Why People Shouldn T Live Near Volcanoes

Why People Shouldn T Live Near Volcanoes
Volcanoes
People shouldn't live near volcanoes because they are very dangerous and could erupt at anytime
causing pyroclastic flows, lahars, and landslides. The volcano eruption in Tambora, Indonesia, in
1815, killed around 92,000 people due to these events that happen when a volcano erupts.
One reason why people shouldn't live by volcanoes are pyroclastic flows, pyroclastic flows are high
speed avalanches of hot ash,rock fragments, and gases. "These pyroclastic flows which can reach
1,500 degrees fahrenheit and move 100–150 mile per hour that are capable of knocking down and
burning anything in its path" (Pacific Disaster Center). More than 2,000 people died from
pyroclastic flow surges during the 1982 eruption of El Chichon in southern mexico. ... Show more
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Lahars can travel up to 50 miles per hour at one time. Over 21,000 people died in armero colombia
in a lahar bodies and bones were found years later. "Lahars commonly reach 20–40 miles per hour"
(Pacific Disaster Center).
The third reason why people shouldn't live by volcanoes is landslides a landslide is a rapid downhill
movement of rocks, ice, and snow. Heavy rainfall can cause landslides to ocurre not just volcanic
eruptions. "Volcanoes are suscept to landslide because they are composed of layers of weak
fragmented volcanic rocks that tower above the surrounding terrain" (Pacific Disaster Center).
Landslides can very from small rocks, ice, and snow to millions of pounds of rock, ice, and snow at
one time.
Some people view volcanoes as great land formations to live by because they produce geothermal
energy. Geothermal energy means natural energy form the earth. The energy that is made is steam
that is very hot which has to be filtered first due to all of the bad ash particles and bad gases that are
in the steam. "Countries such as Iceland make extensive use of geothermal power with
approximately two thirds of Iceland's electricity coming from steam powered turbines" (The
Geography
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The Eruption of Mount Pinatubo
The Eruption of Mount Pinatubo
On the 15th June of 1991, the second largest volcanic eruption of the twentieth century took place
on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, 90 km northwest of the capital city Manila. It was also, by
far, the largest eruption to affect a densely populated area. Mount Pinatubo, a stratovolcano, is part
of a chain of volcanoes along the Luzon arc on the west coast (refer map). The arc of volcanoes is
due to the subduction of the Manila trench to the west. The mountain has a very huge eruptive
history. It was known to be thermally active and had been explored as possible geothermal energy
resource by the Philippine National Oil Company. Mount Pinatubo is among the highest peaks in
west–central Luzon. Its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And a level 5 alert triggered evacuation of the 20–40 km zone on the 14th of June. For the people
who weren't willing to leave the area, a video showing the extreme hazards of the eruption was
played to convince them of the dangers of the eruption. Also, on the 10th of June, the military
finally issued evacuation orders and the 18,000 Clark Air Base personnel along with their families
were transported to Subic Bay Naval Station (most were returned to the US). In total, the authorities
were able to evacuate 200,000 people.
From June 7 to 12, SO2 gas emissions, which had increased tenfold from May 13 to May 28,
suddenly decreased. The US government wanted definite answers so the USGS geologists went to
the site to look for evidence. They monitored the SO2 emissions for two weeks and the results
indicated that either the volcano had postponed its attack or that the chamber was blocked and the
magma was pressurizing within the volcano.
The Eruption
On the 12th of June (Philippine Independence Day), millions of cubic yards of gas–charged magma
reached the surface and resulted in the first major eruption which was then followed by a series of
eruptions. It produced a 19 km long ash column and pyroclastic flows that extended up to four km
from the summit to the river valleys. Later, a 15 minute eruption hurled ash straight up to the sky,
reaching the heights of 24 km. The super heated air and the friction between

The Eruption Of Mount Vesuvius
Let's Learn About Volcanoes On August 24th in the year 79, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius
destroyed the entire town of Pompeii, Italy. Pompeii was located around ninety miles south of the
capital city, Rome, and was founded in 600 B.C. The city of Pompeii lurked in the shadows of the
huge volcano, Mount Vesuvius. The volcano was measure to be approximately sixty–five hundred
feet high. During the eruption of Mount Vesuvius the entire town was demolished and townspeople
were killed, and what was left of the city was preserved under the enormous amounts of volcanic
ash. However, there have been two accounts of witnesses from the event, Pliny the Elder and Pliny
the Younger. The town of Pompeii was rediscovered in 1595 while constructing an aqueduct in Italy.
The remains of the town were few, but archeologists were able to preserve some portions of the
town. Some scientist and archeologist suppose that there are other villages that lie under the ashes of
Mount Vesuvius (Eruption of Mount Vesuvius begins). This is one of the earliest records of volcanic
activity that has occurred throughout history and a slight preview of volcanoes, in general, volcano
types, and volcano hazards that come from volcanoes and their eruptions. The term volcano
originates from name of the Mediterranean island called, Vulcano. The people in the area called it
this because it expelled smoke like a chimney, and they believed that it was evidence of the god of
fire, Vulcan, working under the earth

1980 Mt. St Helens
The 1980 Mt. St. Helens explosion revolutionized the scientific study and volcanic monitoring; the
devastation brought many geologists to investigate the scientific and hazard assessments of the
massive volcano explosion. This explosion became the deadliest catastrophic volcanic event that
killed many people and destroyed many communities, which the explosion created a major
landslide, directed blast, eruption plume, pyroclastic flows, and lahars (Vallance, Gardner, Scott,
Iverson, Pierson, 2010). Vallance, Gardner, Scott, Iverson, and Pierson (2010) point out that the 2.8–
cubic– kilometer landslide reduced the summit and the sudden decompression of shallow gaseous
magma caused a directed blast that traveled about 500 kilometers per hour

Volcanic Hazards
Volcanic Hazards (APA) Volcanic Hazards (Order #A2086670) Living in the shadow of a volcano
can be a dangerous proposition. A volcanic eruption, and there have been hundreds in the history of
the United States, can range from slowly oozing lava to massive eruptions and explosions causing
devastation over hundreds of square miles of territory. While many people associate volcanic
activity with the flowing of lava, as is common in the Hawaiian Islands, lava is rarely associated
with being hazardous to humans. Lava simply moves too slowly for people to be caught by it.
However, there are many other types of activities associated with volcanic eruptions that are more
hazardous to human beings. The enormous heat that comes from material from deep inside the Earth
is a more common cause of death than lava, as too is the suffocating cloud of ash and debris that is
often blown out from the volcano during violent, explosive eruptions. This cloud of ash and debris is
often carried by toxic and deadly gasses, including carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, as well as
"chlorine, hydrogen, and argon." (Lutgen, 2011, p. 213) And the force of the blast that can come
from an exploding volcano can hurl people long distances to their deaths. Volcanoes which erupt
violently commonly hurl "pulverized rock, lava, and glass fragments from the vent," called
"pyroclastic materials". (Lutgen, 2011, p. 213) These materials, shot into the atmosphere, can then
fuse to form rocks, called "welded stuff"

