Rubella Research Paper

Rubella Research Paper
First characterized as a mild sickness characterized by adenopathy, a rash, and hardly a fever, George Maton did not think much of the disease in
1814. However, later on, a scientist by the name of Veale gave it the name of rubella in 1866. Rubella (German Measles) attracted hardly any attention
before 1942, when it was discovered by Norman Gregg that birth defects were being linked with maternal rubella in the first trimester. It was until
1962 that the full gravity of rubella embryopathy remained a mystery. In that year, two different groups by the names of Neva and Weller; and
Parkman, Buescher, and Artenstein; isolated and clarified rubella in a single tissue culture. (1) Utilizing the newly developed tools of the virus
laboratory, several ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are no symptoms in about 50% of the people infected with the disease. Symptoms that may show up would include: a mild fever, swollen
glands, a rash spreading from the face to the body, and aching joints (typically in younger women). (2) (4) The disease is primarily dangerous for a
fetus. Rubella can cause birth defects and, in some cases, miscarriage. Coughing or sneezing helps to spread the rubella virus, and even
asymptomatic individuals can spread it. It is suggested to get a lot of rest and drink plenty of fluids when you have the disease. It might also be
helpful to take pain relievers, including acetaminophen and aspirin, to help with the fevers and inflammation. There are about seven days, starting
from the onset of the rash, that people are contagious. They need to be isolated from people who are not immunized, as well as coworkers and
students from school. (3) Each defect caused by CRS (congenital rubella syndrome) requires a different treatment, and each treatment is specific for
a certain defect. (3) The rubella vaccine is the most common prevention used for rubella. The vaccine has seen widespread use, and it has been
preventing outbreaks and birth defects due to CRS for years. Children between the ages of twelve and fifteen usually receive the vaccine as part of
their MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine. Once they reach four to six, they receive the
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Vaccinating your child seems to be the question of the...
Vaccinating your child seems to be the question of the decade for many parents and families. Typically, parents usually follow their doctors advice and
automatically get their children vaccinated. But now, almost every parent has heard these concerning and alarming side effects that may accompany
vaccinations. Faced with conflicting information, there are many questions that arise from these concerns and parents do not want their children to
catch any crucial illness but are also concerned about the risk and side affects of vaccines. Challengers have claimed that vaccines do not work, that
they are or may be dangerous, or that mandatory vaccinations violate individual rights or religious principles. Some wonder, are vaccinations even 100%
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As working parents and families, our children are in daycares and preschools and amongst many other children. The danger of catching or passing
along a disease are at a much greater risk. Vaccineoverload is the belief that giving many vaccines at once may overwhelm or weaken a child's immune
system and lead to unfavorable effects. Some parents of autistic children believe that vaccine overload causes autism. If you rely on some forms of
social media, you may hear about the controversies and celebrities that are on an anti vaccine crusade. For example, Jenny McCarthy and Holly
Robinson are anti–vaccines while Amands Peete stated in an interview that parents who do not vaccinate their children are "parasites." The resulting
controversy has caused many parents to delay or avoid immunizing their children. Included hypotheses are that vaccinations can cause sudden infant
death syndrome, seizures, multiple sclerosis and autoimmune disease. Are most vaccinations even 100% effective? No, they are not. Most are 85–95
% effective in preventing disease. Although they may not be 100% effective, they still offer outstanding protection. Without vaccinations, we can
expect society to be like it was years ago and we would suffer from the diseases of our grandparents. Vaccinationhas been opposed on religious grounds
ever since it was introduced, even when vaccination is not necessary. Religious hostility continues to this day, raising ethical difficulties when the
number of

The State Of The Modern Vaccination Debate
Rightful Authority to Mandate Vaccines
Melanie West
Wright State University
Rightful Authority to Mandate Vaccines
Social Problem
State of Current Social Problem The term "herd immunity" became a common phrase as the debate surrounding mandating vaccines continues to grow.
The modern vaccination debate often appears to focus on the effectiveness of vaccines as many media sources affirmed or denounced a potential
correlation between autism and vaccines. Although these stories about autism and vaccines became headlines, the history of mandating vaccines
addresses the authority of the government to distinguish between individual concerns and the common good. The current now ultimately focuses on
examining the authority of the government to distinguish between individual concerns and the common good rather than the effectiveness of vaccines.
History of VaccineMandate Debate
The current debate surrounding mandating vaccines for children to attend public school roots itself in a deep history with a 21st century twist. A recent
measles outbreak in early 2015 merely reopened this long–standing debate which now spills into the very early campaigning for the 2016 Presidential
election. The presence of this debate in the early stages of the election proves it as a compelling controversy needing settlement through clear policies.
This recent debate often appears as a fresh controversy, but instead began over a century ago most notably with the Supreme Court

Rubella Virus
RNA virus of paramyxovirus group causes the disease called Rubella. The whole family is responsible for the disease as it spreads throughout the
family. The women who get infected with Rubella within the first 3 months of their pregnancy period ranges almost from 30%–50%, where the fetuses
will be poorly affected by the virus. Gestation is the time when Rubella virus choose to invade the placenta and fetus. In this case, a woman in her initial
months of pregnancy who is exposed to the virus may grow the infection and give birth to an infant who is seriously infected and displays the
congenital faults such as hearing problems along with blindness.[3]
DNA virus belonging to the herpes group is the main cause of the infection named as Cytomegalovirus

Children Vaccinated Against Common Illnesses
In recent years vaccines have been a major topic of discussion. While some people still think having your children vaccinated against common
illnesses such as chicken pox and the flu is dangerous, I myself think it is perfectly fine to have your children vaccinated on the schedule
recommended by pediatricians. Some parents choose to have their children vaccinated on a delayed schedule, which I still find acceptable. However,
the parents who choose not to have their children vaccinated at all are a danger to the public.
Unvaccinated people can cause outbreaks of viruses that have been eradicated. In late 2014 a measles outbreak occurred when an unvaccinated child
who was a carrier of the disease visited Disneyland. This caused 173 people from seventeen different states to contract the virus that was eradicated
from the United States in 2002. In order for measles to be under control 94–99% of the population must be vaccinated. With the recent trend of not
vaccinating, measles, along with other once eradicated, or nearly eradicated diseases are making a come–back.
Since early 1998 autism and the MMR vaccine, a vaccine that protects the body from measles, mumps, and rubella viruses, has said to been linked. In
an article written by Jeffery S. Gerber and Paul A. Offit published in Clinical Infectious Diseases, Andrew Wakefield discovered this apparent link.
According to Gerber and Offit:
On 28 February 1998, Andrew Wakefield, a British gastroenterologist, and colleagues

