Cad cam Trong thiết kế và chế tạo

~3IAO TRINH
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50 GIAO Due VA BAO TAO HA NOI. . .
TSKT. LUll QUANG HUY
GIAoTRiNH
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CO SO CAD/CAM
TRONG THIET KE vA CHE TAO•
(PHAN 1)
(Dung trong cac tnti'mg THeN)
NHA XUAT BAN HA N<!I - 2005

Liri gil'li thi~u
Nude ta dang buclc vdo thiti leY cong nghi¢p hoa, hi¢n
dgi hoa nhdm dU'a Vi¢t Nam tro thdnh nuae cong
nghi¢p viin minh, hi¢n d(li.
Trang slf nghi¢p each mgng to Ian d6, cong uk diw lflo
nhdn ll/c lu6n gifi va; lro quan trQng. Bao cao Chinh trt cua
Ban Chap hdnh Trung uang Ddng C¢ng san Vi¢t Nam tt;li
Dgi hQi Dang toan quo'c 16n thu IX dfi chi r6: "Phat triiin
giao dlJC va daD t<:,-o Iil m¢t trong nhung d¢ng h;rc quan tr9ng
thue dAy sv nghi¢p cong nghi¢p hoa, hi¢n dfli hoa, 1a dieu
ki¢n d~ phat tri~n ngu6n life can nguCri. - yeu t6 cO ban d~
phat trien xii h¢i, tang twong kinh tenhanh va ben vfrng".
Quan tri¢t chit truong, Nghf quyet eua Dang va Nhil nuae
va nh{in thue dung ddn vi' td'm quan lr9ng cua chuang trinh,
giao trinh d(Ji vai vi¢c nang cao cha't lut;tng dao tgo, thea de'
nghi cua Sa Giaa d~c va DaD tao Ha N(ii, ngay 231912003,
Uy ban nhdn dan thanh pM' Ha N(ii dti ra Quyet dinh s6'
56201QD-UB cho phep Sa Gido d~c va DaD tao th(1c hitn de'
an bien soC}n chuang trinh, giao trinh trong cdc truang Trung
h9c chuyen nghieP (THeN) Ha N(ii, Quyet dinh nay thi!' hien
S(1 quan tam sau sac cua Thanh uy, UBND thanh phd Trang
vi¢c nang caD chd't lUQ11g dao tel-O va phdt triln ngu6'n nhdn
l(1c Thu d6,
rren cd sa chrtong trinh khung eua B¢ Gido dl:lC va Dao
tgo ban hi'mh va nhitng kinh nghi¢m rut ra til th¥c te'dew 190,
So-Ghio d{lC va Dda tgo dii chi deJo cae mtang THeN to' chile
bien sagn chuong trinh, giaa trinh m¢t each khoa hQc, h¢
3
,

4
thong va c(zp nh(zt nhilng kierl thuc thlfc tien phtt h(/p vCli d(li
tuqng hrc sinh THCN Ha N(Ji,
B9 gMo trlnh nay la tai li¢u giang dq.y va hgc UJp trong
cae truimg THeN aHa N(Ji, dong thin' Ia tai li¢u tham khdo
hilu feh eho cae truCrng codao tq.o cac nganh kJ thuqt - nghi?p
v~ va d6ng ddo bc;n dgc quan tam den van de' huong nghi?p,
dC;y nghe'. -
Vi¢e to' chue bien soq.n bQ chu(Jng trinh, giao trinh nay
la mQt trong nhie'u hmp dQng thie't thlfc eua nganh giao d~e
va dao t«o Thli do de' ky ni¢m "50 nam gidi phong Thli do ",
"50 nam thanh l(zp nganh" va huitng titi ky ni¢m "1000 nam
Thiing Long - Ha Nili".
SiJGiao dlfC va Dao tq.o Ha N(Ji chan thanh cam 071 Thanh
uy, VBND, cae So', ban, nganh eua Thanh pho: V~l Giao dlfC
ehuyen nghi¢p B(J Giao d/fc va Dao tc;o, eac nha khoa hqc, cac
ehuyen gia dau ngcmh, cac gidng vien, cac nha qudn ly, cae
nha doanh nghi¢p dii tq.o die'u ki¢n giup do, dong gop ykie'n,
tham gia H(Ji dong phdn bi¢n, HQl do'ng thii'm d{nh va H(Ji
dong nghi¢m thu cac chU071g trlnh, glaD trinh,
Day ld Ian ddu tien So Giao d/fc va Dao t(1o Ha Nili to'
ehuc bien soq.n chuang trinh, giao trlnh, Dil dri he't sUe cO'
gclng nhung ehac chan khong tranh khoi thi{u sot, btl! c(1p.
Chung toi mong nhqn duqc nhung y kien dong gop cua bq.n
dgc dt timg bu(Jc hoan thi¢n b(J giao trinh trong cac Ian tal
ban sau.
GlAM D6e s6 GlAD Due vA DAD TAO