Nevado Del Ruiz
La Meza De Herveo
We all have a bucket list, even if you do not have it written down. We all have goals we want to do
before our time is up. One of my bullet point on my bucket list consist of going to Columbia. This
assignment gave me an opportunity to research interesting things in Columbia. Now, when I go to
Columbia, I will visit Nevado del Ruiz and its very colorful history and remarkable characteristics.
The volcano is part of Los Nevados National Natural Park in Columbia, South America. It is
actually a very popular park, being the third most visited place in Columbia. Nevado del Ruiz has
been an active stratovolcano for about two million years. Nevado del Ruiz was formed by
subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate underneath the South ... Show more content on
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In 1595, Nevado del Ruiz erupted. The eruption could be heard 62 miles away. It caused lahars,
which made it to the valleys of Gualí and Lagunillas rivers. Of course, this killed the fishes and
vegetation; more than 600 people died from the lahar. In 1845, a lahar flooded the upper valley of
the River Lagunillas. This mudflow flowed down the valley of the Lagunillas River for 40 miles.
This time it spilled out of the river channel which reached an alluvial fan. This made the mudflow
split into two branches; 1000 people were killed in the mudflows. In 1985, Nevado del Ruiz began
to erupt; this one was the worst of all. The lahar ran down the volcano's sides at an average speed of
60 km per hour. The lahar reached a width of 200 feet, and about 25,000 people were killed.
Many people blame the government of all those deaths. In November 1984, geologists observed a
growing level of seismic activity near Nevado del Ruiz. The report was sent on October 22, 1985. It
said that there was a hazard of lahars to be very high. The government was warned of the dangers,
but didn't evacuate. Nevado del Ruiz continues to be active and it continues to be a threat to people,
cities, rivers, and vegetation. It is said that over 100,000 people are in high risk areas if another lahar
like the one in 1985 happened

Geologists And Tourists At The Taupo Volcanic Zone ( Tvz...
Introduction In this report, I will be explaining two surface features which are visually interesting to
geologists and tourists in the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), Lake Taupo, and Mt Ruapehu. Lake
Taupo is a main tourist attraction as it is the largest lake in New Zealand with a beautiful scenery
perfect for activities like recreational fishing and sky diving. Furthermore, it generates electrical
energy via the Waikato river that is used by people all around waikato. Mt Ruapehu is also a tourist
attraction as the highest peak on the North Island with two major ski–fields and only glaciers on its
slopes. Creation Believe it or not, both surface features are active volcanoes. Lake Taupo a caldera,
and Mt Ruapehu a stratovolcano. These volcanoes were formed because TVZ is a convergent plate
boundary where the Pacific (Oceanic) plate which is more dense ,is getting subducted under the
Australian (Continental) crust which is less dense. This is being driven by a force called convection
which happens in the asthenosphere which is fluid. It is when the fluid near the core heats up, and
rises due to it's low density compared to the surrounding fluid. This fluid then cools down and sinks
due to it's high density compared to the surrounding fluid. It therefore gets near to the core again and
so, repeats the cycle. The direction of the convection can cause plate boundaries– opposite and away
from each other will result in divergent plate boundaries and opposite but towards each

The Importance Of Mount Shasta Eruption
The cities of Weed, Mount Shasta City, McCloud, and Dunsmuir lie in the shadow of Mount Shasta
and could be devastated by an eruption. They lie close enough to the base of the mountain that they
could suffer damage from pyroclastic (hot gas, rock, and ash) and lava flows, tephra (rock fragments
and particles ejected by a volcanic eruption)., lahars (destructive mudflow), and ballistic ejecta.
Based on recent behavior, it is not likely that Mount Shasta will erupt catastrophic volumes soon.
However, smaller eruptions are possible. At least ten eruptions have taken place in California in the
past 1,000 years according to the USGS. Most recently, Lassen Peak in Lassen Volcanic National
Park had a series of eruptions from 1914 to 1917. Concerned people and groups work with the
government to hopefully solve or at least slow global warming which could be so disastrous to not
only Mount Shasta but the entire planet Earth. Government funded studies had verified that the
Mount Shasta area is the ancestral home of the Wintu tribe and the mountain is central to the Indian
belief systems (Nabov). People must be aware of the delicate balance that can easily be disrupted
and treat the area with respect and care to preserve the beauty for coming generations. Mount Shasta
was designated a National Landmark in December of 1976.
. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eagle Rock, located near Mount Shasta in the McCloud River canyon, is sacred to the Wintu tribe. It
has been dishonored with graffiti and carvings. Photo from

Ferguson Volcanoe Research Paper
The volcanoes in the north–south trending cascade province evolved through subduction, addition of
exotic terranes, and oblique plate movements. The North American plate edge was located farther
east during the Mesozoic era. However subduction created microcontinents and microplates which
shifted the plate edge westward.
The first cascade volcanoes erupted 42 million years ago (Ma) forming the older western cascades.
It was orientated northwest but rotated clockwise to become the north–south that it is today. Because
of the rotation fissured appeared on the east and lots of eruptions occurred on the Columbia River
basalt 17 Ma. Subduction and volcanism continued for 25 million years in the older Cascade Range.
Magma caused rocks to heat and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A major eruption melting the ice and snow could send debris flows, pyroclastic flows, and lahars
towards Puget Sound and the Seattle/Tacoma metropolitan area. Volcanic hazard mapping has
identified areas in the park that could be affected in the future by debris flows, lahars, pyroclastic
flows and surges, lava flows, volcanic projectiles, tephra falls, and lateral blasts. Longmire Village
and the Cougar Rock, Ohanapecosh, White River, Ipsut Creek, and Sunshine Point campgrounds are
all vulnerable to these hazards. Monitoring of volcanic activity is on–going. There is a need for an
emergency response plan to address these hazards. The reaction between groundwater and rising gas
and steam from the underlying magmatic system creates zones of hydrothermally altered rock.
Fumeroles at the summit of the volcano are one result of this reaction. Another result is the largest
volcanic ice–cave system in the world at the summit of Mount Rainier. Earthquakes are also
geologic hazards associated with Mount Rainier. Earthquakes precede a volcanic eruption although
not every earthquake means an eruption is imminent. Other than Mt. St. Helens, Mount Rainier is
the mos (Graham)t seismically active volcano in the Cascades. The destruction of cryptobiotic soils
and general soil erosion by human impacts are important issues. A

Mt. Rainer Plate Boundary
Mt. Rainer is located in Washington, US on the North American Continent. More specifically it can
be found at 46.8523° N, 121.7603° W. Ashford is the closest city to Mt. Rainer. Mt. Rainer was
formed by the Juan de Fuca plate and the North American Plate. This plate boundary is convergent
in nature, the Juan de Fuca plate is submerged beneath the North American Plate. Mt. Rainer is a
stratovolcano, they are characterized by periodically active composite volcanoes. Mt. Rainers lava
has alternated between explosive and nonexplosive lava over the past million years. The lava is
andesite and dacite lava. Its eruptions are explosive and nonexplosive. At one point in the past it had
an explosive eruption that blew off the top of the peak. No ash is shot out of the volcano at the time
of eruptions, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These species of wildflowers include american bistort, lupine, paintbrush, pasqueflower, gray's
lovage, avalanche lily, and glacier lily. Mount Rainier was formed by years and years of volcanic
activity. Roughly 500,000 years ago lava and pumice began to ooze from beneath the crust
producing a cone that was about 16,000 ft high. 494,300 year later Mount Rainier violently erupted
and collapsed causing mud and debris flow. The last eruption of Mount Rainier occurred 150 years
ago. These eruptions produced volcanic ash, lava flows, and avalanches. The lahars damaged
vegetation but overtime made the soil fertile which then produced new extensive vegetation. The
volcanic ash also negatively affected animal respiratory systems, eyes, and skin. Scientists have not
estimated an exact date of the next large eruption of Mount Rainier but they predict similar
eruptions and sporadic releases s of steam and ash resulting in mudflow and floods. In conclusion,
Mount Rainier is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the United States and there is no telling
when or how destructive and effective it's next eruption will