Reaction Paper On Rubella
INTRODUCTION
Measles is a very contagious and infectious virus. Basic symptoms may include fever, cough, runny nose, swollen eyes, then 2 or 3 days later small
white spots may form inside the mouth
These spots are known as koplik spots then a red rash spreads around the body after about 3–5 days after the first symptoms appear.
It is an airborne virus which spreads quite easily through sneezes and coughs of the infected.it can also be spread through touching body fluids of the
infected.
9 out of 10 non immune people who share space with an infected person will catch the virus.
The vaccine for the virus has proven to be quiet effective and has reduced the number of deaths caused by the virus between 2000 and 2013 by 75%.
There is no specific treatment for the virus and it affects almost 20 million people every year and mostly the developing countries like those in Africa
and Asia
Rubella, which is also known as "German Measles", which is generally a mild disease but it can have serious consequences for women who are
pregnant and their children. If an individual is infected with rubella in the first trimester women have a very high risk of giving birth to a child with
Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS). CRS often results in several birth defects including heart problems, deafness and blindness. More than a hundred
thousand infants are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sometimes the presence of white spots inside the mouth, called Koplik spots, the timing of the fever and the rash and the characteristics of the rash
can help make the diagnosis. Whenever measles is suspected, swabs from the nose or throat, a urine sample or a blood test can be tested to confirm
the diagnosis in the laboratory. Confirmation of the diagnosis is important so that other people who may be at risk of measles can be identified and

Rubella Controversy
Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) Vaccine and the Development of Autism
Controversy
Andrew Wakefield and other 12 co–authors published a study in the Lancet in 1998 that suggested a relationship between measles, mumps, and rubella
(MMR) and autism. In other words, Wakefield and associates suggested that thevaccine for MMR could predispose children to autism. The paper
received massive publicity despite the researchers having used a sample size that was not representative (n=12), the research design was uncontrolled
as well as conclusions being speculative (Sathyanarayana Rao & Andrade, 2011). Consequently, the vaccines for MMR plummeted since parents feared
that vaccinating their children against MMR could predispose their children to autism.
Subsequent studies were conducted immediately after Wakefield and associates published the study to refute the alleged link between MMR
vaccination and autism. The conclusion that MMR vaccination could cause autism among vaccinated children was also dubious since a temporal link
exists between the two. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The likelihood of vaccinated children being diagnosed autism compared to unvaccinated children was 0.44 in this small group (Jain et al., 2015). The
finding is statistically significant which suggests that vaccines could cushion children from autism.
Jain et al. (2015) explain the effect of vaccines in protecting children against autism. The effect could be explained by parents of autistic children who
do not vaccinate the younger children. Autism is closely related to genes which mean if an older sibling has autism, the younger children are likely to
be diagnosed with autism. Jain et al. (2015) explained that parents who withheld their children from obtaining MMR vaccine due to fears propagated by
the infamous 1998 study could have contributed to the lower rate of vaccinated children diagnosed with

Characteristics Of The Infectious Agent
Characteristics Morphology of the infectious agent
Rubella virus is a member of the Togaviridae family though is its own genus, Rubivirus. Rubella is caused by the Rubella virus which can be found in
the blood, stool, or throat of an infected individual (change). There is currently only one genetically stable serotype of Rubella, however a phylogenetic
tree analysis of nine virus strains confirms the existence of a minimum of three distinct genetic lineages (Parkman, 1996). The virus is spherical in
shape with a diameter of 50–80nm and is a 20–faced nucleocapsid. The core surrounding the single–stranded, positive–sense RNA genome has
hemagglutinin–containing surface projections and is also surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope. There are three major structural polypeptides: E1 and
E2 membrane glycoproteins, and a single nonglycosylated capsid protein associated with RNA. The first envelope protein, E1, is responsible for viral
hemagglutinination and neutralization while E2 is categorized into two forms: E2a and E2b. There are two forms because of the differences in
glycosylation and these differences indicate different strains of Rubella (Parkman, 1996).
Rubella has four stages in its infection, some subclinical and other asymptomatic (Table 1, Appendix 1). These stages are the incubation period,
prodromal period, exanthema period and the convalescent period. The incubation period lasts approximately 16–18 days however may also last
between 14 and 23 days. This asymptomatic

Essay On Childhood Vaccination
Childhood vaccinations is a part of life that some people are not willing to accept. Especially the MMR vaccine, which stands for measles, mumps,
and rubella. There seems to be a lot of attention that comes along with this specific vaccine because some people believe that there is a link between
the MMR vaccine and autism. Even with these concerns parents should still have their children vaccinated because they could be saving the lives of
their children and the lives of their loved ones. Measles, mumps and rubella are all considered viral diseases that are contagious. Any one of these
diseases can make someone who has not been vaccinated for MMR very sick. Starting with measles here is a list of a few of the more serious
symptoms and complications caused by this disease: pneumonia, brain damage, and death (http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/vaccines
/mmr–vaccine.html). Now a list of the worst symptoms and complications that one can expect to suffer if infected with the mumps: swollen salivary
glands, swelling of the testicles or ovaries, deafness, inflammation of the brain and/or tissue covering the brain and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The obvious reasons for giving children the MMR vaccine have already been listed with all the side effects that come along with the diseases. If
children are vaccinated and become immune to these diseases they will not have to suffer the horrific illness that comes along with the diseases. The
immunization of these diseases could ultimately save the parents money. If a child becomes sick because they have not been vaccinated then they will
need a substantial amount of medical treatment which in return can rack up a large medical bill. Weighing the medical cost of treatment of the
disease compared to the cost of a vaccine could be considered a reason to have a child

Pros And Cons Of Vaccines
http://fortune.com/2017/02/16/donald–trump–autism–vaccines/ This article discusses the much debated concept of whether vaccines are correlated to
causing autism. The controversy began in 1998 when a MMR vaccine – used to fight measles, mumps and rubella in children – was linked by a
fraudulent research paper to disorders related to autism (Bearman 2010). As a result of the claims of the paper, there was a sharp drop in vaccination
rates where the research was first originally reported – in the UK and in Ireland (Bearman 2010). As a result, there was a significant increase in the
occurrence of measles and mumps, resulting in significant casualties as well as significant permanent injuries (Bearman 2010). Subsequently, a variety
of research institutions have undergone significant testing of this "hypothesis" and have concluded there is no link between the MMR vaccine and
autism. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This allows the occupant of the position a tremendous amount of power through which they are able to implement policy or their personal belief on
what the appropriate agenda for America should be (Gelderman 1997). With the election of Donald Trump, he has made it a personal point to
implement many of the controversial portions of his agenda. This includes a reaffirmation of the false study of the MMR vaccine which was disproven
by scientific organizations. While many of his positions are very controversial, Trump wields more power through his office than the scientists who
conduct work and have analyzed these theories