N
gay nay CfJng ngh¢ thong tin dil dU(JC ung dl;!ng ri/t hi¢u qud frong
m9i lTnh vife, dge hi¢t la trong cae llnh vlfe {(fO ra cua cai v¢t chat
chn xii h(!i, diC'n ht'nh nha't fa khu vlfe san xuat cong nghi¢p vai Ttl't nhie'u
nganh do d«ng. Cong ngh¢ thrJng tin da nhanh chong chuyin d6; die qua trinh
san xua! kilu tTuyt'n thong (v6'i SI! tham gia eua con nglla'i la chii yeu) sang
cae qua trinh san xuilt vai cong ngh¢ cao (v6i slf trq giup vb cung hi¢U qua
eiia may lfnh). Nhil do cac giai dot(m thief kt va che' (<<0 dUt;fc lUng bUdC tLf
drng !loa [lIng phan ho(zc tl! d('mg hoa hoem loan, nhilcac ht! tho'ng CAD/CAM
(thief ke'va chi'tq.o vai s/f frq giup cuo may linh).
NuiJc ta dang trong qua trlnh cong nghi¢p hoa viti to'c d¢ ngay ding
nhanh hon frong nhiing nam tO'i ddy. Cae vifn nghien CUll va thiet ke: cae xi
nghi¢p san xuat deu huang tui nghien cUu ung dl.mg cac h¢ thong CAD/CAM
viti cac mue dQ khae nhau (mire d¢ ti/i thilu Iii thiet klditng CAD), nham nang
eao hi¢U qua san xua't, tang khd nang cq,nh tranh eua doanh nghi¢p len ra't
nhie'u. Trong xu the'tat yell do, vai tro eua [[nil Vl!C dao t(jO IiJ rat quan tr(lng,
nham giup eho nguO'i hge co khd nang nhanh chong dap ung ve' m(it cong vi¢e
khi thlfc hi¢n cac nhi¢m vlj ky thu(Jt Clj the'.
Giao trinh nay duqc bien soq,n truoe het nham phljc vij. eho dao t<IO 0- h¢
THCN vi' ky thu(Jt, dong thiti phljc Vlj eho dao t<IO J b4c Cao ddng va Dt;li
h9C nganh SU pht;lm ky thu4t. Cac sinh vitn b¢e dt;li h9c cae nganh ky thu(it
ciIng co till tham khao giao trinh nay khi h9C AutoCAD, vI phd'n nay nam
trong muc d9 kiln thuc quy dinh eua khung chuang trinh ve ve ky thu(it J cac
truO'ng nay.
Ciao trinh (Phiin 1) gom hai phan:
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+ Phtln A: Co sa CAD/CAM
+ Phdn B: Lam vi¢c viii AutoCAD
Nf)i dung eua giao frlnh dUf!C lac gid bien sogn {ren co sa cae bai gidng
dung trong c6ng tac gidng dqy nhie'u niim tqi Truitng THBe - Kj thuqt tin h(J-c
Hii Noi (EST/H), t~i khoa Su ph~m kj thudt truang Dai h9c Su ph~m Hii Nai.
rae gid xin chan thanh cam an cac dong nghi¢p ({Ii hai (ruang noi tTen dil
giup diJ rat nhie'u dll hoem thiinh giao trinh nay.
Ciao trinh duqc in ldn dau, nen ch&c chan con co nhieu sai sot hoijc din
phdi hoan thi¢n han. M9i ykietl·d6ng gop xin dUQ'c gUi wt hai dia ehl eua hai
tnrO'ng noi (ren. Tae gid xin chan thanh cam an.
TAc mA
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Ph~n A - Chuang 1
,
COSO CAD/CAM
• Ml,JC tieu
+ HiE!U dL1<;lc Sl,f khac nhau VEl d~c trLlng ella cae qua trlnh thiet ke che t;;lo kj~u
truyen thong va qua trlnh thief ke che t<;lO vdi cong ngh~ caD. Qua d6 thay dLt<;lC vai tro
quyet dinh ella 51,! tr<;1 giup ella may tfnh tron9 san xuat hj~n d~i.
+ HiE!u dL1<;1c val tro ella h~ thong CAD/CAM trong chu trJnh san ph,§rn. Trang chu
trinh d6, cae phan ffiem CAD d6ng val tro ti€tn phong trong tl,! d909 haa thiet ke. Cae
phan mem CAD co d~c trtJng chung th~ hi~n qua CaG ma dun trong d6.
+ HiE!u dlf<;lC 1'1 thuyet Cd ban ve xay dl.,fng me hinh hinh hQc troog CAD. 86 la cd sa
quan tn;mg ella do ho.;. may tfnh, d~ co the ve va thiet ke tren may tinh nho xay dl,fng
CaG rna hlnh khung day, me hlnh be m~t va ma hinh kh6i d~c.
+ C6 khai ni~m t6ng quat ve h~ thong CAM va moi quan h~ CAD/CAM veti tv d¢ng
hoa SEln xuat.
• NQi dung tom tat
+ SV trl;! giup cua may tfnh trong qua trlnh thiet ke va che t~o san pham.
+ CAD - Thiet ke vCli sLf trQ giup clla may tfnh.
+ Phfin cCfng CAD.
+ Xay dlfng ma hinh hlnh hQc trong CAD.
+ CAM - Moi quan M CAD/CAM va tl! d¢ng hoa san xuat.
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I. SI,JTR<) GUlP CVA MAy TiNH TRONG QuA TRINH THIET KE
VACHE T~O SAN PHAM
1. Qua trinh thiet kevil chet~o dE! t~o ra s'," ph11m
Thi/l ke'
Thief ke'
--Chllqo fhu
1- h¢ thling
f-. Che'tqo
• h ~
(che'thu) san XUGt (san xua!)san p am
(TKQTCN
SUa d6i thiet M'
A
p kilO
Kie"m Ira
__I Lap 'ap 1-
Kie'm fra
va ;+- chat lutIng cluff IUr;ttlg
xuling cac chi tief
Nh{l
xuii!
Yludng
cua nhiz ....
thiet ke'
Nhuca'u ....
thi frtlrmg
Hlnh J.1: So do' qud trinh [hili hi' - che'tgo san phdm
2. Qua trinh thiet ke-che t~o kiE!u truyen thong
Hall het ca.c cong vi¢c co him do con ngmJi tr!!e tiep thl!c hi¢n nhu:
- Thu th~p cae thong tin ve san phAm.
- Ph<k ho~ cae yluang - Pharr tich, Iva chQn yWang hay.
- Thiel k€ tdng the, sau d6 thief k€ chi tiel cho san pham.
- Che t~o thit (che thit).
+ Ch€ thir mau bang v~t li~u dan gian.
+ Ch€ thl'r mall bang vi}t li~u thl!c.
Tren co sa mAu dii duqc che thu, phai tien h~mh vi¢c pharr rich va dauh
gia mau, Hi co sa cho vi¢c sua chua thiet k€. Thi€t k€ da duQ'c sUa chua l<;ti
duQ'c dua vao qua trlnh che t~o thu... Qua trinh nhu v~y nham ch€ t~o duqc san
ph~m phil hqp nha't d6i voi nhu cau nguoi sir d~ng sao phAm sau nay.
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- Che tao (san xuat)
~ Ki~m tra chat lugng
- Lap ni.p
- Dong, goi
• Dijc di(i'm:
- Hau het cae giai do<;tn deu do con nguai tfl!C tiep thl!c hi¢n.
- Qua tdnh thiet ke - che thu keo dai, kho d~t duqc phuong an thiet ke
toi uu.
- Qua tdnh che t<;to keo dai V~ thOi gian, phai sir dl,mg nhi~u thiet bi, nang
suat thap.
- D9 chfnh X,lc thiet ke va che t<;to thap, kh6 d<;tt dugc d¢ chfnh xac cao.
- Dau tu ban dau kh6ng qua Ian. Chi phi cho baa duang va duy trl khOng cao.
3. Qua lrinh lhiel ke· che l~o vBi cong ngh~ cao
Qua tdnh thiet k€ - ch€ t<;lo vai cong ngh¢ cao thl!c chat la dung may tinh
de: trg giup con nguai trang hau het cac bu6'c (giai do~o) quan trQog cua qua
tdnh thiet ke - che t<;lo san pham.
Nhu v~y, a day xuat hi¢n vai tro quan trQng cua SI! tn; giup cua may tinh
(Computer Aid - CA) trang thiet ke - che t<;lO.
Qua tdnh thiet ke - che t<;lO v6i c6ng ngh¢ cao lien quan den cac Hnh vl!c
sau day:
• CAD (Computer Aided Design): Thief kt co sf! trf! giup CUG may t[nh.
Ml,lc tieu cua Hoh vl!c CAD ht Tl! d¢ng hoa tUng bu6c, tien Wi tlJ dQng
hoa cao trang thiet ke san pham.
• CAE (Computer Aided Engineering): Ky thw,lt ma ht'nh hoa va tgo mau
Ilhanh (Rapid Prototyping - RP) trang thiet ke - che thit san phllm.
Ml,lc tieu eua nnh vve CAE Hl: TV d¢og hoa ehu tdnh thiet ke - che thu
san pham.
• CAPP (hoac CAP) (Computer Aided Process Planning ho~c Computer
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Aided Planning): Kl }wgeh hoa san xudt e6 slf trq giup eua may tinh.
M~c tieu cua finh vgc CAPP la: Tu di)ng hoa tung phAn cong tac qulin ly
sfm xuat tren m~ng may Hnh c6ng ty.
~ CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing): Che'tgo (san xudr) eo sl! trq
giup ella may rinll.
Ml;lc tieu cua llnh vl!c CAM 180: Mo ph6ng qua tdnh eh€ t~o, l~p tdnh ch€
t<J.o san phfun tren cac may cong CI;l t1! d¢ng CNC (Computer Numerical Control
- dieu khi~n s6 dung may tinh).
T6ng quAt han, c6 the dung khai niem v6 he thong CAD/CAM;
CAD/CAE/CAM; CAD/CAPP/CAM.
• CAQ (Computer Aided Quality Control): Kiem Ira chat IUf/ng san phdm
co sf! trq giup ella may tinh.
Ml,lc tieu clla linh vl!c CAQ 180: Tl! d¢ng hoa va nang cao d¢ chinh xac
ki~m tra chat luqng san phAm.
• CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing): Che'l«o (san xuat) rich hr;tp
nhi! may rinh.
M~c tieu cua linh vuc CIM lao Lien ket toan bi) CAD, CAM, CAPP vao
mqt qua trinh hoan to~l.fi duqc quan Iy, giam sat va dieu khi~n btmg may tinh.
• CNC (Computer Numerical Control): Dieu khie"n so dung may tinh, d6
dieu khh~n tt! d¢ng cac may trong h~ thong san xuat.
II. CAD· TRIET KE VOl SVTRO GIUP CVA MAy TfNH
1. CAD/CAM trong cong nghi~p
Cong nghe CAD/CAM trong cong nghieP hien nay duqc iIng d~ng ngay
cang hi~u qua tmng eae nganh thu¢e eong nghi~p nhy cG.ng nhu cae nganh
thuoc cong nghiep nang.
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• Trong eong nghi¢p nh~: Cong ngh¢ CAD/CAM rlit hi¢u qua trong ngimh
da giay (sao xuat giay dep...), ngzmh d~t, san xuat hang lieu dung thong
thuang (thuae danh rang, my pham ...), san xulit thue pham (bia, nu6e ngQt,
thue pham dong h¢p... ).
• Trong e6ng nghi¢p nang: C6ng ngh¢ CAD/CAM dae bi¢t quan trQng
trong che 1<;0 co khf n6i chung, che t<:10 may d¢og h,rc, che t<;lo phuong ti¢n giao
thong (xe may, 616, may bay...), che t'.10 khi clJ. di¢n, ch€ t<.t0 may di¢n (d¢og
co di¢n, may bien ap... ), che t'.10 trang thiet bi di~n tU...
Nhu du phat trien CAD/CAM la rat bue xuc trang cong nghi~p n~ng b
nucre ta hi¢n nay.
2. Chu Irlnh san phii'm va val Ira h~ Ihong CAD/CAM
51! can thief ella khach hang va nhu CclU thi truang d6i voi san ph~m da.n
den nhu can thiet k€ san phArn.
Qua frinh thief ki"lu6n kem theo qua trinh tdng hap va phan tfeh de tai uu
hoa thiet ke. Cae qua trloh t60g hqp va philo tich co vai lro quan trQog nha
nhau. Hi¢n nay thuang dung may tfnh M phan tfeh va tdng hap khi thiet ke.
Qua trinh chi'tflO 13. qua tdoh rat phuc t<:tP, g6m nhh~u cong vi¢c c6 tinh
ky thu~t rat r6 net nhu: quy ho<;tch qua tdnh c6ng ngh~, thiet ke che t<;to cae
trang bi c6ng nghe, eung ling vat tu, laP trinh NC-CNC-DNC, ehe t~o (san
xuat), ki€m tra·chat Im;mg, d6ng g6i.
Cung cap san phdm cho thi truong Hl qua trlnh d~e trung hoi tfnh thuang
m<;ti rat r6 net.
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Th! twang
Nhu cilu thiet ke
LlJa chQn cae th6ng tin thi~t ke va nghien ClIu khi thi
Ytuang thiet ke
M6 hlnh hoa va rna phOng thiet ke
Thier ke chi tiet
PhAn rich va toi uu hOa thi€t k€
[IQua trinh thiet kel
IIi~'"~,'"" I
pham
Danh gici. thiet ke
y
Xily dJ!Ilg tai li¢u thiet k€ va truy~n d~t thong tin thiet ke l
.... .'.............,.
i Thiet k€ qua trlnh c6ng ngM [
,
Thiet k€ ch€ t<:l-0 cac trang b~ cang ngh¢ I ·1 Qua trlnh che t<;l
I Cung Ling v!.H tu Iy
L'p trinh NC, CNC, DNC
M6 phOng gia c6ng - ki~rn tra chuang trinh I~Qua trlnh CAM I
I CM t~o (san xuat) I
,
I Kie:rn tra chat IUQ'llg I
I Dong goi I
1 Nh~p kho - giao hang I
Hinh 1.2:
Sad6 chu
I Thj twang I Irinh san
"
12