Ecuador Research Paper
Ecuador is a small country on the Pacific coast of South America. It is bisected laterally by the
equator, and longitudinally by the Andes. The Andes divide the country's mainland into three
distinct regions, the coast to the west, the mountains, and the rainforest to the east. It is the Andes
that this paper is focused on, giving special attention to the mountain Cotopaxi.
The Andes run along the western side of South America, starting in Venezuela and continuing
through Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina, all the way to the southern tip of Chile. In
Ecuador, they are bound by the Pacific to the west, and the Amazon Basin to the east. They began to
form in the Cretaceous Period, although it was not until the about fifteen ... Show more content on
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162), and the second highest peak in Ecuador. It is locates in the Northern Volcanic Zone of the
Andes, less than a degree south of the equator. It is almost perfectly conical, rising to a height of
5,897 meters above sea level, and is covered with glaciers from about 4,500 meters up to the
summit. The glaciers cover a total area of 21 km2, as of 2004. At the summit, the crater is about 800
meters across, and extends to a depth of 334 meters (Aguilera et al, 2004, p. 162). The primary
rivers it drains water into are the Rio Cutuchi to the south, the Rio Pita to the north, and the Rio
Tamboto to the east (Aguilera et al, 2004, p. 163). It is along these rivers than many towns are
located. Along the Rio Cutuchi, the city of Latacunga is a mere 43 km away from the volcano; while
Sangolquí is located to the north, in the Valle de los Chillos, about 40 km downstream along the Rio
Pita from Cotopaxi (Aguilera et al, 2004, p. 163). The capital of Ecuador, Quito, lies only about 50
km away to the northwest (Aguilera et al, 2004, p. 162).
The glaciers that give Cotopaxi its stunning appearance are one of the factors that make Cotopaxi so
dangerous. When the volcano has an eruption, the hot material issued from the crater melts portions
of the glaciers on the summit, inevitably triggering lahars. Cotopaxi is known for having syn–
eruptive lahars. According to Aguilera et al, (2004),

Do Volcano Behemoths Tick?
Characterized by towering summits that explode with the scorching innards of the planet, one would
think that volcanoes are something from a fantasy novel. But no, they're found everywhere from
Hawaii, to California, to Alaska. They come in many different shapes and sizes, and they all erupt in
a certain way, causing different hazards. So, what makes these behemoths tick?
A volcano is a vent where magma erupts when the volcano is active. They can be in a variety of
shapes, from cone–shaped to craterlike. If a volcano is dormant for 10,000 years it is deemed
extinct. But what forces the magma out through the crust? "Volcanoes are just a natural way that
Earth and other planets have of cooling off and releasing internal heat and pressure," explains
Oregon State University. Magma is extremely hot and thus not as dense, so it will rise depending on
the weight of the rocks around and above it. As it rises, the gas forms bubbles that "exert
tremendous pressure," the University ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eruptions can also trigger lava flows, landslides and lahars. Lahar is an Indian term referring to a
mudflow carrying rocks, sizing from negligible to ten meters in diameter. The flows can be hot or
cold, and look like wet concrete but they move quite swiftly. Also on the table in volcanic eruptions
are clouds of ash, poisonous gases, and pyroclastic flows. The Volcano Hazards Program describes
pyroclastic flows as "high–density mixtures of hot, dry rock fragments and hot gases that move
away from the vent that erupted them at high speeds." These can be caused by cooling lava or
exploded rock. So with all of these hazards, how does one evaluate the magnitude of a volcano?
Scientists measure the severity of eruptions, similarly to how they rate earthquakes or other natural
disasters. They use a scale ranging from zero to eight which takes into account how much material
was erupted, how high, and for how

New Zealand : Indian And Pacific Plate Essay
Volcanism in New Zealand
New Zealand is located on the plate boundary of the Indo–Australian and Pacific plate. The Pacific
plate subducts underneath the Indo–Australian plate as it is denser, which due to internal processes,
has resulted in a large amount of volcanism seen mostly in the central North island. The Pacific
plate collides with the Indo–Australian plate at a rate of approximately 40–50mm per year
(University of Otago, 2016). As it subducts and the oceanic lithosphere reaches a depth of
approximately 100km below the earth's surface, it melts due to heat and friction with the aid of
water which helps lower the melting temperature. The magma then rises through weak spots in the
earth's crust, emerging as lava in eruptions where it then cools and hardens (Tarbuck et al., 2012).
Over time, the accumulation of cooled lava flows forms the hill/mountain shape of the typical
volcano, such as the andesitic Stratovolcano cone of Ngauruhoe, located in the Tongariro volcanic
centre. However, calderas and volcanic fields also contribute to the range of volcanoes seen
throughout New Zealand's active volcanic zones.
Hazards
Because New Zealand sits on a subduction zone, which is part of the 'ring of fire', the country is
continuously subjected to large amounts of volcanic activity. Volcanic activity can be hazardous to
the population and environment of New Zealand through interactions between the natural and
cultural environment. Some of the more major hazards that we could

Volcanoes In Ecuador
Ecuador is a small country on the Pacific coast of South America. It is bisected laterally by the
equator, and longitudinally by the Andes. The Andes divide the country's mainland into three
distinct regions, the coast to the west, the mountains, and the rainforest to the east. The Ecuadorian
Andes are extremely volcanic, containings most of the active volcanoes in the Northern Andes
Volcanic Zone. Of these volcanoes, one of the most well–known is Cotopaxi. Easily visible and
recognizable from the capital city of Quito, Cotopaxi is one of the most historically active volcanoes
in the country, with eruptions happening on average every 120 years (Aguilera, Pareschi, Rosi, and
Zanchetta, 2004, p. 187). It is also one of the most dangerous ... Show more content on
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When the volcano has an eruption, the hot material issued from the crater melts portions of the
glaciers on the summit, inevitably triggering lahars. Cotopaxi is known for having syn–eruptive
lahars. According to Aguilera et al, (2004), "pyroclastic surges and flows that swept over the glacier
ice cap are probably the most effective at melting large amounts of snow and ice, which can result in
quasi–instantaneous release of large masses of water and volcanic debris" (p. 165). About 4,500
years ago, Cotopaxi experienced the Chillos Valley Lahar, the largest debris flow in the Northern
Andes during the Holocene period (Mothes, Hall, and Janda, 1998, p. 233). The total volume of the
lahar is estimated to have been about 3.8 km3, and it travelled about 326 km from the volcano, all
the way to the Pacific Ocean (Mothes et al, 1998, p.

