the level of job satisfaction in the banking industry can easily be classified. It is cheap to perform and
does not take long time. To perform the research only 15,000 employees have been chosen out of 69,000, which roughly denotes 21% of the whole
employees. Multiple variables of data can be captured at a time as participants are required to provide detail information such as name, gender, address
etc. while doing the survey. Captured data can be used for various other research. Through this particular research it can be find out those other jobs
which are high in demand too. After comprehensive checking, analysing and filtering the research regarding job satisfaction in banking industry, these
findings can be used as theory or step for further depth research study. Disadvantages of cross–sectional design include:

Banking Industry in Nigeria
THE BANKING INDUSTRY AND THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY POST–CONSOLIDATION
By B. B. EBONG GROUP MANAGING DIRECTOR/CHIEF EXECUTIVE UNION BANK OF NIGERIA PLC ABSTRACT Against the backdrop
of the role of banks as financial intermediaries and their function as the engine of growth of the economy, this paper examines the extent to which the
banking industry has helped to stimulate economic activities in Nigeria and what the prognosis looks like in the post–consolidation era. The paper
notes that the banking industry in Nigeria witnessed a remarkable growth in terms of deposit base, number of branches, total asset and volume of loans
and advances, especially since the de–regulation of the financial services sector in the last quarter of 1986. However, ... Show more content on
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Furthermore, banks act as a conduit for the transmission of monetary policy. They provide a veritable platform when it comes to the implementation of
monetary, credit, foreign exchange, and other financial sector policies of the government. Among other things, monetary policy is designed to
influence the cost and availability of loanable funds with a view to promoting non–inflationary growth. The instruments available to the Central Bank to
achieve this include open market operations (OMO), the cash reserve ratio (CRR), liquidity ratio (LR) and of course, moral suasion. The capacity of
the banking industry to perform these functions effectively is, to a large extent, determined by the financial health of the individual institutions
themselves and soundness and viability of the industry as a whole. For instance, where the majority of banks are adjudged to be weak and unhealthy,
that will impair the ability of the industry to lubricate economic growth and vice versa. Against this background, the objective of this presentation is to
examine the extent to which the banking industry has helped to stimulate economic activities in Nigeria and what the prognosis looks like in the
post–consolidation era, come January 2006.
To achieve its objective, this paper is organised into five parts. Following this introduction, we review the performance of the

Erp for Banking Industry
Short Communications ERP FOR BANKING INDUSTRY Subodh Kesharwani Enterprise Resource Planning application software is appropriate for
organizations in all economic sectors including banking industry. This wide applicability is largely possible as ERP offers considerable flexibility to
customize the software by tailoring it to the individual organizational needs. In this short review paper, it is attempted to enumerate potential and
prospects of ERP system in the banking industry which is generally done after its system integration with other IT and web–enabled banking systems.
Downloaded From IP – 115.248.73.67 on dated 30–Nov–2010 Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale www.IndianJournals.com INTRODUCTION
Banking broadly... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also needs to provide a statement of account with a reasonable time and a stateManagement & Change, Volume 9, Number 2 (2005) © 2005
Institute for Integrated Learning in Management. All Rights Reserved. 110 ERP For Banking Industry ment of the balance on request. Banks are
supposed to honour their cheque upto the credit balance or overdraft limit, provided they are in order and there is no stop (Lipscombe & Pond, 2005).
As the name suggests, ERP systems utilize a companywide framework that links all process driven information systems together into one large
integrated system. Information determines the speed and efficiency with which customers' orders are processed and progressed as a vital link in the
overall efficiency of a nationwide banking system. ERP is basically an integrated system that links individual functions and coordinates information
flows to achieve overall organizational efficiency including customer satisfaction. Downloaded From IP – 115.248.73.67 on dated 30–Nov–2010
Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale www.IndianJournals.com In earlier days, large volume of data was stored centrally on mainframes but with
the advent and growing popularity of PCs, local area networks, and client server technologies becoming the norm, a new requirement emerged whereby
data was stored on desktop computers instead of mainframes. However, this transition also posed several problems. For instance, many different
systems that were developed