Qua trinh Slr d~ng san ph~m l~i nay sinh Sf! can thilt khae ella khaeh hang
va nhu eau mid eua thi tntang d6i vai san ph~m, dan den nhu cau mai trong
thiet ke san phAm.
Va nhu v~y, da hlnh thanh m¢t ehu trinh san pha'm. Chu trlnh san ph~m
th~ hi¢n ct;! the hem trong sa do hlnh 1.2.
Sa do chu trinh san phAm cho thay vai tro cua h¢ thong CAD/CAM la
quan trQng nhat, quyet dinh hi¢u qua eua qua trinh thiet ke va che t~o san
phim.
Trang h¢ thong CAD/CAM, qua trlnh CAD dong vai tro ca sa, t~o tien de
ky thu~t cho qua trinh CAM tiep sau.
3. Mi?t so ph~n mem CAD vii CAD/CAM hi~n nay
a. M¢t so'phan me'm dung elzo kien true, xdy df!ng, giao thong w,in tai
• LARSA (hang Innovative Analisys Incorporated): Dung cho tinh toan
cac ket cau phang va khong gian.
o STRASAPMAXIM (hang General Product Incorporation): Dung cho tinh
toan cac ket cau xay d'!llg IOn va phuc t~p (theo phuong phap phan tit hUU h~n)
• SSCAD (hang Space Structure Internation Corporation - My): DiIng cho
tinh toan ket cau, toi l1U hoa thiet ke va tinh toan thi congo
o CHACVITE (hang Le monsieur Consultant - Phip): La phan mem rat
m~nh, co den 100 chuang trlnh ve thiet ke, Hnh toan, ve; eo khi nang quet
tnlc tiep tit ban ve.
o AUSTIN (hang Automated Structural Design Integrated System - Nh"t):
Chuyen dung cho thiet ke tlnh toan nha cao tang.
• SAP (Structural Analisys Programs - My): Dung cho tlnh toan thiet k€
xay d'!llg (dung phuong phip ph:ln tit hUU h~n).
o BILD (Building Design System - Han qu6c): Dung cho tfnh toan thiet ke
xay dl;1ng, kien truc (ung dt;!ng cong ngh¢ trt tu¢ nhm t~o).
b. M(Jt so'phan me'm CAD dung eho co khi ehltgo, san xud't c6ng nghi¢p
• AutoCAD (hang AutoDesk - My, la m¢t trang cac hang dan dau ve CAD,
ra di1i 1970): Dung cho thiet ke cO khi. xay d~ng. kien truc, di~n, di~n tif.
o UNIGRAPHICS (Duc): Rat manh trong thiet ke, tinh toan cO khi che t~o
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• SOLIDWORK: R~t m~nh trong thi€t k€, tfnh lOan cO khf eM t~o (va xfiy
dlng).
• CIMATRON (NMt - Israel): Tfch hgp lien hoan CAD/CAM/CNC eho
co khi che t~o.
• Master CAM (My): Tieh hgp lien hom CAD/CAM/CNC eho co khf eM t~o.
• DENFORD (Anh): Giai phap CAD/CAM - CNC tron g6i.
4. Cae yeu eau eel bim do; va; mC}t phan mem CAD
M¢l phArr mem CAD naa d6, muon dap ling duqc nhu d.ll thi truang din
d<;l-t dugc cae yeu d.ll co bim sau:
• C6 the' chq,y duoi h¢ die'u himh. lieu chua'n mgnh va de sit d1!ng: D~ t<;10
dieu ki¢n thu~n lqi cho d~lO t<;1o oharr vien, t':O co 56 thu~n lqi hcm cho phat
trien phArr mem lrong nllae.
• Co kiifu giao di¢n nguoi dung tot: T':!o dieu ki¢n thll~n lqi d6i v6i nguOi
mai su dl;log ho~c da co kinh nghi¢rn d6i v6'i cae giao di¢n quen thuQc khac.
Vi dt): H¢ thong Menu gAo gai, quen thuQc, thu~n lqi cho nhieu d6i tugng
nguai dung. Dong thoi h¢ thong khong Menu (dung cae nut bi6u tUQ'og) l<;1i rAt
thu~n lqi cho nhung nguoi su dt)og thuang xuyen. Hi¢n da co phan mem CAD
cho phep nguoi sir dlJ-ng t~o ra cac Menu rieng clla h9.
• Ngon ngii dan gidn, ngii phap tlf nhien:
- Ngon ngO' dan gHm, ngu philp tl,l nhien se de: dao t~o, de h9C.
- Nguoi sir dlJ-ng de t~p trung vao van de dang d.n giai quyet tren ma.y.
- Cho phep nguoi sir dlJ-ng lam l<;li cac l~nh co sai sot (undo)
• Co tai li¢u huang ddn m¢t each khoa h9c, hqp Iy, de hilu
• Co tinh linh hOt;lt: D~ de dang chuy~n d6i cac chue nang ve ho~c che
d¢ ve.
Ch~ng h~n chuy~n tu ch€ d¢ ve 2D sang ch€ d¢ ve 3D ho~c nguQ'c l~i,
chuy~n che d¢ ve thee rno hlnh· khung dAy sang ve thee mo hlnh be m~t, mo
hlnh khai d~c ho~c ngllQ'c l~i.
• Co tinh bin viing: Cac d6i tllQ'llg ve khong b~ thay d6i ho~c mat di m¢t
cach de dang do cac yeu to khac.
• Cb tinh dan gidn: De hi~u, de sir dl;log cho nhieu d6i tugng: ky Sll (ca
14