Research Paper On Mt St Helens
Charles Divo Granucci
GEOL 112
5 November 2015
Volcano Paper
The human population is rapidly increasing and we now find ourselves living is strange and
sometimes dangerous areas on this planet. One of the biggest dangers humans can face is a natural
disaster. We who live in California are aware of such dangers due to the high number of earthquakes
produced in this area, but one of the most intense, destructive and some might say the most
frightening of the natural disasters found on this planet are volcanic eruptions. Producing multiple
hazards from lava flows to falling ash, when a volcano erupts devastation is usually not far behind.
Mount Rainier is an active volcano in the State of Washington that is being closely monitored by
geologist and local officials due to the high risk of eruption. We can learn how to prepare for such an
event by looking at past eruptions of similar volcanos types such as; the Mt. St. Helens eruption in
1980 in the State of Washington, the Nevado del Ruiz eruption in 1985 in Colombia, and the Mt.
Pinatubo eruption in 1991in the Philippines.
Mt. St. Helens Starting with the subduction of the oceanic plate which is being dragged beneath the
North American Plate. The weight of the water on the oceanic plates increases the density of the
oceanic crust to the point where it get snagged underneath the continental crust. After years of being
dragged under the North American plate, the Pacific plate fills with high amounts energy and
tension to then

Mount Rainier Research Paper
Mount Rainier is one of the most dangerous volcanic eruptions since it is still active and threatens
the surrounding area. Mount Rainier is a stratovolcano at Cascade Volcanic Arc.
By exploring the plate tectonic setting of the volcano from the website of Mozier and Graham, we
can aware that it is a subduction of the North America Plate and Juan de Fuca Plate (Mozier.,
Graham). In addition, the stratovolcano has characteristics of high viscosity, volatile and large
volume. So Mount Rainier will have a relative explosive eruption. According to the research which
made by USGS, we can clearly know that there are two eruption types which are lava–producing
and explosive debris–producing are alternatively taking place (National Park Service). Due to the
feature of activeness, it will make Mount Rainier dangerous. Moreover, the last recent eruption of
Mount Rainier happened in 1894 (basicplanet). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of them will threaten not only natural environment but also human's life. Firstly, it produced
the pyroclastic flows which include volcanic ash, lava flows, hot rocks (USGS). In the class lecture,
it states that this type of volcano can move a hundred miles away and the high temperature of lava
can kill people near the eruption area. Secondly, when the small summit explosion happened, it
created the "lahar" since it melted the snow and became the mudflow (Geology). Thirdly, the
abundant volcanic ash will also disturb the normal aviation work. The tiny particle of the ash could
get in the engine and damage the

Analyse the Factors That Causes Differences in the Hazards...
Analyse the factors that causes differences in the hazards posed by volcanoes around the world (40
marks)
A hazard can be define as something which poses a level of threat the life, health, property or
environment, a volcano can compromise all these things through the many hazards volcanoes
presents. Such as lahars, flash flooding, landslides, pyroclastic flows, ash clouds and many others.
There are factors which can influence the severity of the hazard and cause differences in them and
can be classified into different categories, such as physical, economic, political and social.
One physical factor which causes differences in a volcanic hazard is the steepness of the volcano. If
the volcanoes sides are of a steep gradient then the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another physical factor is snow; if a volcano is snow capped, like Eyjafjallajokull, then the lahars
and flash floods become a greater hazard. The flooding in Iceland in 2010 caused 700 people to be
evacuated. Without the snow then lahars and floods may not be a problem at all.
The location of the volcano is also important. If it is situated on a constructive plate boundary then it
is generally less explosive, and therefore poses different threats to volcanoes situated on a
destructive plate boundary. The volcano may also be situated on a hotspot like in Hawaii, where the
eruptions aren't very explosive. Volcanos which aren't explosive can pose other threats to lava flows
though, such as dangerous gases being released. Like in Lake Nyos, Cameroon where 1700 people
died.
Wind direction could also cause difference in the hazards, like during the Eyjafjallajokull eruption
of 2010. If the wind was blowing in a different direction then the ash cloud wouldn't have been
distributed across the Atlantic and Europe, meaning that there would have been a lot less air travel
disruption. Then the ash cloud wouldn't have been a hazard as it wouldn't pose a threat to anyone.
Ultimately physical factors determine which hazards are posed by the volcano and how intensive
and threatening they are to human life. However they are not the sole factors that causes differences
in hazards posed by volcanos.
Settlement is a huge human

Mount St Helens Research Paper
Mt. St. Helens
Located northeast of Portland, Oregon is a huge volcano called Mt. St. Helens. It sits between two
Mt. Hood and Mt. Adams and youngest the of many volcanoes on the Cascade Range of the pacific
northwest. Captain George Vancouver gave the mountain its name in 1792; named after Alleyne
Fitzherbert (Baron St. Helens), who was British Ambassador to Spain. Mt. St. Helens is a composite
volcano, which means typically symmetrical cone like structure that is steep sided, that is
constructed from layers of lava flows, ash and volcanic depris. This type of volcano tends to have
very explosive eruptions as opposed to gentle sloping shield volcanoes. These types of eruptions are
very dangerous for any nearby life. During most of the 20th ... Show more content on
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Mt. St. Helens was active during the early 19th century, with a major explosion in 1800 and several
minor explosions in 1898, 1903, and 1932. Over the past 500 years it has had many minor eruptions
and four major eruptions.
1980 Eruption
Mt. St. Helens erupted on May 18, 1980 and it is said to be the most disastrous volcanic eruption in
United States history. There had been months of build up beneath the surface along with a massive
bulge growth on the side of the mountain. It began when an earthquake struck beneath the north face
of Mt. St. Helens, which set off the biggest landslide to ever happen in the US. Seconds later there
was an explosion of the north side of the volcano generating a huge cloud followed by lightning.
The large landslide was followed by several lahars (mud flow) and pyroclastic flows (hot gas and
volcanic matter).
Death Toll
The eruption of Mt. St. Helens killed 57 people. The majority of them died from asphyxiation from
the inhaling hot ash. The government was well aware months before that this could potentially erupt
but people weren't concerned the blast would be as big as the danger zone was. The volcano
produced 540 million tons of ash into the air and that was the most deadly part of the eruption. It
was a blessing the eruption happened on a Sunday. Had it erupted on a weekday hundreds of loggers
would have

Super Volcano Research Paper
The World's largest volcano, the super volcano Caldera, is located in the heart of America's
northwest at Yellowstone National Park. This volcano has not erupted for over 640,000 years. Ellie
Zolfagharifard, a journalist for Daily Mail, states that if it were to erupt, "the Yellowstone
Supervolcano would be one thousand times as powerful as the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption".
If the volcano erupted, a third of the liquid rock would fall back into the volcano's maw but the rest
would disperse into the atmosphere. Even though the lava would seize flowing after about 20 miles,
the ash would cover a radius of about 500 miles (800 kilometers) killing anyone unfortunate
standing in its near proximity. Due to the ash of the Supervolcano, this would eventually block out
sunlight and temperatures would drop dramatically. According to Zolfagharifard, the debris would
spread to New York, and even Canada, with up to 4 feet (10 centimeters) of ash. California and
Florida would only get a dusting of ash. The lava, at an estimated temperature of 1,292 to 2,372
degrees Fahrenheit (973.1 to 1,573 Kelvins), would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though some states would not be hit by ash or lava, they would still be effected by global
temperature change, lack of interstate relationships and supply deliveries, and the emotional bearing
of watching the rest of the country retreat into madness. The volcano's fatal effects would be more
than immediately dangerous because people all over the world could obtain illness months after the
eruption due to the abundance of ashes that will forever continue to roam the universe. Even though
no one can predict if or when the super volcano will erupt, we, as a nation should be better prepared
for the expected and ultimate destruction of mankind as we know it. So next time you're trying to
decide where to take your family for vacation, keep this information in