Should Those Opposed For Immunization Conform For The...
Should those opposed to immunization conform for the safety as a nation? I will discuss the controversial debate of those who are for and against
immunization, the extent of the issue of those affected, and supported evidence in strengthening my position for immunization. By proving the
negative accusations immunizations has received creating a pandemic, as opposing parents fear their child is at risk refusing immunization and putting
other children in danger. Exposing unvaccinated children in public schools increases the chances of spreading an outbreak. According to a 2015 article
found on Why I Choose.org by the California Immunization Coalition states an unvaccinated person infected can become a threat to others (Why I
Choose, 2015). This increases the chance of being exposed to life threatening diseases, by those who refuse immunization. The government should
enforce any federal or state funding programs such as: public schools, charter schools, preschools, summer programs etc. to receive the necessary
immunizations to prevent an out break and create stability of a safe environment.
Immunizations protect children from dangerous diseases, which include: diphtheria, meningitis, tetanus, polio, measles, and the whooping cough
(Vaccines, 2015). The controversial debate arose in 1998 concerning a link between the MMR (measles, mumps, andrubella) vaccine and autism by
Andrew Wakefield. However, his claims and theories on the matter has been discredited due to his

Essay about MMR Vaccine: Examining the Evidence
The MMR Vaccine: Examining the Evidence In 1963 the Noble Peace Prize winning virologist John F. Enders finally licensed his vaccine for
measles. Prior to this vaccine the United States alone reported 4 million cases of the measles each year. With more scientific discoveries the measles
vaccine today has evolved to include immunity against rubella and mumps along with protecting millions against illness each year. However,
vaccination is a word surrounded by controversy in today's parenting world and the Measles Mumps and Rubella vaccine (MMR) can be distinguished
as possibly the most controversial vaccine of our time. Controversial because of the fear that many have that it causes autism along with other hazards.
This fear has clouded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, they believe that these illnesses are not serious. Not only parents, but also advocates for anti–vaccination are a huge voice in this heated
debate. Whether the public understands and accepts important information in the debate will depend on both the communication skills, and the
credibility, of the source. Vaccines are as safe as humans can presently make them. Yet as in any health intervention, some level of uncertainty will
always remain (Clements). It is now the responsibility of the parents of these young children to make the pivotal decision in their young child's life.
To vaccinate or not to vaccinate is a question that many parents find extremely difficult to answer. However, once faced with the research and safety
statistics surrounding the MMR vaccine, the answer may be clearer than once believed. Starting with the controversy of the presence of thimerosal,
once further research is done the speculation over its presence and lack of safety can be dismissed entirely.
According to a statement made the Federal Drug and Food Administration, thimerosal is a mercury–containing organic compound that since the 1930s
and has been widely used as a preservative in a number of biological and drug products. These said drug products include vaccines, and many have
speculated that the organic compound may be influential in causing autism. Due to the concern and controversy over the topic, pharmaceutical
companies made the decision to extremely

The Importance of Childhood Vaccination Essay
Since the introduction of vaccinations, medical science has managed to all but eliminate many formally fatal and debilitating childhood illnesses in
countries where the immunization of children is nearly universal. Diseases such as measles, mumps, diphtheria, rubella and polio have been relegated
to a marginal status in developed countries with active immunization campaigns; smallpox is actually considered to have been completely eliminated
from the earth, without a single case having been reported since roughly 1979 ("Childhood"). Largely centered around a study published in 1998 in the
British medical journal "The Lancet", there has been an upsurge in concerns of the safety of vaccinations and a resulting decrease in their usage, which
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To plainly state the effects of even this small drop of 12%, "official figures showed that 1,348 confirmed cases of measles in England and Wales
were reported [in 2008], compared with 56 in 1998. Two children have died of the disease" (Deer). A 2400% increase in the incidence of measles
could possibly have some hope of justification if the original study tying the MMR vaccine to autism were true. Sadly, a recent ruling by the second
highest court in America, the United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit, re–affirmed the decision of a lower court which "found that Dr.
Wakefield's work had been largely discredited within the scientific community and that none of the studies indicating the presence of measles virus in
autistic children had been successfully replicated by an accredited laboratory" ("HAZLEHURST v. SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
SERVS."). The evidence against Wakefield's work has been so overwhelming that "The Lancet" took the highly unusual step of retracting the original
article in February of 2010, prompting it's editor, Richard Horton, to state "'It was utterly clear, without any ambiguity at all, that the statements in the
paper were utterly false...I feel I was deceived.'" (Boseley). An explicit statement like this one from someone in such an esteemed position in the
medical peer–reviewed publication world

Stages And Processes Of Human Prenatal Development Essay
Stages and Processes of Human Prenatal Development
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this article is to highlight the biological processes that drive embryonic development. It will be mainly focused on stages of prenatal
development at the semi–cellular level that result in visible advances in the embryo's development as it matures into a fetus and eventually is born.
However, these biological processes are not flawless; in some cases, infections, risk factors present in the environment outside of the uterus, or
genetic diseases can pose harm by altering how developmental processes proceed or even result in lethality to the fetus. Genetic diseases and illnesses
of high concern will thus be discussed in greater detail, as will proposals to prevent or lower the risk of these events from affecting development.
PRENATAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Development of the embryo into a fetus throughout pregnancy consists of three main periods of development, made up of several weeks of
development between each one; these are referred to commonly and by medical professionals as the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy.
Following conception, the embryonic stage of prenatal development begins through the fifth week of pregnancy in which major structures begin to
form. At this stage, the cells of the body begin to differentiate into cells that are specialized in unique functions such as blood, kidney, and nerve cells
for their corresponding organ systems (Hill, 2016). According to Sacks

Essay about Benefits and Hazards of Immunizations
Benefits and Hazards of Immunizations
Although science and technology have been very beneficial to us a lot of people are misinformed about its procedures. I myself am a bit fearful about
how technologically advanced we're getting in such a short period of time, but this is because I don't understand science. I guess most people that fear
science feel that way because of the horrible things that science may bring about. When reading Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" one begins to wonder
what if scientists do create a monster and like Dr. Frankenstein did, can no longer undo the creation. It is actually a very scary thought. But then on the
other end of the spectrum you have J. Michael Bishop who defends scientists against people's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Currently though, in the news there is talk about severe reactions to MMR shots. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) shots are given to children
usually when they are infants. This shot has been very effective in keeping kids from getting those diseases but there are accounts of parents who say
their children developed brain injuries, chronic health problem, diabetes, and even autism after having received the MMR shot. Up until now it is not
confirmed that the MMR shot is directly related to the development of those illnesses but examples of what parents say have happened to their children
indicate that it is. Those parents certainly believe that there is a direct relationship between the vaccine and their child's illness. Following are some
examples that I found of parents accounts:
Case 1: "My daughter, age 15 months, received her first MMR vaccine at a routine well–baby check–up. Prior to receiving the vaccine she had no
health problems other than an occasional cold. Three weeks later she was diagnosed with Type I diabetes. At her check–up, the pediatrician warned me
that in 7 to 10 days she might develop a fever and/or rash in reaction to the vaccine. Eight days later she developed a slight fever which I attributed to
the vaccine. Over the course of that week she began drinking fluids to an excess degree. She was so thirsty that she drank 2–3 cupfuls at a time and
then began wetting through her diapers, saturating her crib sheets. She also became lethargic...her