Nexity and the Us Banking Industry
Summary
Introduction of Nexity3
I.External Analysis3
A.Industry and Demand Analysis3
B.PEST Analysis6
II.INTERNAL ANALYSIS9
A. Resources View Analysis.9
B.Value chain analysis10
III.Nexity Financial analysis12
A. Nexity bank business model and strategies.12
B.Nexity Financial Analysis.13
IV.SWOT ANALYSIS15
V.TOWS ANALYSIS16
Conclusion17

Introduction of Nexity
Nexity is an online bank, which was initially called the People State of Grand and it was opened in February 2000. Its headquarters are located in
Birmingham, Alabama, USA. Currently, David Long is the President of Nexity and Greg Lee the CEO. The turnover represented an amount of... Show
Clients are more and more oriented to the more rentable channels like internet and ATMs. Virtual banks consequently deliver a lot of services but only
through internet that allow to reduce costs in occupancy and salaries in order to offer better rates of interest (to 3 times better than averages). Virtual
low–costs positioned banks compete against other virtual banks with good customer service, in–house costumer data and service center operations,
strong management teams, a good mix of attractively priced products, and low marketing costs. It's a price competition which includes lower margins
directly.
What about the entry barriers with potential entrants? It is a low threat. The largest barrier to entry is the expenses in founding a bank: a new bank
needs to raise 8–12 million to begin operations. But start–up costs for virtual banks are much less expensive than for traditional banks: virtual banks
could begin operations for millions less than traditional banks (no offices, etc.) , even though they'll have to invest a lot in marketing and advertising
budgets in order to attract depositors at the start–up time. The second barrier is loyalty to older, larger, and more established brand–name banks. Here
we can talk about a network effect. And third, an existing bank holding company provides investments and backing for the new bank by spinning off a
separate banking entity.
Concerning the substitutes, the only ones

Impact Of Technology On The Banking Industry
Changing Technologies The change and advancement in technology are a significant factor in the banking business. Technology has led to
tremendous improvements in this industry. Since the commencement of this millennium, people have shown great love for their mobile phones
(Ozaki 1992). It necessitated the invention of mobile applications (APPs). From the introduction of the mobile banking, APP people rarely go to the
banks. All their transactions get done simply by the stroke of a finger. Businesses face a challenge of adapting to changes in the technology sector.
Mobile banking either through actual investing or any other means is on the rise. According to the most recent Federal Reserve study; most of us
haven't set foot in a banking hall in ages. It is a lost battle to banks that opt to use traditional methods to conduct their banking transactions (Gup
2003). By December of last year, close to half of all smartphone users in the United States had transacted some or all of their banking on their phones
and iPhones. In the United Kingdom alone, rates of mobile banking transactions doubled over the course of a single year (Scn Education 2001). A
banking business that invests in this type of technology gets assured of increasing their customer base. Continued Globalization of markets involving
1st and 2nd world entrants Globalization is the process through which the world is slowly but surely getting interconnected. The relation is as a result
of the exchange of cultural

Essay On Banking Industry
Banking Industry in 2010–11
During 2010–11, banks improved in terms of asset quality and profitability. Stress test showed that banks remained reasonably resilient to liquidity and
interest rate shocks
There were emerging concerns about banking sector stability related to disproportionate growth in credit to sectors such as real estate, infrastructure,
NBFCs and retail segment, persistent asset–liability mismatches, higher provisioning requirement and reliance on short–term borrowings to fund asset
growth
Presently, the key issues related to the Indian banking sector include: o prospective migration to Basel III while upgrading the existing risk
management practices under Basel II; o transition to International Financial Reporting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It initiated the policy discussions with regard to providing new bank licenses, designing the road–ahead for the presence of foreign banks and holding
company structure for banks
The process of migration to the advanced approaches under the Basel II regulatory framework continued during 2010–11, while also facilitating the
movement towards the Basel III framework
Financial Inclusion continued to occupy centre stage in banking sector policy with the rolling out of Board–Approved Financial Inclusion Plans by
banks during 2010–11 for a time horizon of next three years
Operations and Performance of Commercial Banks
The consolidated balance sheet of SCBs recorded higher growth in 2010–11 as compared with the previous year. This was different from what was
observed during the last two years and indicated a revival from the peripheral effects of the global financial turmoil
Deposits registered higher