khi, xay dl!ng), kien truc SU, nhAn vien kg thu~t...
• C6 tinh kinh tif' Dam baa h<;l thap chi phi cua nguai dung cho vi¢c mlia,
cai diit, sir dl;lng...
5. Cae mo dun eua ph;;n mem CAD
Hi~n co nhieu phan mem CAD khac nhau, rn6i phan mem co di~m m<;lnh
va diic thli rieng. Nhung cac phan mem CAD deu co cAu truc chung va g6m
cac mo dun co ban sau:
1. M6 dun h¢ die'u hanh (OS - Operating System):
• M6 dun nay cung cap chlic nang:
- V~n himh cae t¢p (file): delete. copy, rename.. ,
- Quan 19 d.c thu ml;lC (directory) khi dung b¢ sO<;ln thao van ban (text
editor).
- L~p trinh va tinh toan thong thuong.
• Cae t¢p (File) do mo dun OS t<;lo ra co hai lo<;i:
- Cae t¢p van ban (text file).
- Cae tep d6 hoa (graphic file).
2. M6 dun do h09 (Graphics)
Mo dun nay cung cAp cac chlic nang:
- Thl!c hi¢n vi¢c mo hlnh hoa hlnh hqe va xAy dVng hlnh hqc.
- Sua chua, bien d6i cac hlnh dii co.
- Xay dJ!11g co sa da li¢u ve hlnh hqc.
3. M6 dun Ung d¥ng (Applications)
M6i phan mem deu co mo dun ling dl:mg nham d~t duQ'c nhung m~c tieu
ilng d~ng e~ th€:
Phan mem CAD diIng cho co khi va san xuat c6ng nghi¢p co mo dun ling
dl;lng cung cap cac chilc nang sau:
- Tinh toan cac d~c tinh hang 10~t cua san phfun.
- Phftn tfeh vi¢e l~p rap.
- Phftn tfeh cae dung sal l~p ghep.
- M6 hlnh hoa va phftn tfeh ph~n tit hilu han.
15

- Mo phong va pha.n tfeh qua trlnh gia cong.
- Ky thu~t hlnh anh d¢ng.
4. M6 dun ltip trinh (Programming)
M6 dun nay cung cAp ngon ngii l~p trlnh tieu ehu<ln va ngon ngii l~p trlnh
phl,l thu¢e h¢ thong.
- Ng6n ngii l~p trlnh tieu chuftn: Dung cho tinh toan va phan tfeh.
- Ngon ngu l~p trlnh phl,l thu¢e h¢ thong: Dung cho cae ml,lc dieh do ho'.1
(vi du cae ng6n ngil VARPR02, DAL, GRIP..).
5. Mo dun truyen thong (Communications)
Mo dun nay cung cAp ehuc nang truyen thong va lien ket giua h~ thong
CAD/CAM, cae h~ thong may tinh khae voi cac h¢ thong may cong Cl,l trong
h~ thong san xuat.
Mo dun nay con chia se ca so dii li¢u CAD va cO sa du li~u CAM giiia
cac ca sa san xuAt trong cong ty, t'.1onen hi~u qua cao trang san xuAt.
5. LC;Si ieh ella CAD
SU dl,lng CAD c6 nhieu Iqi feh, ditn hlnh la cac lqi feh sau day:
- Nang cao rat nhieu nang suAt ve va thiet ke.
- Rut ngan rat nhieu thai gian k~ tii' khi nh~n dan d~t hang den khi giao
san ph<1m.
- Cho phep phtln tfeh, .thiet ke mOt cach cl,l th~ va hi~u qua han.
- Ghim nit nhieu sai s6t trong thiet ke.
- Cae tinh toan thiet ke d~t d¢ ehinh xac cao han.
- De dang tieu chuftn hoa trong cong tac thiet ke.
- Ban ve r6 rang, d~p, de dQC va de hi~u.
• Nhanh chong ehuyen d6i cae thn t~e thiet ke.
- Dem l'.1i nhieu lqi fch trong che t'.10 nhu: Thiet k€ do ga, dl;lllg clJ va
khu6n milu, Hip tclnh NC va CNC, l~p guy tdnh e6ng ngh~ Mng may tinh, l~p
keho'.1ch tay may va nguai may, l~p cong ngh¢ nh6m va cong ngh~ ditn hlnh.
III. PRAN CUNG CAD
1. Cae ki<lu h~ thong CAD (ph;;n la~i thea philn cling)
16

1.1. H~ Ihong Iren cr1 so may !fnh Ion (Mainframe. Based)
He thong CAD nay (hlnh 1.3) xuat hi~n khi may tlnh Ian la dang duy nhilt
c6 mat tren thi tnrang (nhilng nam 60 the ky XX).
• D{ic dil'm:
- Phil hgp v6i dieu ki~n can rich hqp d.c vuog cong tac v6i may tinh Ian
da co trang cong ty.
- Nguoi Slr dl,lng thuang bi giam nang h,rc t~p trung vao cong vi¢c eua hq.
- Nguai v~n hlmh h¢ thong CAD de b~ anh huemg boi 51.! bien d¢ng ngilu
nhien trang dong thong tin eua h¢ thong.
- Neu so' luqng viIng cong lac qua nhieu thi anh huang bien d¢ng ng<iu
nhien se caog Ian.
M6i truang ngUlJi dung
•
M6i tnremg M thong
Vung cong tac 6
bang
tIT
Dia
h~
thong
MAYTiNH
L6N
(Mainframe
computer)
Cl,lffi dieu
.. khi6n con tro
~Cl;lffi van I.----++--~
van ban
Clffi hien th~
d6 h9a ..
Cae thier
bi ngo~i vi
khac
I May in [ Mayve I~--------"
Khu vl!c ngo~i vi
Hinh 1.3: H¢ thong tren co'samay tinh 1611
17
2.GTCS CAO-A

1.2. H~ thong tren c<1 sa may tinh nhi> (Minicomputer - Based)
XuAt hi¢n tu nhfrng fiam 70 the ky xx, khi may tinh nho xuAt hi¢n nha
vi¢c phat trien nhung m~ch rfch hqp co Ian LSI va nil 16n VLSI (Very Large
Scale Integrated).
• D(ic die'm:
- Chi phi giam.
- Kha nang li;lp trioh tt! do (khong bj nhieu IO<;lo chung).
- Kich thuac nhb gQn.
Ciu hloh h~ thong tren co so may tinh nho tUO'ng tv cau hinh h¢ thong
tren cO so may tinh lan, nhung may tinh nho g90 han.
l.3. H~ thong tren co sa may vi Hoh (Microcomputer - Based)
May vi tfoh xuat hi¢n quang d~i boi Apple Computer dii co tac d¢ng ffi<;lnh
tai linh vl,fc CAD/CAM. 51! tien bi? vtrqt tr¢i ella may vi tinh d. ohArr (PC) ella
hang IBM dii 1<.1.0 dieu ki~n phat tTien nhieu ph~n mem CAD chi;lY lren Pc.
• Di!c die'm:
- D'.lt toe d¢ cao, kfch thuac nho g9n, dQ chinh xac cao.
- Nhieu chuang trinh ling dl;mg duqc giii quy€t tot tren h¢ thong nay.
1.4. H~ thong tren CO' so tr~m cong tac (Workstation - Based)
H~ th6ng tren co sa tr<:tm cong Hic duqc thi€t l~p vai cong ngh¢ cao cho
ca nha.n nguai dung.
• Dijc die'm:
- Khi nang san sang cao.
- Khi nang di chuy~n v~ tri linh ho~t.
- Khii nang d¢c l~p hoan toan v6i nhii'ng nguai dung khac.
- Hi~u suat cao, thai gian phan hoi ngan.
- Nang luc da d~ng (da nang).
- Khii nang de dang n6i m~ng v6i cac h~ th6ng khac.
H¢ thong tren co sa tqm cong tac la co sa cho d.c h¢ thong CAD/CAM
trong tuong lai.
18
2.GTCS CAD·B