Andrew Wakefield
In 1998, the British medical journal called The Lancet published a controversial research paper written by Andrew Wakefield. In the research paper
"Ileal–lymphoid–nodular hyperplasia, non–specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children, " Andrew Wakefield et al. attempted to
link MMR (Mumps, Measles, Rubella) vaccinations and autism. Nevertheless, the paper seemed to successfully do that. However, this was not known
was at the time was Wakefield had tampered with the findings. Furthermore, this was brought to light in 2004 by British journalist Brian Deer. In 2011,
thirteen years after The Lancet published the paper, and seven years after Brian Deer exposed the paper. The Lancet finally retracted the article. A
common theory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Still, though, there are people that still believe MMR vaccinations cause autism. Andrew Wakefield is one of those individuals that believe that
MMR vaccinations cause autism. Wakefield has been found guilty of fraud and dishonesty. Thus, causing him to lose his credentials. Wakefield
still denies that he was wrong and he denies the allegations of fraud (Godlee et al., 2011). The GMC (General Medicine Counsel), the organization
that removed Wakefield's credentials; furthermore the GMC has asked him to either reproduce the results or say he was wrong. Wakefield has
neglected to do either. One of the worst things about this is five years after being retracted one out of four Americans will not get their children
vaccinated because they believe that MMR vaccinations cause autism. Vaccination rates are higher than they were ten years ago, but they are still
not high enough. In the United States of America, MMR vaccination rates are at 92% and in the UK they are at 90%. These percentages are pretty
good considering that in the UK rates dropped below 75% and below 58% in some areas (Kolodziejski, 2014. p.165), (Burgess et al,. 2006. p.3921).
The numbers are improving, but it is still not high enough it should be around

Rubella Is An Infection Of The Skin
Rubella is an infection of the skin involving a rash on the skin. Rubella can be spread from person to person as early as one week before the rash
begins and as late as one to two weeks after the rash is gone. Usually there are few symptoms including headache, fever, runny nose and headache prior
to the appearance of the rash. In pregnant women however, the rash can be passed on to the unborn child. Complications from rubella during pregnancy
can lead to miscarriage or still birth. (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2015)
Rubella is a spherical virus with a single strand of RNA. It is surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope. Its classification is the only member of the genus
Rubivirus in the family Togaviridae. This virus has two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although there isn't much that can be done in the way of treatment, there are preventative measures that can be taken.
2
There is a vaccine available to stop the virus from infecting a host. This vaccine is known as the MMR vaccine. According to (NLM, 2015), "The
vaccine in current use is prepared from attenuated rubella virus and induces immunity by producing a modified rubella infection in susceptible
recipients. It is administered subcutaneously. Two doses are recommended. The first may be given starting at 12 months. Most commonly, the initial
dose is administered as a combined vaccine containing attenuated mumps and measles viruses as well. The second dose is given either at school entry
or at entry to middle school or high school. Vaccine–induced infection is usually asymptomatic in children, but is associated more frequently with
rubella–like symptoms in adults. Vaccine–associated reactions include fever, lymphadenopathy, and arthritis and are usually mild and transient."
Knowing that there is a vaccination available that eliminates the threat from this virus would make one think that the virus should not be around
anymore. However, as stated earlier the number of cases of rubella has decreased 99%. That still leaves that other 1%. We live in a world now where
even though there is a cure or vaccine to something some people will still

MMR Vaccines
'Courts quietly confirm MMR Vaccine causes Autism' is a media article written by Mark Wachtler in 2013 published by Whiteout Press. Wachtler is the
founder of Whiteout Press which is an independent and alternative news source. There catch–phrase being 'Independent News at its Best– If it's
blacked–out, covered–up or censored, you can find it here!' (Wachtler, 2006).
The title 'Courts quietly confirm MMR Vaccinecauses Autism' instantly addresses a conflicting idea as it shows that the government is attempting to
hide the risks of vaccinations Within this article, the author aims to support Dr Andrew Wakefield's link between autism and theMeasles Mumps
Rubella (MMR) vaccine. This discovery caused him to become ostracised and lost his ability ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, SARAH Collaboration focused on identifying the flaws in Dr Wakefield's research in terms of his small sample size of twelve children.
(SARAH Collaboration, n.d). This piece of grey literature used the large study conducted in Denmark involving 537,303 children, that found
'unvaccinated children were just as likely to develop autism as vaccinated children.' (SARAH Collaboration, n.d). A similar stance was displayed in the
peer reviewed article, however within this article a meta–analysis was conducted by three independent scientists therefore causing less bias to be
present. Eslick, Taylor and Swerdfeger found through their review of five cohort studies that there is 'no evidence of a relationship between
vaccination and autism...' (Taylor, 2014, p.3628). Although both sources suggest similar ideas and the same stance on this controversial topic their
credibility differs. The SARAH Collaboration is made up of a team of health professionals advocating for children's health, hence being 'all for'
vaccinations. This could present bias as displayed when viewing the small amount of references noted therefore showing superficial research. (SARAH
Collabortaion, n.d). However, the peer reviewed article

The Pros And Cons Of The MMR Vaccine
Introduction The MMR vaccine was designed to make the individual it was given to have a immunity or resistance to the following diseases; mumps,
measles, and rubella. Over the years however, the number of people who had measles skyrocketed after it reached near extinction in 2000.1 Similar to
this, the cases of the mumps disease have also risen in the past five years. However, it is not as much due to lack of vaccination, but more to being less
effective in specific situations.2 Unlike these two diseases, the rates of rubella has gone down in the U.S. to about ten people per year.3 For the most
part, these diseases cause cough, sore throat, itchy eyes and more. However, they each cause specific complications that can result in death. Since
these diseases are still common today and affect the health of not only themselves, but the rest of the population, people are debating if the MMR
vaccine should be required. Though this has always been a debate, it has resurfaced after recent outbreaks of specifically mumps and measles
throughout America.
General Health: Measles Out of all the three diseases that the MMR vaccine builds immunization for, it is least effective for measles. Measles is a
disease that is transmitted through saliva and can be active in water droplets in the air and on surfaces for hours after.4 Because of this, it spreads
easily from person to person because the infected patient does not have to be touching anyone else to transmit the disease. Examples of this recently
can be found in California and amongst the Amish community. To begin with, an amusement park in California had an outbreak of measles in 2015.
Though the cause is unknown, it is generally believed that someone traveling from another country first brought the disease and then it spread to
others who may have touched or breathed in droplets of his salive.2 From here, the infected people spread the disease until people were being affected
throughout the whole state as well as in some sections of Oregon.1 Another case of something similar happening can be found in the Amish
communities. In 2016, a total of 383 Amish were officially diagnosed with the measles mainly due to their beliefes in not being vaccinated.2 After