Regulation Of The Us Banking Industry
Final Exam
Jennifer Ngo
Bus 171A – Xu
December 11, 2015
1)Regulation of the US banking industry; Changes in the industry since the recent recession
–Banks can include commercial banks, savings and loans, and credit unions. Everyday banks are used to make payments, deposits, withdraw, or talk to
bankers about options. Regulations are highly important in the banking industry, protecting customers and economically. Banks gain funds by retained
earnings, equity securities, savings, loans, and charging interest rates.
There are number of banking regulations, the 1933 the FDIC set an insurance on deposits of $250,000 or more due to previous bank failures. This
means that deposits are safe and if a bank does fail, the money ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Any financial institution would consists of financial products, loans, or investment advice and insurance. With this institution, there is data regarding
bank information like your account and private financial information. Banks and other institutions were required to maintain confidentiality and not use
that to "sell" off any personal information, nor share it.
During the 2008 panic and recessions, many worried that this would soon happen again if there wasn't additional regulations implemented in
preventing another crisis. In 2010, according to Harvard Law, he Dodd–Act was reformers, improving customer protection, reduce possible and future
crisis, and end taxpayer bailouts. Another act reformed was Basel, requiring banks to have more sustained capital and increasing bank liquidity
reserves. Banks are probably now stronger, healthier now than ever. It is much safer however still risks comes, but have immensely improved in the
last decade.
2)Actively managed funds vs. Passive funds; whether fund manager characteristics matter to fund performance
–Actively managed funds are managed by "experts" who choose certain stocks for you, with this there are fees as they are managing for you.
According to CNN Money, fees can range from 0.6% to 1%, and with hiring these experts many would assume they would do better and outperform the
market. Assuming that these

The Current Banking Industry Environment Essay
Our analysis explores the current banking industry environment. This industry contains banks that provide loans and other financial services to their
clients that include commercial and business clients and individual consumers. We looked at strengths and weaknesses to assess the strongest US
banks and what makes them successful. We focused on opportunities in the banking industry, the rise in mobile banking technology, better customer
service, and capitalizing on the rising need for home loans to underserved consumers. Additionally, the banking industry faces threats including
regulatory issues, cyber risks, and future devaluation of the dollar. Expansion to new markets and innovations were also analyzed. We included
strengths and weaknesses of the top four banks, though we ignored the internal analysis on the US banking industry as it is not possible to adequately
analyze an aggregated industry of banks and this is a firm level analysis.
We used databases such as Mergent Online, Business Source Complete, IBISWorld, Mintel Academic and others to guide us to the necessary research.
Strengths and Weaknesses According to IBISworld, the top four public banks by market share, as shown in the chart above, are Wells Fargo &
Company, JP Morgan Chase & Co.,Bank of America, and Citigroup. (Hoffman, 2016)Since this is an industry report and an external analysis, it
would not be possible to analyze a whole category of business internally as every business is different.

The United Kingdom Banking Industry
The United Kingdom banking industry, in the seventies and eighties, was a competitive and fairly unregulated market. These two factors in most
industries implies that there is room for companies to grow. However, the market of personal banking was saturated– all customers that needed
personal banking already belonged to a bank. The Big Four clearing British banks – Lloys, Midland, Barkleys, and National Westminster– dominated
the retail banking industry. In this industry, where the players joke that, "people are more likely to switch partners than banks," entry into this market
would be very difficult. Only 1 in 30 people switched banks every year. It would take a superb value proposition and business model to acquire
customers from other banks. Prior to the seventies, the UK banking industry was not very competative. The Big Four flooded the market until the point
of saturation. Then, in the late seventies, the Bank of England allowed banks to offer a more full range of services, including: share dealing and
financial advisement. Furthermore, The Banking Act of 1979 allowed building societies to offer personal banking services, including check deposit
accounts and unsecured loans. This act dismantled the interest rate cartel in the UK, removing at least one barrier to entry from the banking and
mortgage industry. Now, the Big Four was pitted against the building societies. Coupled with these legislative changes was a decrease in regulation of
the banking industry. All