2. Cae lhi"l b! dau vila (Inpul)
2.1. Ban phirn do ho~ (Key board)
Ban phfrn do ho~ duqc thiet l~p tren co sa ball phim Cei ban (dung cho so'!-n
thaa), nhung co them cae phfm chue nang rieng va c6 them chu¢1.
2.2. Bul quang di~n (Lightpen)
But Quang di~n t:,to kha nang linh ho~t Iga' ChQll, djoh vi d.c d6i tuqng ve
tren man hlnh nha lay nguOi sir dl:mg tren man hloh wong taco
But Quang di¢n duQ'c dung ph6 bien lrang nhli'ng oam 60 va 70 the ky XX,
hi¢n nay it duqc dung.
2.3. Bang so hoa (Digitizing Tables) kern bUt dien (Stylus)
Sit dl:mg thea hloh tuqng: Dung but chi ve len to' giiy trang. Trang twang
hqp nay, dung but di¢n d~ vi: len bang 56 hoa. Nhb d6, de sii dl;l.og nhu thai
quen ve va viet tren giay.
Nguyen 19 thuang dung 18. dung sensor di¢n tir: Djch chuy6n ella cae thanh
phan xac d~nh vi tri cila but di~n se t':10 nen twang di¢n tu l¢ch pha va dugc
cae sensor tren be m<;lt bang thu nh~n.
Bang so hoa co 2 vung: Vung ve va vung vao Menu I~nh.
Ngoai lo~i bang dung sensor di¢n tir, con colo{li bang dung ky thu~t tuang
tlf (analog) va bang dung ky thu~t sieu am (acoustic).
2.4. Chu(>t (Mouse)
Duqe sang ehe cuoi nhfrng nam 60 the ky xx, den nay Ttlt ph6 bien do st!
ti¢n lqi trang su d~ng v6i d.c bi~u tuqng va cac menu keo xu6ng (pull down)
va keo len (pick up).
C6 hai ki~u chuQt: Chu¢t ca khi va chUQt quang hQc.
• ChuQt ca khi: Gam c6 1 h¢p, trang co 2 banh xe va can lan, m¢t bi cau
aday. Nhb d6, co th6 xae d!nh vj tri cila can tro thea cae to~ d¢ X, Y ella no.
• Chu¢t quang h9C: Sir d~ng ki6u ehu¢t nay bang cach di chuN len ban
ca,m quang.
2.5. Can g~t (Joystick), qua diu danh dau (Track ball)
2.6. May quet (Scanner)
May quet sir dVng st! phan X{l anh sang khi ehieu m¢t chum sang vao chfr
19

hay hinh anh d~ d9C chu hay hinh anh d6. Hinh dang va de) d~m nh~t cita
chum tia phan x~ duqc me)t be) cam bien quang h9C bien thanh tin hi¢u di~n,
qua cac be) ghep n6i bien d6i lUong tv - s6 (ADC), tin hi~u dUQc dua van com-
puter.
C6 2 d~ng may quet thuang dung:
• May quet dung be) d9C quang va tir quang.
• May quet dung be) d9C h6ng ngo~i va lade.
3. Cae thiet b! dau ra (Output)
3.1. Man hlnh do hoa (Graphic Display - Monilor)
Man hlnh d6 ho~ la thiet bi dau ra thu~n ti¢n va kinh te nhat.
T6 hqp man hinh va ban phim duqc g9i la thiet bi dau cuoi d6 ho~ (graph-
ic terminal) toi thi~u cua me)t phl'in cung CAD.
3.1.1. Mim hinh den trang
Ok phuong phap hi~n thi:
• Gng tia am c~c (CRT - Cathode Ray Tube) - dung milO hinh khang
ph&ng la chu yeu.
• Hien thi tinh the long (Liquid Cristal Display),
• Hi~n thi Laze (Laser Flat Panel Display).
• Hi~n thi Plasma (Plasma Panel Display).
• Hien thi lap mong (Thin Film LED Display) (LED - Light Emitlion
Diode): Dung diat phil quang.
3.1.2. Mim hinh mau
Phoi mim: Dung 3 mau co bim: do (R-red), xanh 10 (B-blue) va luc (G-green)
d~ phoi hqp t~o nen cuang de) mau, nghia la t~o ra cae mau sac khac nhau.
• Dung tin hi~u so (digital): C6 16 mau t6ng hqp (vi d~: dung card HC-
Hercttle Colour).
• Dung tin hi¢u so chuy~n d6i thanh tin hi¢u lUong tl!:
+ Co 64 mau (vi d~ dung card XGA - Extended Graphic Arrays).
+ Co 256 mau (vi d~ dung card VGA - Video Graphic Arrays; dung card
TIGA - Texas Instrument Graphic Architecture).
20

3.2. May ve (Plotter)
May ve dung de; xnal cae hinh da dUQ'c ve (trtn may Hoh) fa giay thea
nguyen ly ve (plot). Thuang dung cae may ve co 4 but vOi 4 mim co bim: do
(R), xanh ]0 (B). Inc (0) va den. May vi! thuimg co hai lo~i:
• Loc;.i him ph&ng: Ban may thubng Dam ngang, tren d6 cho phep di;lt giay.
Dau ve mang cae but ill!!C khac nhau. Dati ve dugc dieu khi€n d~ c6 th~
chuytn d¢ng thea cae phuong ngang (X) va doc (Yl.
• LOCJi tang cu(Jn: May c6 tang cutin (can Ian) d~ cUQn giay trong qua
trlnh ve, nha do co the thay d6i dong. Dau ve chuy~n dting ngang thea dong.
Ket noi may ve voi computer dung c<Sng noi tiep kh6ng d6ng b¢ (COMl,
COM2).
3.3. May in
May in lit thiet bi xuat tin va lUll trft tin tren gHfy thea nguyen ly in (print).
3.3.1. May in co bq chit due san
Khi co l¢nh in, ffi¢t chiee bila nho g6 vao bang d~ chft de len gH(y va in
chfr len giay. Kieu may in nay de in chit, nhung kh6 in blnb, bo~t d¢ng gay
6n. Ngoai ra, khi cAn d6i ph6ng chit phai deli ca b¢ chii duc san nen kh6ng
ti~n 1qi.
3.3.2. May in ma trtJn dilm (in kim)
Nguyen 19 in rna tr~n diem tuang tl! nhu ve ehii (coi chit nbu la d6i tuqng
ve) va ve hlnh tren man hlnh. Oie net ve cua hlnh va cha duge t~o boi nhi6u
cham ml!c (b6 tri theo rna tr~n).
Kitu may nay co tht thay d6i phong chu de dang. cO tht in hlnh ve bat
kyo Tuy nhien may v~n hanh gay 6n, hlnh va chu khong net.
3.3.3. May in laze (laser)
Kieu may in laze co ffi¢t vai d~c diem v6 nguyen Iy:
· Chum tia sang mong di qua b¢ dieu tiet tai m~t tang tr6ng co phu lap
nh~y quang, t~o nen hloh anh bang di~n tich.
- Ml!c d~ng b¢t tich di¢n dugc hut va bam vao m~t tr6ng.
- B¢t ml!c bam vao giay tich di¢n vai hlnh anh nguqc eua tr6ng nh<;ty
21

quang, va tan ra va bam tn~n m~t giay khi qua m¢t tang tr6ng say anhi¢t d¢
nang cao.
Ki€u may in laze co uu di€m lit de dang thay d6i phong chit, may ch~y
em, hinh vit chit kha ro net. May co the d~t t6c d¢ in nAng cao (co the d~t
10 -;- 22 trang/phut) v6i dQ phftn giiii 1200 -;- 2400 pixel/inch (nhu may cua
hang Hewlett Packard).
IV. xAY Dl)NG MO HiNH HiNH HOC TRONG CAD
1. Khai ni~m
M6 hI'nh hlnh !Ire (Geometry Model) ella m¢t d6i tuQ'llg ve vii thiet k€ Iii
khai ni¢m duqe d~c trung boi:
N Hinh dang hlnh hQc cae philn c5u thanh nen d6i tUQ'ng ve.
- Hlnh thai cau true hqp thanh ella d6i tUQ'ng ve.
- Me ta bang toan hQc cae diem, duong, be m~t, kh6i ella d6i tuQ'ng ve.
Nhu v~y, mt,Ic dfch bao trum cila m6 hlnh hlnh hQe lit thiet l~p eo so dfr
li¢u hinh h9C ella d6i tUQ'ng ve va thiet ke. Nha do eo th€ thqc hi¢n duqc qua
trinh ve va thiet ke d6i wqng tren may tinh.
2. Me hinh khung day (Wireframe Models)
2.1. I)~c di~m trong cach xay dI!ng mo hlnh
- M6 hlnh khung day eila d6i tUQ'ng t~o boi d.e yeu t6 hinh hQe eo ban Et:
di€m, ducmg th&ng, eung tron, duang tron, duang eong.
- Chi the hi¢n b¢ khung ben ngoai ella d6i tuqng.
- Vj tri ella d6i tuqng va cae yeu t6 eo ban nen no dUQ'e xac dinh nha m¢t
h¢ to~ dQ.
- Co sadit li¢u xae djnh rn6 hioh khung day lit: Danh saeh to~ d¢ eae dinh
(eae diem nut) va danh saeh tung rn~t v6i eae dinh ella no.
2.2. Uu nhu'!c di~m
• Uu dh!'m:
- Xay de.rng ma hinh kha dan giiin.
- Kh6ng yell d.ll nhieu thai gian tfnh toan, b¢ nha, so~n thao, trlly e~p ...
ella may tinh.
22