Summary: Fraudulent Immunization Study
Fraudulent Immunization Study I found the immunization study conducted by Andrew Wakefield and his twelve colleagues to be the most serious of
the two studies we reviewed this week. The study suggested that vaccines may cause autism, consequently parents around the world began refusing
measles, mumps, and rubella, (MMR), vaccines for their children. This is a difficult subject because many parents expect the right to refuse any medical
treatment for their child which is not a life threatening case. The problem lies in the fact that measles is a highly contagious disease which can be
transmitted before the tell tale rash appears (Mckenna, 2015). According to the Washington State Department of Health news release (2015/07/02), a
young woman who was taking medication which suppressed her immune system died recently from pneumonia due to measles (p.1). ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This puts people with lowered immune systems like; cancer patients, and HIV positive individuals, as well as children under one year of age
considered too young to receive the vaccine at risk of infection and possible death. The decision of which is more important the right to refuse a
vaccine you believe may harm your child over the possibility of eradicating a disease that can seriously harm and even kill vulnerable members of the
society is not an easy one to make.
Although the case study was discredited and the authors found guilty of ethical violations, it is very difficult to refute a published paper among the
general public. Once the information is out there, correct or not, it is not easy to take it back. This publication has also done damage to the scientific
community as a whole, with questions about funding and sponsorship being raised. Are we being given all of the facts and findings? Are studies being
conducted in order to prove a hypothesis instead of challenge

Measles-Mumps-Rubella Essay
Measles–Mumps–Rubella Vaccine and Autism The measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine has been given to children since 1971, usually around the
age of one year, and again before starting school at around four or five years old. In 1998, Andrew Wakefield et al published a paper that proposed a
link between the MMR vaccine and autism. It was later found that the paper was fraudulent, and The Lancet, the medical journal that published the
paper, retracted the paper. Ever since the paper was published, many people believe that the MMR vaccine causes autism, despite the multiple studies
throughout the world that prove otherwise. science of medicine has come a very long way over the course of human history, and it is still improving
every day. The criteria for diagnosing medical conditions, and the recognition of some conditions has greatly increased over the years. Frank
DeStephano and Robert ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tokio Uchiyama, Michiko Kurosawa, and Tutaka Inaba conducted a study of children in Japan who either were 1) born between January 1976 and
December 1984 who had never received the MMR vaccine (pre–MMR generation), 2) born between January 1985 and December 1991 who had a
chance of receiving the MMR vaccine (MMR generation), or 3) were within the ages 1–3 years old when Japan terminated the MMR vaccine program
(post–MMR generation) (212). Uchiyama, Kurosawa, and Inaba found that children in the MMR generation who had gotten the MMR vaccine were
not more susceptible to being diagnosed with autism than those who had not gotten the MMR vaccine (214). They also found that there was no sign
that the children in the MMR generation had a higher rate of diagnosis than the pre–MMR generation and the post–MMR generation, nor both the pre–
and post–generations combined

Essay On Measles
The recent outbreak of measles in the United States can be blamed on the fact that many people are refusing to have their children vaccinated against
the disease. The refusal of this vaccination seems to stem from fear of what the vaccine might cause. Whether the vaccine does or doesn't cause Autism
should not matter at this point because a world–wide Measles outbreak would be more detrimental than any case of Autism. Measles has not been
across the board in the United States for approximately a decade, until 2014. There were 603 cases from January 1st to October 31st. In 2015, from
January 1st to February 6th, there was 121 more cases reported (Pewresearch). "With all the vaccines we have today, there should not be as many
measles outbreak in the United States as there has been in the past year...", says Dr. Jamie Akins, a physician at Texoma Pediatrics in Durant,
Oklahoma. This virus can almost be prevented by your child being vaccinated with the two doses of the MMR vaccine. These two vaccines prevent
your child from getting the measles virus by 97%. The first of the MMR should be given at the age of 12–15 months of age, then the second dose
should be administered at the age 4–6 years old (pewsearch). Measles is caused by a virus that replicates in the nose ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If you contract these symptoms please contact your doctor: fever, cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes, sore throat, and a red, blotchy rash. These
symptoms normally appear 10–14 days after the patient is exposed in to the virus, but occurs in sections: for the first 10–14 days the patient attracts the
virus, the measles virus incubates. Next, Measles typically begins with a mild to moderate fever, often it comes with a cough, runny nose, inflamed
eyes, and a sore throat, which may last two to three days. Then, the rash (small red spots), some areas may be lifted, and will advance it's was
throughout the body the next couple of days (Mayo

It 's Winter Vacation, What Better Way You Spend It Than...
It's winter vacation, what better way to spend it than at Disneyland? Well, last year that
might not have been the case. A measles outbreak spread through six American states, Mexico, and Canada nearly infecting 150 people, but thankfully
no one died. However, the majority of those infected were unvaccinated. Every year, vaccines prevent as much as 14 million illnesses and 33,000
deaths. At one point, the measles virus had been almost completely eradicated, as well as smallpox and polio, but these diseases are now quickly
reappearing, and outbreaks are happening more frequently. Asvaccine exemptions increase, the amount of cases only increases with it. Without
vaccines, thousands of people would die, and unnecessary cases would spread ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many parents fear that vaccinations will negatively affect their child due to the number of side effects vaccines have the potential to inflict. For
example, six vaccines have been linked to anaphylaxis–a severe, life–threatening allergic reaction (Mercola). Common side effects of vaccines include,
but are not limited to, tenderness, fatigue, redness, fever, itching, headaches, muscle aches, loss of appetite, and fainting. Some more serious side
effects include seizures, deafness, comas, organ failure, and of course, death (Possible Side–effects). However, what people don't understand is that the
more serious side effects are extremely rare, and it is more likely that someone will die from a falling asteroid or a lightning strike than to develop
one of these serious side effects (Geggel). Vaccines were created to stop illnesses, not cause them. Impressively, vaccines prevent more than 2.5 million
deaths every year, but there were just over one hundred vaccine related deaths last year (Lopez). Although vaccine side effects do exist, the benefits
largely outweigh the risks.
Aside from the side effects, anti–vaccinators are supposedly repelled by what vaccines are
grown on, and what they are created from. A common misconception is that vaccines are made
using aborted fetuses. Vaccines do not contain fetuses, but they are sometimes grown on aborted
fetuses.