Volcanoes Risks and Benefits
I. Introduction ................................. 1 II. Body ................................. 2 a. Definition
................................. 2 b. Kinds of volcano ................................. 2 c. Types of eruption
................................. 3 d. Risk ................................. 4 e. Benefits ................................. 11 a. Tourism
................................. 11 b. Environment ................................. 13 III. Conclusion
................................. 15 IV. Bibliography ................................. 17
Introduction
The term volcano can either mean the vent from which magma erupts to the surface, or it can refer
to the landform created by the solidified lava and fragmental volcanic debris that accumulate near
the vent. One could say, for example, that large lava flows are erupted from Kilauea volcano in
Hawaii, the world volcano here ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pelean eruptions are similar to vulcanian eruptions but have even more viscous lava; domes from
over the vents, and ash flows commonly accompany the dome fountais. Plinian eruptions, also
known as 'Vesuvian eruptions', are volcanic eruptions marked by their similarity to the eruption of
Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 (as described in a letter written by Pliny the Younger, and which killed his
uncle Pliny the Elder). Plinian eruptions are marked by columns of gas and volcanic ash extending
high into the stratosphere, a high layer of the atmosphere. The key characteristics are ejection of
large amount of pumice and very powerful continuous gas blast eruptions.
Risks
Volcanoes release volcanic hazards that may cause the life of human kind to be in danger. These
volcanic hazards are Pyroclastic Density Currents (pyroclastic flows and surges), Lahars, Structural
Collapse: Debris flow–Avalanches, Dome Collapse and the formation of pyroclastic flows and
surges, Lava flows, Tephra fall and ballistic projectiles, volcanic gas, Tsunamis and Volcanic
Lightning
Pyroclastic density currents are are gravity–driven, rapidly moving, ground–hugging mixtures of
rock fragments and hot gases. This mixture forms a dense fluid that moves along the ground with an
upper part that is less dense as particles fall toward the ground. The behavior of the fluid depends
upon the solids

Feminist Instrumentation On A Volcano
Volcanologists study the volcano's eruptive history or install the proper instrumentation on a volcano
well in advance of an outbreak, and continuously monitor and adequately interpret data coming
from that equipment. However, scientists have difficult forecasting volcanic eruptions, and will still
have difficulty forecasting future volcanic activities accurately. Most volcanoes have been dormant
for many years, and do not work to a timetable and do not occur regularly, or have any form of
pattern to them. Besides, some modern scientists have fail predicting volcano eruptions and warning
evacuations. For example, on 2 May 2008, a massive explosion occurred unexpectedly at the
concealed Chaitén Volcano in Chile's southern volcanic zone (Carn

Orting, Washington Essay
The town of Orting is built in the valley of Mount Rainer in western Washington. Located 30 miles
from the volcano, Orting is built upon deposits of 500 year old lahar erupted from the volcano.
Mount Rainier is an active stratovolcano of andesitic rock, located along the convergent plate
boundary where the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate meet. Mount Rainier is the most
prominent mountain in the contiguous United States and is approximately 500,000 years old (The
Cardinal). Although Mount Rainier is considered to be an active volcano because of its lahar flow, it
is currently in resting state. The last eruption of this massive volcano occurred more than 115 years
ago in 1884. The eruptions of Mount Rainier produce lahar ... Show more content on
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Seismometers and tilt meters are also used to detect volcanic activity and give advanced warning in
the Cascade Range. The Bride4Kids campaign is another measure that has been taken in order to
keep the people of the Orting community safe. The bridge connects Orting to the Cascadian Plateau
which allows children to quickly move from a place of caution to safer land. The Bridge4Kids also
aims to educate people on how to remain safe during a mudslide. Protecting Mount Rainier and the
surrounding wildlife in the Cascade Range is Mount Rainier National Park. The Park was
established on March 2, 1899 and was the 5th National Park in the United States (National Park
Service U.S. Dept of Interior). This National park attracts 1.3 million visitors annually seeking
adventure in its natural beauty. The park offers backpacking, camping, nature trails, fishing, and
horseback riding, snow skiing, and climbing. Approximately 10,000 visitors attempt to reach the
peak of Mount Rainier every year. The National Park also has waterfalls, subalpine wildflower
meadows, and 26 beautiful glaciers. Although Orting, Washington has numerous geological hazards
because of its location so near to Mount Rainier, it is a wonderful town that is perfect for young
people and families. It has the convenience of a city, being only 35 miles outside of Seattle, and it
has the comfort of a small town with incredible views of natural

South Sister Case Study
Summary of Geological History Roughly 45–50,000 years ago the South Sister that is also known as
Charity began its primary formation. It is the youngest of the three sisters and currently the tallest.
According to https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/ this time period is known as the Rock Mesa
Eruptive Cycle and it is during this cycle that the middle sister also began forming. According to
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov these early eruptions produced many rhyolite lava flows and domes.
Between 30–37,000 years ago the main cone of the south sister began to form consisting of rhyolite
and andesite domes and flows. The construction of the dome was then completed and capped off by
a massive eruption that left pyroclastic deposits up to 200 meters in depth. Following this eruption a
period of roughly 7000 years began that consisted of relatively large eruptions of andesite and lava
fountains. According to https://volcanoes.usgs.gov these lava fountains fed lava flows that built up
the apron of the cone and the initial summit crater. This crater was later filled up and built upon by
dactite flows, which now make up roughly the upper 150 meters of todays South Sister. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the lava was released during the event was from a vent at 2400 meters elevation on the
South Sister. This lava flow formed the Newberry Crater Flow. The last South Sister eruption also
produced a large amount of ash and tephra fall. According to https://volcanoes.usgs.gov this even
produced up to two meters of ash fall within a kilometer of the vent and deposited smaller amounts
south and east of the South Sister. It is believed that ash fell in the place where Bend is located
today. There is evidence of small lahars occurring during not only the last South Sister eruption but
also during earlier eruptions. It is believed that the lahars during the earlier eruptions where much
grander in