- Kh6ng m~t nhieu thOi gian eho dao t~o nguai dung (vI d:ly la s'! mb fQng
m¢t caeh tv nhien phuong phap vo truy€n thOng).
• Nhuf/c die'm:
- Nguai dung can kha nhicu thai gian de chudn bi va vao du Ii?u. Chi phi
thai gian nay tang nhanh khi d6i tuqng ve cang phuc t~p.
- M6 hlnh chi chua cac q.nh t<).o nen cac rn~t cua d6i tugng, rna khong
chua cac thOng tin vc ban than cac be rn~t va ben trong long d6i tuqng.
- Khi d6i tugng phuc t:;tp thl luqng da li?u trb nen nit lon, s6 luqng cac
l¢nh ve nit nhicu, hlnh ve tra nen roi va kho hi~u.
2.3. (Jng dlng
- Ph<).rn vi ung dmg h:;tn che.
- Thu~n lqi khi dung cho ve phac thao.
- Dung cho phan tfeh dung sai va rno hinh hoa phan til huu h<;1n.
- La Cd sb cho thiet l~p rn6 hlnh rn~t va. rno hlnh kh6i d~c.
3. Me> hinh bi! rn~t (Surface Models)
3.1. D~c di~m trong each xay d,!ng rna hinh
- Dung lOp vo rnong de rnieu t3 d6i tugng thea y wang sau: M6 hlnh
khung d:ly + lOp vo rnang = rn6 hlnh rn~t.
- Mo hlnh m~t t<;10 bbi cac d<;1ng be rn~t cd bim: M~t phing, rn~t non, mi;it
tfl;l, m~t d.u... Cac be rn~t nay co the rnieu ta de dang btmg cac phucmg tflnh
toan hQc.
- D6i voi cae rni;it cong phuc q.p: Tach no fa thanh vo s6 cac rna-nh nha va
rn6 phong cac rnanh nha thea cae d<;1ng be m~t cd baD noi tren. NhC! do, cac
rninh nha dt rno ta bang toan hQC hdn va chung ht;Yp thanh luOi cac manh m~t.
Co 2 d<).ng rn6 hinh m~t: M~t dugc quet va lucri manh da giac 3D. Chung
duge xay dVng bi:ii 2 phuong phap khac nhan:
• Milt dUrjc quit:
- Tea d¢ day eho cae d6i tugng 2D.
D¢ day la khoing each rna d6i tugng duge nang len thea huang vu6ng goe
v6i mi;it ph[mg cua no.
- M6 hlnh m~t duqc quet 180 quy tfch cac vi tIi cua d6i tuqng 2D, khi dich
23

chuy~n no di m¢t do<;U1 b~ng d¢ day, theo huang thAng g6c v6i m~it phAng cua
no. Cac d6i tuqng ve nay gqi Iii d6i nrqng 2 ~D.
• Lwyi mdnh mgt da giac 3D:
- Lu6i ffianh m~t da giac duqc xac dinh bOi m¢t lo~t cac dinh, t~o thanh
cac di~m g6c cua cac da giac co 3 ho~c 4 c~nh.
- Lu6i ding mau thi d¢ chfnh xac m~t bi~u dien cang cao.
- Lu6i cang thua thi d¢ chfnh xac m~t bi~u di~n cang thap.
3.2. Ifu nhuqc di~m cua mo hlnh be m~t
• Uu dilm:
- Khong ruom ra, c6ng kenh nhu rno hlnh khung day.
- D~ dang thgc hi~n cac duang An (hidden line), nhad6 hlnh ve hi~n thgc han.
- Thl!c hi~n duqc ky xao to b6ng.
- C6 th~ thgc hi¢n duqc vi¢c tfnh toan cac d~c tfnh ve di¢n tlch tren cac
be m~t cua d6i tuqng.
• N hufYc die'm:
- Chi rna ta duqc lap vo be rn~t cua d6i tuqng, rna kh6ng rna d duqc philn
v~t chtlt ben trong.
- Yeu cau phai c6 thOi gian dao t~o nhat djnh d6i v6i nguoi dung.
- MO hinh nay pMc tap han rnO hinh khung day, do d6 yeu eliu dung luqng
b¢ nh6 cua may tfnh cao han.
- Trang rn¢t s6 truang hqp, rna hinh be m~t van con ruOm fa.
3.3. (lng dmg
- Ph~rn vi ling dvng Tong han rnO hlnh khung day de vo va thiet ke.
- Dung hi¢u qua trong rna phong dl:mg cl). gia cong khi che t<;to ca khf ho~c
san xuat c6ng nghi¢p.
- T~o nen tfnh linh ho~t cho h¢ thong CAD.
4. Mo hinh khoi d~c (Solid Models)
4.1. I)~c di~m trong cach xay dl;lng mo hlnh
• C6 4 phuong philp (hoac nh6rn phuong philp) thuang dung t~o Ta rnO
hinh kh6i dac:
24

+ Phuong phap hlnh h9c kh6i d~c hqp thanh (Constructive Solid
Geometry - CSG).
+ Phuong phap quet (Sweeping).
+ Phuong phap ph6i hqp ky thuat CSG va ky thuat que!.
+ Nh6m cae phuong phap khae.
• Phuong phip hinh hoc kh6i d'e hqp tMrih (CSG)
- Cac kh6i d~c co ban clla CSG: Kh6i h¢p, kh6i nem, kh6i n6n, kh6i tfl~,
kh6i cau, kh6i xuyen.
- M6 ht'nh kIn), d(ic hqp thimh: Lien ket cae kh6i co ban v6i nhau nho cae
phep toan Bun (Boole) d6i v6i cae kh6i d~c 3D.
- Cae phep toan Bun:
+ HQp (u): A u B se t~o nen kh6i d~c m6i 180 phan v~t ehat ella ca 2 kh6i
dac ban dau.
+ Giao (n): A () B se t~o nen kh6i d~c m6i 18. phan v~t ehat chung ella 2
kh6i d~e ban dau.
+ Hi¢u (-): A - B sIS t'.l-O nen kh6i d~c m6i 180 phan v~t chAt can l'.1-i ella
kh6i dae thil nhat (A). YaY: (A - B) '" (B - A).
- Cdy CSG: Chi ra tuan tl! cae bu6c thl!c hi¢n phep toan Bun, dt tu cae
kh6i d~c ban dau x<1y dgng nen kh6i d~c hqp th8onh.
• Phuong phap quet (Sweeping)
Ta c6 m¢t tiet di¢n 2D (profin 2D) dung dt quet. Tiet di¢n nay can g9i Ia
mi~n (Region).
- Quet thing: Cho tiet dien 2D nang len vuong g6c v6i mat phing cua no
(g6c vat bAng 0).
- Quet trem: Cho tiet dien 2D quay quanh mot tr~c, ta so duge kh6i dac
tron xoay.
- Quet nghieng: cho tiet dien 2D nang len thea hu6ng khOng vuong goc
v6i m~t ph&ng ella no.
- Quet thea duang dan: Cho tiet dien 2D chuy€n dich thea mot duang dan
(thing hOac cong).
Ket qua clla quet thing se t~o ra cac kh6i d~c d6ng d'.l-ng co d¢ caD kh,lc
25

nhau, ket qua ella quet nghieng se t<;to ra cae kh6i d~e co hlnh d<;tng khae nhau,
ket qua ella quet tron se t<;to ra cae kh6i d~e tron xoay to~m phAn (quay vai goe
bang 360°) ho~e tron xoay rieng phAn (quay vai goe < 360°).
Khi dung phuong phap quet, de co d6i wqng truae khi quet, thuang sir
d,lng phep toan Bun d6i vdi cae tiet di~n 2D (cae mien). Nho do, co th~ t<;to ra
cae tiet di¢n 2D phue hgp.
• Ph6'i }u;rp ky thugt esc va ky th¥dt quer.
• Nh6m cac phuong phap khJc:
- Phuong phap bi~u dien (B-rep) Boundary Representation.
- Phuong phap rna hinh kh6i d~c dung tich phan.
4.2. Uu nhuqe di~m ella mo hlnh kh6i d~e
• Uu dilm:
- Mo hlnh kh6i d~e bi~u dien day du nhfft ve d6i wqng.
- Co sa dfr h¢u ella rno hlnh kh6i d~c cho phep xac djnh rn¢t di~rn trong
khong gian thu¢e philn ben trang, phan ben ngoai hay narn ngay tren be m~t
d6i tuqng.
- Cho phep tinh toan nhieu d~e tinh ve di~n tich be rn~t, th~ tich, kh6i
luqng, trQng tArn... eua d6i tuqng.
- Hoan thi¢n han rno hlnh rn~t va rno hlnh khung dAy. Do v~y rno hlnh
kh6i d~c chua dvng khong nhfrng cac thong tin hlnh hQC rna con chua dVng
thong tin ve eau true hqp thanh (conbinatorial structure) ella d6i tuqng ve.
- De dang xay dvng mo hlnh kh6i d~c rna kh6ng can phai xae dinh nhieu
di~rn e~e b¢ nhu rno hlnh khung day.
- Trong nhieu truang hqp, xay dvng mo hlnh kh6i d~c de dang han so v6i
xay dvng rno hlnh m~t va rno hlnh khung day.
- SU d~ng thu~n lqi cho tV d¢ng hoa thiet ke va che t<;to trang eong ngh~
CAD/CAM/CNC.
- De dang thl,lc hi¢n cae ky thu~t che khufft va t6 bong, nha do hlnh ve rfft thl;Cc.
• Nhuqc dilm:
- Yeu e<1u phai eo qua tflnh dao t<;to nhat djnh d6i vai ngubi dung.
- May cao du m<;tnh, co dung luqng b¢ nha duo
26