Lack of Regulation in Banking Industry
What case can be made that it was the lack of regulation of the banking sector that led to the financial crisis of 2008–9? What are the new regulatory
structures that are being proposed in the US and UK? The preconditions of the 2008–9 crisis were high unemployment, high growth which was
stimulated partially by foreign investment caused by imbalance of current accounts on the international arena (ie. Huge debt of US and the UK and
surplus of China, Korea, Japan). Large part of the problem was caused by low inflation – in healthy economy house prices oscilate around the inflation
rate. In this recession prices were raising faster than inflation. Finally, interest rates which were kept low after the dot com bubble (2004) in order to...
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The level of defauls in the sub–prime market was over 10% whilst the prime market was around 2%. The price decrease in real estate lead to banks not
being able even to recover the amount they invested. When the speculative subprime market went into crisis it only began much bigger recession.
Behind the sub–prime there was another crisis – the financial innovation products: CDO 's, CDS 's, derivatives, futures market, which were directly
interlocked with sub–prime loans. Creation of a secondary В«shadow marketВ» with no transparency and lack of government regulation. Banks were
continuiously and artificially creating enormous amount of money. Derivatives which are essentially just bets (on virtually anything: price of
commodity, exchange rate, inflation, currency exchange, etc.) have become a huge market worth over $700 trillion. The problem with them is that
there is no physical value behind them and if things go wrong one have to face loss of all the money that have been invested. Shadow banking system
has developed further based on the innovation and creation of new over–the–counter financial solutions. The illegal practices were allowed to flourish.
It is known now for example that Credit Default Swaps even though they are a type of insurance, were sold as derivatives. Credit Default Swap is the
financial solution of sprading the risk of defaulting on repayment of the loan. It is an agreement than one side gets paid for

Consumer Behaviour Towards the Islamic Banking вЂ“ вЂњCustomer...
1.0INTRODUCTION
In this current era, businesses play the most important role in developing a country's reputation. It is because a nation's wealth is determined by
concerning on certain aspects as one of it is the economical factor. As far as we know, businesses are the main sectors of a nation where it decides the
economical status of a nation.
Apart from that, banking operations are also one of the factors which contribute to the economical growth of a country. The main core business of the
banking corporation is being a financial institution and a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels those deposits into lending activities,
either directly or through capital markets. Moreover, a bank also connects the customers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Syariah prohibits the fixed or floating payment or acceptance of specific interest or fees (known as Riba or usury) for loans of money. The word
"Riba" means excess, increase or addition, which according to Syariah terminology, implies any excess compensation without due consideration
(consideration does not include time value of money). However, these principles may have been applied to historical Islamic economies and in the
late 20th century that a number of Islamic banks were formed to apply these principles to private or semi–private commercial institutions within the
Muslim community.
In early Islamic banking, a number of economic concepts and techniques were applied, including bills of exchange, partnership (mufawada) such as
limited partnerships (mudaraba), and forms of capital (al–mal), capital accumulation (nama al–mal), cheques, promissory notes, trusts, transactional
accounts, loaning, ledgers and assignments. Organizational enterprises independent from the state also existed in the medieval Islamic world, while the
agency institution was also introduced during that time. Many of these early capitalist concepts were adopted and further advanced in medieval Europe
from the 13th century onwards.
Besides that, Islamic Banking is growing at a rate of 10–15% per year in this modern era with the signs of consistent future growth. Islamic banks have
more than 300 institutions spread over 51 countries, including the United States

Overview Of The Banking Industry Essay
1 OVERVIEW OF THE BANKING INDUSTRY
Introduction
India's banking sector has grown very fast over these years. India has a large web of banking it has 26 public sector banks, private sector consists of
20, and there are 43 foreign banks which is a good sign for banking sector. Also it consists of 61 regional banks. There has been a noticeable expansion
in dealings through ATMs, and also with internet and mobile banking banks has shown tremendous growth.
Indian Parliament in 2012 passed a bill know as (Banking Laws Amendment bill) which has made banking easy in India and also opened doors for
the entire world. This bill states that RBI is the only body to make decisions regarding banks and it's the responsibility of RBI to make rules for banks.
In coming years the banking sector is estimated to generate up to 20 million jobs, with the help of RBI and Indian government. Also, old way of doing
banking operations will go gradually with the modern technology. So banking sector is playing important role in Indian economy and also we will play
in the future.
2.1.2 Market size Banking assets in India reached up to US$ 1.8 trillion and in future it will cross US$ 28.5 trillion in FY25.
Private sector saw huge growth in personal loan and credit cards in 2014. Banks like ICICI had 14.5% growth in personal loan disbursement in
financial year 2014. Also Axisbank loan business had a growth auto 49.6% and its credit card business rose up to 31. %
Banking

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