The Rubella Virus
Rubella virus, which is also known as German Measles causes a bright red rash on the surface of the skin, slight fever, and swollen lymph nodes. This
virus in an enveloped virus (has an envelope on the outside). It has genetic material on the inside, then a capsid, and finally an envelope. Unlike many
viruses, rubella has no integument between the capsid and envelope. An integument is a bunch of proteins that lines the space between the capsid and
envelope. The rubella virus is 40 to 80 nm in a spherical shape. The hemagglutinin is spiky and the entire virus is surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope.
This particular virus's host is only humans. We can get the virus two way, one, by inhaling the virus after someone sneezes or coughs. And two,

Symptoms And Diagnosis Of Measles, Mumps, And Rubella
3. Name the causative organism (s), mode (s) of transmission, incubation period, infectious period and exclusion period, diagnosis and notification, and
prevention method (s) for each of the following diseases:
(a) Mumps
Organism: Virus: Paramyxovirdae
Transmission: air Bourne droplets or by direct contact with the saliva of an infected person
Incubation period: can range from 12–25 days but is usually 16–18 days
Infectious period: ranges from 1 week to 9 days after the onset of parotitis
Notification: To the local medical officer of health
Prevention method: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine. And cases should be excluded from early childhood services or school until 9
days after the onset of parotitis. Any unimmunised contacts should be advised not to attend early childhood services or school until 26 days after the
appearance of parotitis in the last case at the early childhood services or school.
(Lecture slides, 2015) (SG p234–236)
(b) Typhoid
Organism: Salmonella typhi
Transmission: ingestion of contaminated food –or direct contact with faecal matter of infected person
Incubation period: 6–72 hours, usually 12–36 hours
Infectious period: Throughout the course of infection, which can last several days to several weeks, a carrier state may last months or be lifelong
Notification: to be notified by medical practitioners on microbiological conformation.
Prevention method: attempt to identify source of the infection. If a food product is suspected discus with the

Autism Spectrum Disorders
Introduction Autism is the main form of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Autism is a developmental disorder that is manifested in problems with
communication, impairment of social functioning, and repetitive behaviours. According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM–V), ASD diagnoses must meet four different areas of criteria. There are three symptoms of "deficits in social communication
and interaction across contexts," four symptoms of "restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities," "symptoms must be present in
early childhood," and the symptoms must "together limit and impair everyday functioning" (Carpenter, 2013). There are many theoretical positions on
the causes of autism spectrum disorders. Some of which have been discounted by empirical studies that have been researched and performed.
Theoretical Positions The search for the cause of autism and autism spectrum disorders began in the 1990's with Dr. Andrew Wakefield, a
gastroenterologist from Britain. Dr. Wakefield's research linked autism to vaccines received in infancy and childhood through intestinal disease. The
vaccine Dr. Wakefield primarily looked at was themeasles, mumps, rubella (MMR) triple vaccine. In 2004, most of the co–authors for the study
withdrew their names after learning that Wakefield "had been paid by a law firm that intended to sue vaccine manufacturers" ("Retracted autism study,"
2011). Wakefield's research

Childhood Vaccinations : Vaccination Cause Autism And...
Childhood Vaccinations Childhood vaccinations in the United States has become a very controversial issue over the years whether it should be the
parents' rights or the governments right to require them. There are specific immunization schedules, all are important but the most important ones are
the ones received during our childhood. Immunizations received during childhood have eradicated diseases such as measles and polio, they prevent
outbreaks, contribute to the "herd" immunity and implications of future generations. Although, there are individuals who are against vaccinating their
children due to not being properly educated on the safety of vaccines and believing in fallacious claims such as vaccination cause Autism and Sudden
Infant Death Syndrome. Vaccinations are important for all ages but during childhood they are the most critical to the health of all individuals around
the United States and the world. Childhood vaccinations are crucial to everyone, and it is important that children receive all scheduled immunizations.
Safety of Childhood Vaccinations
In recent years more and more parents have become misled by fallacious claims towards vaccinations which have caused for a decrease in childhood
vaccinations for preventable diseases cause side effects such as autism and sudden infant death syndrome. The study that influenced many parents to
not vaccinate their children was done by Andrew Wakefield, and his study claimed that vaccines such as Measles, Mumps, and

Essay on History of The Mumps Virus
The Mumps virus seems to have been around since ancient times. Research says that the virus has been documented or recorded by the Hippocrates in
5th century BCE (Mumps Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine–Preventable Diseases). We give credit to Johnson and Goodpasture for helping
determine how the virus is spread. This particular virus has been and still is known worldwide but became a reportable disease in the United States in
1968. The history behind the Mumps is not very detailed but today we are able to prevent this disease here in the US.
The structure of the Mumps is a single stranded RNA virus. Its genus is the Rubulavirus which is part of the Paramyxoviridae family . The Mumps
virus is an acute virus that could become ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A few other complications may be, orichitis , oophoritis, and deafness.
In order to detect if a person has the mumps the first thing would be to look at the symptoms. Mainly the swollen jaws would be a good indication.
After this confirming what we think is the next step so a sample must be collected. Depending on what exactly you are looking for and what type of
test is to be done depends on what type of sample you must get. For a detection of the mumps antibody a blood sample is going to be the choice
specimen. To get this sample a normal venipuncture procedure will be used. If you are testing for the virus in a culture there are several specimens that
can be used. Examples include blood, urine, CSF, nasopharyngeal aspirate/washing and throat swabs (Measles and Mumps Tests). We use antibody
testing most commonly to determine if a person has this virus. Once infected the body make IgM antibodies to the virus. Over time these antibodies
disintegrate and IgG antibodies take their place forever, allowing the person to become immune to the mumps virus if ever in contact with it again.
There is also another test that detects the genetic strain of the virus called the RT–PCR test (Measles and Mumps Tests). This is used to help determine
a cause especially if the results do not match the doctors suspicions.
Lastly to be discussed is prevention of the mumps virus. As I s tated earlier in this paper the mumps is not very prevalent in the

Rubella Essay
Please list the references and clinical resources that you use in your review of this document. These references should support any clinical or extensive
revisions or additions that you make. Aside from known common best practices, references are required. We reserve the right to request additional
references. References and resources used:
Date reviewed:
Pregnancy and Rubella
Rubella is a viral infection that can be harmful to the pregnant woman and her fetus. A rubella infection in the first trimester increases the risk of
losing the fetus by miscarriage or stillbirth. It also increases the risk of premature delivery and the risk of the baby having severe birth defects once
born, such as deafness, cataracts, congenital heart disease, or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rash that does not itch.
Swollen lymph glands.
Pain and swelling of joints.
DIAGNOSIS
This condition is diagnosed based on:
Your symptoms and a physical exam.
Blood tests, to confirm the diagnosis.
TREATMENT
There is no effective treatment for a pregnant woman infected with rubella. However:
Immune globulin may be given, but its effectiveness is unknown.
You should get the rubella vaccine after you deliver your newborn.
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
If you or your child has rubella, you can help keep it from spreading. You should:
Stay home or keep your child home for 7 days after the rash starts.