The Nature of Vocanic Hazards
The nature of volcanic hazards is often classified by the violence of the explosion and thus is
assigned a number from the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), for instance Icelandic and Hawaiian
volcanoes which erupt basaltic lava – which has a low silica content and a basic chemical
composition; it reaches a maximum temperature of 2000 degrees Celsius and thus has low viscosity.
Due to this, gases are easily released and so the eruptions are non–explosive, with a VEI of 0–1 A
prime example of this form is the Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland which erupted in 2010, where
during the fissure phase less vicious basaltic lava effusively erupted onto the surface and flowed
west – it was also olivine –rich. However the explosive phase had a VEI of 4, hence classified as a
large, violent eruption.
On the contrary, Vesuvian and Krakatoan forms have moderate yet explosive eruptions, they erupt
andesitic lava which has high silica content and an acidic chemical composition; gases do not escape
easily – thus it is viscous – so they build up to produce explosive eruptions with lower temperatures
(max. 1000 degrees Celsius). Rhyolitic lava is similar, although it has lower temperatures at around
750 degrees. An example of an andesitic lava eruption is Soufriere Hills in Montserrat which has
been actively erupting since 1997. The eruption in 1997 achieved a VEI of 3 (which is significant
particularly due to the VEI being a logarithmic scale). Thus based on the nature of volcanic event

Essay Mt. Rainier
Mt. Rainier
The first time I saw Mt. Rainier for myself, was last summer when my boyfriend and I drove to
Washington. It was the most beautiful, peaceful looking mountain I have ever seen. However,
underneath it's great beauty, it hides a deadly secret. Mt. Rainier is one of the most dangerous
volcanoes that we have here in the United States. One of the reasons it is so dangerous is because of
it's great beauty. People enjoy looking at it, and the area that surrounds it, so they have made their
homes here. Mt Rainier is not the only volcano I am interested in, in fact this last summer I also
went to Mt. St. Helens and Crater Lake. But it is the volcano I chose to research for this paper
because it does have so much beauty and at the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, I set out to find out what information there was about volcanoes, and if there was anyone out
there who wanted to discuss them with me.
To begin my search I went to my favorite search engine, Yahoo.com. I have always found that this
engine is the easiest to use, and gives you the best information. At first, I researched all volcanoes,
not just Mt. Rainier. There was so much information out there that I found it difficult to narrow it
down to just 10 for my annotated bibliography. I was able to spend hours on the computer exploring
the various sites and finding out new information. From most of the sites I went to I was able to link
to other sites that had to do with the same subject. I found this to be very useful in doing my
research. Not only did I find information about volcanoes and how they work, I found places where
I could buy volcano merchandise, watch real time videos of eruptions, and look at volcano cams
from around the world. I learned so much about all kinds of volcanoes from my research, but when
it came down to answering the questions that I had asked, there were two web sites that I found were
the most useful, The US Geological Societies Cascades Volcano Observatory, and Volcanoes Online.
These two I found to be the most useful in my research.
Mount Rainier is located in Washington, and it basically dominates the landscape of a large part of
western Washington. The mountain is 4,329 meters, and it is what

Volcanic Hazard Depend Primarily on Physical Factors?...
Volcanic hazard depend primarily on physical factors? Discuss.
Volcanic eruptions happen all across the surface of the globe, many argue that if controlled and
monitored they would have little effect on the population. However others argue that some volcanic
events are too powerful or unpredictable to control.
Firstly I do not agree with this view I believe it is more to do with the human decisions that make a
volcanic eruption a hazard. For example we can see this in such volcanic events such as Mount
Pelée which erupted in 1902. In the town of St Pierre there was early warning or an eruption from
the volcano. From mid–April animals in the area started dying from poisonous gas realised from the
volcano. In early may more signs where ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the hazard had been mapped out by scientist when the early warning signs occurred it was
planned to be presented to officials the day after the disaster. This shows how human decisions to
live on the past debris of the lahars and also the hazard map not being produce in time lead to deaths
which could have been avoided.
However human can also have positive effects on volcano eruptions the main way of protecting
people is to monitor the volcano an evacuate the people to a safe place a good example of this the
Chaiten earthquake on May 2008 in Chile. Chile has one of the longest volcano chains in the world
due to the destructive plate boundary where the Pacific Ocean plate was subducting beneath the
South American continental plate. Due to this is meant that the Chilean government where able to
put plans in place in case of an eruption. When early signs showed that a volcano eruption was
going to happen, the response was to evacuate people in nearby settlements where 4000 people were
evacuated and another 3900 people were evacuated with forcible evacuation orders to make people
move who refused to leave. When the volcano erupted in May there was only one death due to stress
of the evacuation and very few injuries direct from the volcano. This shows how early planning and
evacuation can save many lives

Nevado Del Ruiz Research Paper
The first eruptions of Nevado del Ruiz occurred about 1.8 million years ago at the beginning of the
Pleistocene.epoch Three primary eruption periods in the history of the massif have been identified:
ancestral, older and present. During the ancestral period between one million to two million years
ago, a complex of large stratovolcanoes was created.Between 1.0 million and 0.8 million years ago,
they partially collapsed, forming large (5–10 km wide) calderas. During the older period, which
lasted from 0.8 million to 0.2 million years ago, a new complex of large stratovolcanoes developed
(including Older Ruiz, Tolima, Quindio, and Santa Isabel). Once again explosive summit calderas
formed from 0.2 million to 0.15 million years ago. The present period began about 150,000 ... Show
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During the past several thousand years, eruptions of the volcanoes in the Ruiz–Tolima massif have
mostly been small, and the pyroclastic flow deposits have been much less voluminous than during
the Pleistocene.Since the volcano's earlier eruptions are not recorded, volcanologists Since the
volcano's earlier eruptions are not recorded, volcanologists have used tephrochronology to date
them.During recorded history, eruptions have consisted primarily of a central vent eruption (in the
caldera) followed by an explosive eruption, then lahars. Ruiz's earliest identified Holocene eruption
was about 6660 BC, and further eruptions occurred in 1245 BC ± 150 years (dated through
radiocarbon dating), about 850 BC, 200 BC ± 100 years, 350 AD ± 300 years, 675 AD ± 50 years, in
1350, 1541 (perhaps), 1570, 1595, 1623, 1805, 1826, 1828 (perhaps), 1829, 1831, 1833 (perhaps),
1845, 1916, December 1984 – March 1985, September 1985 – July 1991, and possibly in April

Public Education And Community Outreach Programs
There are five strategies that should be established to help mitigate future damage and loss from
lahars: 1) public education and community outreach programs, 2) early warning systems to direct
and assist evacuations, 3) avoiding or discouraging expansion in lahar–prone areas through land use
planning, 4) building engineered protection structures to divert and decelerate potential lahars, and
5) funded response and recovery plans in the event of a disaster. Accomplishing any of the above
five strategies requires recognition of any limitations and applicability of the model, accurate
perception and evaluation of the lahar hazard, and thorough planning for various scenarios. It is
critical for scientists to be actively engaged and equitable in their educational, interpretive, and
advisory roles with elected officials, emergency managers, and susceptible populace during
emergency and nonemergency situations. The most important hazard mitigation strategy is to inform
the community about the risk associated with the nature of the hazards surrounding their locale,
along with educating and motivating them to diminish societal risk by taking risk–reducing action. It
is critical for scientists to play a role in active hazard education by keeping the officials and the
general public aware of realistic hazard situations by assisting in risk–reduction evaluation
strategies, engaging in informative hazard reduction dialogue with public officials and community
leaders, and by