4.3. (Jng dlng
- Trang ky thll~t do ho~: M6 hloh kh6i d~c duc:;1c sO' dl,log ngay dmg ph6 bien.
- Trang thiel ke: Rat thu*n lqi cho tfoh toan cae d~c tfoh ve kh6i lUQog
(kh6i lue;mg, tTong tilm, momen qUiln tioh... ), phan deb giao tuyen, rno hloh
hoa phao tir hiIu h~n, philo tfeh d¢ng hQC va d¢og h!c hQc cO cau.
- Trang chet~o: Rat hi¢u qua lrong rna phcm.g duong ch~y dao (ho~c dl,log
cl,I) lrong gia cong Cef khf, quy ho~ch qua trloh gia cong (qua tdoh san xlIat),
kiem tra kfch thuae gia cong, bieu dien cae d*c tfoh hioh hQc nhu dung sai va
d¢ nhan be m~it.
- Trang Hlp nip: Dung v6i robot va dung trang h¢ thong che t~o hoh hOi;lt
(FMS - Flexible Manufacturing System), quy hO<;lch qua tdoh lap nip, phan
tich d¢og hQC va d¢ng h!c hQc robot.
V. CAM· MOl QUAN HE CAD/CAM vATl,JDONG HoA SAN XUAT
1. Khai ni~m VEl CAM
CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing): Chet<;1o vai slf trq giup cua may tfoh.
Qua trinh CAM duqc thlfc hi~n tren h~ thong may cong cl;l dieu khien so
NC. CNC.
2. Chu lrinh san xual CAD/CAM
2.1. Chu trlnh san xuiit CAD/CAM
Chu trlnh san xuat CAD/CAM duqc mo ti tren sa do hlnh 1.5.
I 1N tWOng
+ Nhu d.u thiet ke I
I Qua trluh thiet ke' Ll!a chQn thong tin thiet ke va nghien cUu kha thi
~
Qua trluh CAD J
I Qua trlnh che t<,10 Qua trlnh CAM
1 Nh~pkho giao hang
I Thj tWOng
Hlnh 1.5: Ser dd chu trinh san xuat CAD/CAM
27

2.2. Qua trlnh CAM
Qua tflob CAM duc;1c rno tft C} th~ han tren SO' d6 hloh 1.6.
I Quy ho~ch qua trlnh ctmg ngM I
..1 Thiel k€ eM' t~o cae (rang b! cong ngh¢ I
Cung rtng v~t tu 1
L~p trinh NC, eNe, DNc
M6 ph6ng gia c6ng - Kiem tra
qua trinh gia cong
I Ch€ t<;io (san ;!tuff!) I
..
I Kiem Ira chat IU9'llg l
I Dong!J6i I
mnh J.6: Sa do qua tri/lh CAM'
3. H~ thong APT
De thlte hi~n duqe he thong CAM, phOi sir d~ng h~ thong may CNC duqe
dieu khi~n bOi cae pharr mem khac nhau. Cae pharr mem nay deu dl:fa tren nen
tang ngon ngu APT.
• Ngon ngfr APf (Automatically Programmed Tool): C6ng c{ll(ip Trinh tl;!
d¢ng. Ngon ngu APT do Hqc vi~n C6ng ngh¢ Masachusett (My) ph<it trien va
dung cho san xuit tu 1959. Ng6n ngfr APT thui).n ti¢n nen dU1c dung I¢fig riii
d~ l~p tdoh gia cong NC, CNC. Ngon ngii' APT la ng6n ngu dieu khi~n so va
Hl chuang trloh may t{oh d~ ((ob toao quy d~o dmg Cl gia congo
o Cot 16i eua h~ thong APT lil b(5 xU If chuang trlnh. 8(5 xU If chuang trlnh
lit chuang tdnh may tinh duqc xa.y dl,lng nham xu 19 chuang tdnh ngu6n APT
de taO ra t~p dillieu gia e6ng NC, goi 1il CLDATA-file, g6m:
28

~ Du li~u ve vi tri dl,1ng Cl,1 gia cong tr~n quy d~o cua n6.
- Thong tin ve dieu khi€n may gia congo
• Qua trlnh xu 19 dft li¢u gia c6ng tr~n may dieu khi€n s6:
Qua trlnh xu 19 s6li~u tr~n may dieu khi€n s6 duac rn6 ta tren hinh 1.7.
nan ve chi li~t
dngia c6ng
~
NgltOi.l~p trillh NC
I
1
I Chlt<1Ilg Irmh aguan NC
I
1
MAvTINH
l~ tilill xiI ly (Preproccssor)
ChltClng Irinh xu19 hinh hqc I
- Dil W;u ul,lng eu
... PROFIL Hie
- Dil li¢u v~t li~u
- ............ ChltCll1g Irinh xiI ly COllg ngh¢
J, CLDATA ftle
139 h~u xu19 (Postproccssor)
- Dil li';u may NC, CNC
- Dil lil;U dieu khii!11
Chmmg Irmh xu ly thich nghi
voi may NC, mc
- ............
NCPROGRAM
V~t mang lin(chmmg
trlnh gia c6ng NC):
Bung dl,lc lli, dia mem,
dia CD.
Thieu cOng ngh¢:
Tien trinh gia c6ng
sa dO nguyen eOng
May gia c6ng NC, CNC
Hinh 1.7: Qua trinh xu ly scI li¢u tfen may die'u khitn st/
29

Ciiu hoi on t~p chuong 1
1. Hay so sanh 5Lf khac nhau g'lLta qua trinh thiet ke che tfilo kieu truyen thong va
qua trlnh thiet ke che t~o v6i cong ngh~ cao co sl! tn;:! giup ella may tfnh.
2. Trinh bay so do chu tr)nh san pham va phSn Uch vai tr6 h~ thong CAD/CAM trang
chu !rinh d6.
3. M¢lt phan mem CAD/CAM mu6n thLfc hi~n tot vai tra ella no thi dn phai d<;:lt dLt<;J'c
nhilng yeu cau gl?
4. Trinh bay CaG ma dun eGa m¢lt phan mem CAD. Cae rna dun nao trang 56 d6!a
d~c tning d6i voi m¢t phan mem CAD?
5. Mo hlnh hlnh h9C trang CAD 103 gi ?
6. Hay phan tich slj khac nhau t6ng quat gil1a cae ma hinh khung day, rna hinh be
m~t va ma hinh kh6i d?c.
7. Me hinh khung day co nhling l1u nhlfr;lC diem gi?
a. Mo hinh bl!l m?t c6 nhiing Lfu diem gi VL1c;1t tr¢i so voi ma hinh khung day?
9. £)e xay dl/llg ma hinh kh6i d~c co cae phuong philp nao?
10. LJu all§m n6i tr¢i cua me hinh khoi d?c va me hinh be m?t 103. gi?
11. Ph8.n tich khai quat moi quan h~ CAD/CAM va tl/ d9n9 hail san xuat.
12. Trinh bay khili quilt h~ thong APT.
30