Wash your hands often with soap and water. If soap and water are not available, use hand sanitizer.
Keep all follow–up visits as told by your health care provider. This is important.
SEEK MEDICAL CARE IF:
You have a fever.
You have inflammation and discharge from your eyes or nose.
You have a sore throat.
You have a cough.
You have headaches.
Your lymph nodes are enlarged.
You have worsening joint or muscle aches.
SEEK IMMEDIATE MEDICAL CARE IF:
You have severe abdominal pain.
You no longer feel your baby moving.
You have vaginal

Pros And Cons Of Vaccines
Vaccines Should Be Required
If you studied a history text book at some point in your life, then you have probably had heard of a couple of very deadly disease outbreaks that wiped
millions from a population, such as the Black Death in the 14th century. More recently, in the 19th and 20th centuries diseases such as Diphtheria,
whooping cough, measles, mumps, Yellow fever, and smallpox killed thousands of people every year. Today, those diseases are unfamiliar and
uncommon, thanks to vaccinations. Vaccines are a preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. Most states mandate that children get 29
doses of nine vaccines to attend kindergarten. A lot of the controversy towards vaccines was sparked in 1998, when there was a speculation that the
measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine was linked to autism. Although opponents will say that injecting vaccine ingredients into a child may
cause harmful side effects, but vaccines should be required because they are actually safe and are one of the greatest health developments of the 20th
century.
Have ever you wondered what would happen if we did not vaccinations? Evidence and reports have shown that there are huge improvements in
combating diseases after using vaccinations. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "nearly everyone in the U.S. got measles
before there was a vaccine, and hundreds died from it each year. Today, most doctors have never seen a case of measles."Additionally,

Vaccination Saves Lives : Children 's State Of Health
Vaccination saves lives. The parent or guardian has complete control in safeguarding their child from effects of illnesses such as measles. Parenting a
child is an enormous responsibility as the parent must learn the facts about the possible diseases that can affect their children (Romm, 2001). However,
in the public health sector, the importance of vaccination seems to be underestimated. Some of these public health practices not utilized to their
maximum capacity hence disease that can be prevented by vaccines primarily remain a threat to the child's health. Suggestions were drawn that the gap
remains because, within the health sector, the process done on a vaccine by vaccine basis. This paper will clearly define the importance of vaccinating
children and bring to light the critical importance of vaccination to child development.
The principal purpose of this campaign is to enlighten parents on the importance of involving themselves in their children's state of health. Parents need
to concentrate actively on achievement improvements for their children. During their early life stages, children do not possess the necessary
knowledge to education and their life. They, therefore, need their parents to become conversant with their needs, especially in the area of vaccination
since it is an important determinant of their health. The life stage of child development that the campaign would deal with is within the early life
stages of childhood as this is one of the most crucial

Rubella
1969 was perhaps one of the best years for some of the many victims of the viral disease, Rubella, also known as German Measles. This was the very
year that the vaccine for Rubella was released, and many people across the Earth were relieved from the uncommon symptoms. The disease may only
be life threatening for very few, but it spreads super quickly, super easily, and sometimes the symptoms a hard to catch which made the disease tough to
eliminate.
The disease Rubella came from a country in Europe called Germany, where it was called German Measles. The vaccine for the disease was released in
1969, but before then the disease was very general across the world. The disease was officially eliminated in America during the year of 2004.
However the disease can still be found in traveler coming in from another country. Sometimes that traveler does not know that they are carrying the
disease because sometimes the symptoms do not show up, which makes the disease hard to catch.
The symptoms of Rubella can consist of a rash that starts on the victim's face and spreads to the neck, and eventually, the arms and legs. This rash will
usually fade away after three days. Some of the other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Acetaminophen can be used to reduce fever, and also ibuprofen is used to reduce headaches. If the host is experiencing symptoms such as pink
eye, and joint inflammation it would be best for them to take a visit to their local doctor. One of the most important treatments is bed rest, just to
give the carrier of the disease time to recover and rest up their bodies. There is a vaccine for Rubella called MMR, which covers measles and
mumps, two diseases that are somewhat similar to Rubella. What made the disease so tough to eliminate was how quickly it spread. It was pretty
hard for doctors to give the vaccine shot so quickly because of the disease's spreading

Vaccines Causing A Scandal
Elements of Vaccines Causing a Scandal
When a woman is a single mother raising one or more children with autism, they are constantly stressed and overwhelmed even though they love their
children. But, when a female goes to the doctor's office, currently pregnant, and is told that her offspring has a higher risk of developing autism due to
the environmental factors or medications around her lifestyle, it is shocking and heartbreaking to a woman. The medications in current vaccines for
children are extremely harmful to children and exede the normal guidelines for the amount of medications able to be given (Wakefield). It is not even
the vaccine itself, but also the specific components of certain medicines that lead to prenatal and postnatal complications. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There has been a recent study conducted that the results came back showing that "giving the Hepatitis B vaccine to newborn baby males, more than
triples their risk of developing an autism spectrum disorder" (Kirby). Considering it mainly affects males, that will lead to higher risk of future
population to have the gene to develop autism in their offspring since they are mainly dominant with the Y chromosome. Also, all these risks,
specifically from the Hepatitis B vaccine, are caused by a component in the vaccines called mercury. As a newborn baby or infant, they usually weigh
around six to seven pounds, which makes them allowed to have 0.3 micrograms without causing complications. However, just by getting a shot of the
Hepatitis B vaccine, it contains 12.5 micrograms of mercury which is way over the limit (Plotkin et al.). From this conclusion, it has been connected to
intestine and body functioning complications due to the high amount of mercury given at a young age. Overall, the amount of mercury and thimerosal
indicated in both the MMR and Hepatitis B vaccine exceed the dedicated amount for a specific child by weight and

Vaccines And The Anti Vaccine Argument
"As healthy as my lifestyle seemed, I contracted measles, mumps, rubella, a type of viral meningitis, scarlatina, whooping cough, yearly tonsillitis,
and chickenpox, some of which are vaccine preventable" (Parker 1). This quote by vaccine advocate Amy Parker, a woman who was not vaccinated
as a child, shows just a glimpse into the life of an unvaccinated individual. Parents who do not vaccinate their children claim many different reasons
for their decision. Three of the most popular reasons are: religious grounds, health problems as a result from vaccines, and the belief that the illnesses
are rare. Each of these reasons can be proven as nonessential in the anti–vaccine argument. First of all, religion has become a frequently used excuse.
Recently, a case arose in New York City when three families obtainedvaccination exemptions due to religious reasons (NYC Court 1). Because they
chose to not vaccinate their children, their children were not allowed to attend school during times when another student had a vaccine–preventable
illness (NYC Court 1). Naturally, this sparked an uproar among the parents, who then sued the city by claiming it was a violation of their First
Amendment right to religious freedom and their 14th Amendment right to equal protection under the law (NYC Court 1). The dogma of several
mainstream religions references vaccines and whether or not they are necessary. For example, "the Catholic Church strongly supports vaccination, even
making it a moral and

Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Rubella is another viral infection similar to measles, which causes fever and rash in children but is usually mild when acquired postnatally and may
result in abortion or disability after primary infection in the first trimester of pregnancy. Estimates of the global cases of congenital rubella syndrome
(CRS) derive from models of the risk of infection in pregnancy, using serological information on the age–specific prevalence of rubella antibodies.
According to literature reviewed of 1996, approximately 110,000 cases of CRS (uncertainty bounds ranging from ~14,000–308,000) were estimated to
occur every year in developing countries (10), which lack vaccines against rubella, with highest numbers predicted in Africa and south East Asia.
In 2000, prior to Measles & Rubella Initiative, more than 562,000 children died ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Damage to health infrastructure and health services interrupts routine immunization, and overcrowding in residential camps thus increasing the risk of
infection (who.factsheet).
Signs and symptoms
The first sign of measles is usually a high fever, which begins about 10 to 12 days after exposure to the virus, and lasts 4 to 7 days. A runny nose,
cough, red watery eyes, and small white spots inside the cheeks can develop in the initial stage. After several days, a rash erupts, usually on the face
and upper neck. Over about 3 days, the rash spreads, eventually reaching the hands and feet (Koplik spot). The rash lasts for 5 to 6 days, and then
fades. On average, the rash occurs 14 days after exposure to the virus (within a range of 7 to 18 days).
Treatment
Severe complications from measles are avoided through supportive care involving good nutrition, adequate fluid intake and treatment of dehydration
with WHO–recommended oral rehydration solution. Antibiotics are also prescribed to treat eye and ear infection as well as

Vaccinations Should Be Mandatory Essay
"On Saturday, June 17, 1916, an official announcement of the existence of an epidemic polio infection was made in Brooklyn, New York. That
year, there were over 27,000 cases and more than 6,000 deaths due to polio in the United States."(Schneider). Before the polio vaccine was developed
in 1955 by Dr. Salk, polio was the United States most feared disease. But thanks to doctors like Dr. Salk, doctors have developed avaccination for other
diseases, not just polio, which helped eradicate and eliminate many diseases that have killed millions in the past. Today, many American parents refuse
to vaccinate their children due to a variety of unfounded fears. Vaccinations should be mandatory, unless a person has a medical condition that says
otherwise. These vaccinations are vital to the control and eradication of deadly infectious diseases and it can save children's lives, it is safe and
effective, protects other people, saves money, and ensures healthy future generations.
One thing that vaccines can do is help save children 's lives. "most childhood vaccines are 90%–99% effective in preventing disease."(VaccineSafety)
Which in return has helped save millions of children 's lives over the years. The Centers for Disease Control estimated that 732,000 children in the
United States were saved from death and 322 million cases of childhood illnesses were prevented between 1994 and 2014 due to vaccination. (Bahar).
It 's plain and simple vaccination has been proven countless of times

A Brief Note On Rubella And Rubella Vaccine
There is, however, an easy counter to fear: information. If the public becomes informed about a topic, and is able to intelligently wield this knowledge,
chemophobia is easy to counter. However, chemists have largely failed in the war against chemophobia, allowing it centuries to efficiently infiltrate
American life. One of the most reputable, trustworthy, and knowledgeable sources for chemistry information is the American government, only they
(and the various scientists within their ranks) have not been clear in their support of Chemistry. Despite official statements by the Center for Disease
Control, or CDC, being supportive of the use of vaccines, many of their other reports seem to contradict their stance. In their fact sheet for the... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Natural" is the most prominent offender: unlike most countries, the United States "has no specific regulations for the term 'natural' on products. It can
be used almost anywhere with no issue," (Hansen) leaving individual companies in the food industry to determine what they want the term to mean.
"Foods containing natural flavors, sweeteners, and other plant–derived substances can be labeled natural... Foods containing High Fructose Corn Syrup
and genetically engineered ingredients can also be labeled natural... Many other other synthetic materials can be used to process natural foods as long
as they aren't in the final product." (Hansen)
While it is made clear that the term "natural" is nonsense, the consumer does not realize this. In 2012, Consumer Reports did a survey on the
perception of the term "natural" on food: While over 60% of those surveyed believed the term to mean a product lacking pesticides, GMOs, and
artificial ingredients, the word means no such thing. 62% go out of their way to buy foods specifically labeled natural, which represents how
impactful the word is. Just by slapping the word on a package immediately makes it more profitable, with no drawback suffered by the marketer. This
abuse is not simply limited to "natural:" "artisan" doesn't have any legal definition (Bell), yet is used in many meats, cheeses, and breads. While
"cage–free" chickens aren't legally allowed to be stuck in a tiny

Rubella and Neonatal Effects Essay example
Rubella and Neonatal Effects Rubella is an essentially harmless disease that resembles measles, however, it is highly teratogenic to a developing fetus.
If a pregnant woman contracts rubella, the fetus is at risk to develop Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) which can result in tissue and organ damage.
Proper nursing interventions and teaching should be done to prevent the spread of rubella and to lower the rates of CRS.
A History and Epidemiology for Rubella
Until the 18th century, rubella was often confused with measles and scarlet fever. In 1952 and 1958, two German scientist were able to isolate the
rubella virus and it was given the name "German Measles" until 1866 when a Scottish physician gave it the name "Rubella" (Duszack, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
After sixteen weeks of gestation, the risk of fetal death, malformation, and miscarriage is much less. "Since the effects of CRS vary with gestational
age at the time of infection, accurate gestational dating should be established, as it is critical to counseling" (Dontigny, Arsenault, & Martel, 2008, p.
155).
Consequences of Maternal Infection for Unborn Fetus
The rubella Virus is very teratogenic, and should a maternal infection occur, the developing fetus might develop congenital rubella syndrome. As said
earlier, amount of injury to the developing fetus is highly dependent on what stage of development the fetus is in. The rubella virus targets all organs
and tissues of the body and has a wide range of effects.
Tests to determine Maternal and Fetal Infection
Tests can be done to determine maternal or fetal infection of the rubella virus. According to Dontigny et al. (2008) if maternal infection is suspected, a
serology test using enzyme–linked immunoassay (ELISA) is used to test for rubella–specific IgM and IgG antibodies in maternal blood. A rise in
rubella IgG antibodies, a positive serologic test for IgM antobodies and a positive rubella culture are essential to maternal diagnosis of infection
(Dontigny et al., 2008). If maternal infection has been determined, test to determine if the virus has spread to the fetus should be performed

Pros And Cons Of Imunizing Children
Immunizing Children One of the most controversial choices today is the choice to choose whether or not to immunize children. Things to take into
consideration when making this decision are the risks involved in not immunizing children and some of the reasons against immunizing. The risks
involved in not immunizing children is that the child will not be protected against serious illnesses and diseases. One of the reasons people choose
not to immunize is that they are afraid it will traumatize or hurt their child, but it's one or two injection pricks, opposed to a life time of multiple
blood draws and lumbar punctures (spinal taps) every time their child gets a rash or fever. If a child is not immunized they would need to be tested
every time for the diseases every time they got sick. Another reason people choose against immunizations is a lack of health care. Though this is not
so much choosing against the immunizations, it is more they do not have the resources to choose immunizations. But here in the United States
children especially do not go without at least the basic health care. The United States is behind many countries on health care but we are also not a
third world country. We do have access to great health care and we make it available to those in need. We have Medicaid, WIC (Womens, Infants,
Childrens), we have free clinics and many more resources to make sure children are protected. The most common reason right now for people to choose

Rubella Research Paper

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