Walnut Heights: A Case Study
This land assessment will recommend which community would be the best and safest place to live.
Hazard City is made of up of five communities. Riverside is a mobile home community with most
of the current homes located upon the sandy soils of the floodplain. Downtown consists nearly of
one–to–three story buildings constructed of unreinforced brick and masonry. Ralston contains
mostly large wood–framed, single family, Victorian–style homes built in the late 1800's. Hickory
Estates contains of single–family, multi–story, wood–frame homes that were all built before World
War II. Walnut Heights is a planned, gated residential community of single–family homes founded
in 1981.
Hazard City lies on the Twin Fork Fault and has produced several ... Show more content on
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Having been built with better durable materials, these homes can handle the seismic waves
earthquakes produce. For these reasons, Walnut Heights would also be the safest area to live in
Hazard City in the event of an IX earthquake.
If you want a house that will withstand particularly intense earthquakes, your home should be built
from wood, after the 1940's. Wood is lightweight and flexible and can absorb some of the seismic
shocks earthquakes produce. If a building does collapse, then wood will not crush what is
underneath nearly as severely as concrete or mortar will. So, a wood–framed building would be the
safest and best option.
Hazard City and surrounding counties are threatened by a composite cone volcano. The summit
stands several thousand feet above the surrounding land, which is already high in elevation. It has
been dormant for centuries, but it is expected to erupt again. The hazards associated with volcanoes
pose significant risks to human life and property. The hazards that pose greatest human risks are
lahars (which can trap people), volcanic gases that can be lethal (such as water vapor, carbon
dioxide, and sulfur dioxide), pyroclastic flows (which move swiftly and can be hard to outrun), and
ash deposits. Lava flows are more dangerous for property because they move so slowly, so humans
can outrun this.
Ralston and Riverside are at a high risk for lahars only and a low risk for all other

Mt Adams Is The Second Largest Volcano
Introduction Simultaneously, Mt Adams is the second highest mountain and the most under looked
volcano in Washington State. In terms of volume, Mt. Adams is the second largest volcano (behind
Mt. Shasta) in the Cascade Range (Alt & Hyndman 1984). Since it has been relatively quiet for the
past couple millennia, it does not receive as much attention as it's counterparts and draws very few
tourists due to it's remote setting (Hill 2004). Prior to recent research, not much was known
regarding Mt. Adam's eruptive history, frequency or how explosive previous eruptions have been.
(Hildreth & Lanphere 1994). In this paper, I will discuss the geography, history, geology, and
hazards of Mt. Adams and it's surrounding area; focusing heavily on its geology and geologic
hazards. 2 Figure 2: Mt. Adams from the east (USGS 2013). History In the early 1800's, the
Lewis and Clark Expedition noted seeing Mt. Adams, which they initially mistook as Mount St.
Helens. At this time, Mt. St. Helens had already been discovered and given its name. This was the
first documented sighting of the stratovolcano by European explorers (USGS 2013). Mt. Adams got
its name in a moderately shameful way. In the mid–1800's, there was a plan to name the volcanoes
in the Cascade Range after United States presidents. In honor of President John Adams, a mapmaker
named Mt. Adams by mistake, as the name was originally meant for what is now today Mt. Hood.
To make matters worst, Mt. Adams was not originally included

Most Types Of Volcanoes Are Shield Volcanoes, Scoria Cones...
1. The major types of volcanoes are shield volcanoes, scoria cones (cinder cones), and
stratovolcanoes (composite). Each of these volcano types is influenced by the volume, the amount of
magma, viscosity, a measure magma's fluid friction, and volatiles or dissolved gases, of the magma
that creates them. Shield volcanoes form from the solidification of lava flows of basalt (Abbott
2014). These large volume, low viscosity, low volatiles magma flows travel great distances. As
thousands of layers of lava flows cool on top of one another other, volcanoes are formed over a long
period of time. The width of these volcanoes is greater than their height, for example Mauna Loa in
Hawaii. Scoria or cylinder cones are low height conical hills formed by basaltic and andesitic
pyroclastic debris collected near a volcanic vent. Scoria cone magma is of small volume with
medium viscosity and medium volatiles. At the top of these cones are summit craters usually less
than two kilometers in diameter which may hold magma lakes during an eruption (Abbott 2014).
Additionally, lava may also drain from the base of scoria cones. Stratovolcanoes or composite
volcanoes are steep sided and symmetrical, examples include Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Rainer,
and Mount Fuji. The peaks of composite volcanoes are built of alternating layers of pyroclastic
debris capped by high viscosity andesitic to rhyolitic lava flows that solidify to form protective caps
(Abbott 2014). Magma of stratovolcanoes is of high

1 9 ‘To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate...
A hazard is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or environment. There is a
very big difference that helps prepare for a volcanic hazard and that is whether you are in a MEDC
or a LEDC. In a MEDC monitoring volcanic zones and potential hazards is an option many LEDC's
don't have. In Italy at Mt Etna they have Geochemical monitoring programs currently run by INGV
which focus on the analysis of temporal changes, chemical changes and seismic activity.
This option open to the Italians is not an option for LEDC who don't have the wealth or public
education to set up these stations. In Montserrat their where no levels of monitoring at all due to
Before 1995 there was no record of the volcano on Montserrat ... Show more content on
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There are other factors predicting and preparing wont help for. One is the type of volcanic hazard
such as a sudden pyroclastic flow is much more violent then a slow lava flow. With pyroclastics you
can only reduce the hazard by vacation but lava flows can be diverted and slowed down with dam
wall trenches and spraying water As they did in ice land on the 1973 Heimaey eruption which
started on 23 January.
Some times warning isn't enough because of peoples different circumstances and beliefs they might
not leave. One example is in Columbia in 1985 where they where warned but didn't listen as they
didn't think they would be affected and didn't trust the people telling them. About 20,000 people are
feared dead after a volcanic eruption in northern Colombia. Four towns in the Andes region are
reported to have been buried when ash spewed out of the volcano, Nevado del Ruiz, causing a
mudslide. These people weren't told to evacuate until 2 hours before the major eruption casing
massive loss of life. The reason for this late call was because the country didn't trust the people
observing the volcano this meant the potential hazard was far greater then it should have been ad the
results where horrific. This is one example of how poor education and different situation can greatly
increase the hazard.
The Nevado del Ruiz Volcano eruption is also a great example of how the physical environment
affects the hazard. In Armero two

Mount Pinatubo Research Paper
On the island of Luzon which is located in the Philippines, tens of thousands lived on the slopes of
Mount Pinatubo, a Composite volcano that was dormant for almost 500 years. That was until 1991
when it had one of the most destructive eruptions imaginable. The felsic volcano lies on the
boundary of the eurasian plate and philippines plate, which is a subduction zone. The eruption was
so powerful that a caldera was created, as well as being seen as the most destructive eruption of the
20th century. Avalanches of lava sped down the sides of the volcano, leaving the previously deep
valleys with 660 feet thick of fresh remains. Clouds of ash climbed as high as 22 miles in the air, as
well as it being blown in all directions near ground due to

The Importance Of Hazardous Volcanoes In California
The CaLVO is in charge to avert a volcanic chaos in the state. The experts focus more in the most
dangerous volcanoes. California has a big amount of hazardous volcanoes. Some volcanoes will
take long to erupt again and thankfully there is ways to find out when that is going to happen.
Volcanologist know that some of the volcanoes in California could erupt anytime soon and they will
not be able to do nothing about it. The best thing they can do is prepare the region that would get
affected by the eruption. Just in California, we have 16 hazardous volcanoes to be worried about;
theses type of volcanoes have to be constantly monitored to track levels of unrest. If scientists see
something out of place, unusual, they will have to make some conclusions

analyse the factors that cause differences in the hazards...
analyse the factors that cause differences in the hazards posed by volcanoes around the world (40
marks)
A hazard is a situation that poses a level of threat tolife, health, property or environment. The level
of hazard posed by different volcanoes can very greatly, from a weak eruption with minimal impact
that causes little damage, to a voilent and life threatening explosion. Most of the sixty–plus
volcanoes that erupt each year are low risk, however a combination of factors can cause a volcano to
be a serious hazard. The factors causing these variations will be explained in this essay.
The first factor that must be considered is the viscosity of the magma. This can determine how
powerful an eruption is and what shape the volcano ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anpother factor that can have an impact on the level of hazard posed by a volcano is the type of
plate margin on which it occurs. Volcanoes occuring at constructive plate boundaries are usually
much less violent than those occuring at destructive plate boundaries. This is because the magma
produced by plates moving apart is Basic, and therefoe has a low viscosity, allowing it to flow
easily. The lava is produced from a central vent or fissure and erupts regularly but not usually
violently. Also,constructive plate boundaries are often found under the sea and create submarine
volcanoes, such as along the Mid–Atalntic ridge, so pose few threats to humans. As a result, the
hazards posed by volcanoes at constructive plat eboundaries is relatively low. However, the
subduction of one plate under another at destrctive plat eboundaries can form an acidic magma
chamber, due to the build up of intense heat. Acidic magma is very viscous and resisitant to flow,
meaning that there is often a huge build up of pressure, which can result in very violent and
dangerous eruptions involving ash and pyroclastic flow. This can pose a a serious hazard.
Pyroclastic flowsa are extremely dense, containing toxic gases at very high temperatures, and can
move at speeds over 100km/h. The consequences of such an unpredictable hazard can be extremely
seruous

Geological And Environmental Circumstances That Have Been...
Geological and environmental circumstances that have an affect have been designated geohazards.
There are many different categories of geohazards that can occur in the world. Some of these
geohazards include landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, lahars, and hydrothermal
eruptions. These natural disasters can all have both short and long term effect on the surrounding
environment. It is important to recognize the different kinds of geohazards and how to know if we
can take preventive measures or very minimally understand which areas may be more susceptible to
a geohazard event.
A landslide is the downward movement of land typically from a slope or a cliff. They are more
common in coastal and mountain range areas. In the United ... Show more content on
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The largest earthquake that has been recorded was a 9.6. It occurred May 22, 1960 in southern
Chile. It lasted for approximately ten minutes. There was a resulting tsunami that hit Hawaii, Japan,
and part of New Zealand. While the exact number of casualties is unknown the number is estimated
to be between one thousand to six thousand souls.
Tsunami is a Japanese term meaning 'harbour wave.' They are also known as tidal waves or seismic
sea waves. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are these most prevalent triggers of tsunami
occurrences. What makes tsunamis not the same as normal waves is that customary whitecaps are
caused by the gravitational pull of the moon or sun, or they are formed due to wind patterns.
However, tsunamis are caused by a severe water displacement. While tsunamis do transpire around
the world, Japan is the foremost victim of this natural disaster. Tsunamis can be over one hundred
feet tall and move forward at speeds of five hundred miles per hour. An average of 7,916 people
perishes each year correlated to tsunami incidents. Another 85,582 are affected. Eighty percent of
tidal waves transpire in the Pacific Ocean's ring of fire.
The largest recorded tsunami occurred on July 9, 1958. It happened in the evening after an
earthquake happened on the Fairweather Fault in the Alaska Panhandle. It had a record height of
1,720 feet and hit the shores of Lituya Bay, Alaska. The impact of the tsunami resulted in the
uprooting of many trees. This was

Humans Were Affected By Island Dwarfism ( Morwood )
Many people, before the discovery of Homo floresiensis, assumed Homo sapiens were the only
living species of the genus homo since Homo erectus. The 2003 discovery of "the hobbit" in a
limestone cave in Flores, Indonesia changed the way people today view much of the timeline of
early human evolution. The island of Flores was assumed to have never been connected to any
mainland, bringing to question how this species arrived on the island in the first place as well as
what the island looked like at the time. There were several physical characteristics such as leg length
and brain size that made the discovery of Homo floresiensis so special. The bones found were dated
to 18,000 years ago, astoundingly recently (Brown). To this day, it is unclear how this species
evolved to be so small. Scientists had developed several different theories but have frequently come
to the conclusion that these humans were affected by island dwarfism (Morwood). The environment
in which Homo floresiensis lived, their physical structure and the recency of their existence holds
many mysteries around why they were so small and what impact the above factors had on the
hobbit's overall size. The discovery of Homo floresiensis occurred of the coast of Indonesia on one
of the Wallecean Islands called Flores. The dig site which Homo floresiensis was discovered is
called Liang Bua or "cool cave". Father Theodore Verhoeven was the first to report and publish that
stone tools were found in central Flores at

Appropriate Statements In The Movie Dante's Peak
The movie Dante's Peak has some correct science facts, but is also riddled with incorrect statements
as well. It is considered one of the better science related movies. I found 2 correct statements and 6
incorrect statements. For the correct statements the first is that the cascades are a great place for
volcanoes to go off and that is because it is volcanically active and volcanoes have exploded without
explanation. The second true statements is that carbon dioxide emitting from magma vents is the
killer of plants and fish. For the incorrect statements, first is that Pierce Brosnan's character who
claims to be a volcanologist showed no fear of a pH of 3.58 in the mountain lake. He had no concern
of the well being of all the fish as a pH

Mount Ruapehu Essay
The Māori definition for Mount Ruapehu is exploding–pit of noise, a phrase that is suitable for the
2787–metre–tall volcano. Mount Ruapehu is the highest active volcano in New Zealand and the
most dangerous of the Volcanic Plateau region, see figure 1. Often defined by its large Crater Lake,
the classic cone volcano is shaped by a layered landscape with a ring plain at the summits peak. All
of these surface features seen today, are the result and combination of internal and external
geological processes.
Mount Ruapehu is located at the Southern end of the extremely active Taupo Volcanic Zone, close to
the centre of the North Island in New Zealand, see figure 2. As a result of continental drift, volcanic
landforms are developed by collisions and movement of tectonic plates in the Earth's crust.
Earth is made up of five major layers including the inner core, outer core, mantle, upper mantle and
crust. The upper mantle of the Earth is a approximately 1100C, a temperature so hot that the rock
melts to form a molten layer, causing the pieces of the Earth's
crust to move and collide. Convention currents is a progression where hot magma from the upper
mantle rises towards the surface where it then cools and forms a surface skin, see figure 3. The skin
is pushed aside as more magma develops, then forced back under the upper mantle. The skin melts
and the process is repeated.
When plate boundaries meet, they rub against each other either shattering, sliding or buckling

Why People Shouldn T Live Near Volcanoes

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