Phan B
LAM VIEC val AUTOCAD•
Chuong 2
VE lRONG KHL>NG GIAN 2D
MI;IC tieu
+ Hi~u dLf9C nguyen tac tien Mnh hOEm thi$n m9t ban ve 2D.
+ HiEiu du't;fc nguyen tae tht,tc hi$n CaG I$nh trong AutoCAD2004 va co ky n~ng cel
ban khi thl!G hi$n cae I$nh.
+ Va va thie"t ke dLf<;'C CaG ban va 2D th~ hi$n qua cae yeu c8U sau:
- Ve dL1Qc dung hlnh baa, cae hinh chieu cua cae v$t thE;'
- Dieu chinh va Slt dl,lng dung CaG lo~i duang net va mau sac.
- Ve dung cae hlnh cat va m~H cat.
- Ghi kich thLfoc hoan chinh cho m6i ban ve.
- So~n thaD cae yeu du ky thu~t, CaG chu thich, hLtang dan ... vao trong ban ve.
- Ky na.ng thaa tac ve tot. Thai gian haEm thanh bim ve d~t yeu cau.
Ni;li dung tom tat
+ Lam quen vai AutoCAD2004.
+ Cae I$nh thiet l$p ban ve.
+ H$ to~ 09 - CaG I$nh VEl cO bim.
+ Cae phl/ong phap bat diElm chinh xac.
+ Cae I$nh trq giup.
31

+ Cae I~nh sUa doi hinh ve.
+ Cae I~nh ve nhanh.
+ cae I~nh ve man hlnh.
+ Ve thea lap - 8ieu ehinh duong net va mau sac.
+ T~o v~n ban tren ban ve.
~ Ve hinh dt va m?t dt.
+ Ghi kieh thLfae.
1. LAM QUEN V6I AUTOCAD2004
1. Gi8i lhi~u AuloCAD
AutoCAD la. phAn mem cua hang AutaDESK dung d~ thvc hi¢n cac ban
ve ky thu~t trang cac nganh: xay dVng, co khf, ki€n truc, di¢n, ban do... Hang
AutoDESK la m¢t trong nam hang san suat phAo mem CAD hang dau tren the
giOi. AutoCAD la m¢t trong cac phan mem thiet k€ Slr dl;mg cho may dnh d.
nhan (PC).
Ban ve nao thvc hi¢n duqc bang tay thl deu c6 th~ ve duqc bang phan mem
AutoCAD. Sir dung AutoCAD co th€ vo va thiel ke cae bin vo 2 chieu (2D).
cae mo hlnh 3 chieu (3D), va t~o nen cac hlnh aoh rat thVc.
PhAo mem AutoCAD con giup nguai dung trao d6i cac ky nang lam vi¢c
cong oghi¢p. Ngoai ra AutoCAD 1a phan mem co sb, t~o dieu ki¢n cho nguai
dung tiep thu d.c phan mem CAD khae nO'a, vl phuong phap ve va d.c l¢nh
trang AutaCAD r5t di~n hlnh. Cac d~c di~m trlnh bay trong AutoCAD dang
trb thanh tieu chu:1n cong nghi¢p cho d.c t~p tin trao d6i dO' li¢u giii'a cac phao
mem CAD.
Nguai dung con c6 th~ Slr dl:mg AutoCAD d~ trao d6i dO' li¢u ban ve voi
cae dong nghi¢p, khach hang... vl rang phAn mem AutoCAD Wong thfch voi
cac phan cling va phAn mem ph6 bien tren th~ truang.
SI.! phat tri~n phan mem AutaCAD gAn lien voi sl.! phat tri~n nhanh ch6ng
cua nganh cong ngh¢ thong tin va ky thu~t do ho~. Ttl nam 1995 den nay,
nguOi. dung co nhieu co h¢i chqn dung cac phien ban AutoCAD phu hqp voi
cong vi¢c, may PC, th6i quen khi ve va thiet k€ cua mlnh. D6la cac phien ban
AutoCAD nhu AutoCAD R12, R13, R14, AutoCAD2000, 2002, 2004, 200S.
32

Can chu yrang ca.c phien ban AutoCAD deu chung m¢t co sa, nen moi
phien ban chi khac nhau chung (5 -;- 10)%. Cho nen, dieu quan trQng nhat d6i
v6i nguoi dung AutoCAD la sit dl}-ng ffiqt cach nhuan nhuy~n va khai thac
hi¢u qua m¢t phien ban AutoCAD nao do phil hqp v6i minh, tren co sa do co
the sit dl).ng d~ dang cac phien ban c~p nh~t hem. Nhil~u bl;l.n tre sai lam khi
mat rat nhieu thor gian cho vi¢c tim hieu de sit dl}-ng cac phien ban mai xuat
hi¢n, trang khi kh6ng khai thac hi¢u qua mqt phlen ban nao trang s6 do.
2. Khdi d9n9 AutoCAD
Sau khi dl.i d~t chuong tdnh AutoCAD vao may bl;l.n phai tien hanh dinh
cau hinh. De khbi dOng AutoCAD, b~n chQn bieu tuqng clla phien ban
AutoCAD va nhap hai Hin phim trai clla chuqt vao do. Moi phien ban
AutoCAD co mOt bieu wqng rieng. Neu chua co bieu tuqng nay tren Desktop,
b';ln vao Program va khbi d¢ng AutoCAD .
3. Cau true mim hinh do ho~ AutoCAD2004
Man hinh do hqa AutoCAD2004 (hinh 2.) bao gom:
• Graphics Area: Vung do hO';lla vung rna ta the hi¢n ban ve len do. Mau
man hinh do ho~ dUQ"c d!nh bOi hqp tho<;l.i Preferences (l¢nh Preferences),
trang Display.
• Cross - hair: Hai sqi toc thea phuong tn,Ic X va trl}-c Y giao nhau t';li mOt
diem. TQa d¢ diem giao nhau hi¢n len t';li hang cu6i phfa dudi ben trai man
hlnh. Chieu dai hai sqi toe duqe d!nh boi trang Pointer eua hqp tho~i
Preferences, 6 Cursor Size.
o Cursor: Can tro, d¢ Ian can tro duqc d[nh biri bien PICKBOX ha~c h¢p
tho~i Object Selection Settings, m~c Pickbox Size (I~nh Ddselect).
. 0 WCSicon: Bi~u tllqng h~ tOa d¢ goc (World Coordinate System leon)
narn agoe trai phia duai vung do ho~.
• Status line: Dong tr~ng thai, nam phia du6i viing 00 ho~. T<;li day hien
thi cac tr~ng thai: GRID, SNAP, ORTHO, OSNAP... D~ di6u khi~n cae tr~ng
thai nay, b<;ln nhap phim trai chuQt hai Ian vao ten tr~ng thai.
• Tog d(J con tro: Nam goc trai phia dum vung do ho~. T';li do hi¢n len to<;l
dO wang d6i hay to~ dQ tuy¢t d6i cila tfun can tro (giao diem eila 2 sqi toc).
Khi kh6ng thtrc hi~n cac I~nh thi toa d¢ hi~n len la to~ d¢ tuy~t doi cua
333.GTCS CAD-A

tilm can tro" S6 dau tien Hl ho~mh d¢ (tfl,1C X), s6 thu hai Ia tung d¢ (trl,1c Y)
cua tilm can tro, hai con s6 dugc cach nhau bOi dau phay.
Dong tr~ng rhai
Con lro
(Hm" s91" roc giao nhau)+.--1
Hiln rhi to~ d¢
Dong lifnh
Cae lhanh cong Cl,J
Bilu tUt;1l1g h¢ lo~ d¢
VUNGVE
,---------,
Hinh 2.1: Man hinh d6 h9a
• Command line: Dong l~nh, c6 it nhat 1 dong phia dum man hlnh do ho'.l.
Dily la neri b'.ln nh~p l¢nh vao ho~e hien th! eae dong nhae ella may (nen eon
gQi la dong nhae Prompt line). B'.ln trve tiep d6i thQ'.li v6i may t'.li vung nay.
Chinh d¢ IOn eua dong l¢nh: Dung eon tro keo den vi tri giao giua man
hlnh do ho'.l va Command line den khi xuat hi¢n hai duemg thAng song song,
sau d6 b'.ln keo len tren hay xu6ng dum.
• Menu bar: Thanh Menu (thanh ngang danh mve), nam. phia tren vimg
d6 h0'.l. Moi tieu de tren Menu bar ehua m¢t nh6m l¢nh eua AutoCAD. Cac
tieu d6 dieu hiuh cua AutoCAD la: File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Thols,
Draw, Dimension, Modify, va Help (ngoai ra eon eo Bonus...).
• Pull-down menu: Danh mve keo xu6ng, xuat hi¢n khi b'.ln eh9n m¢t tieu
34
3.GTCS CAO-B

M. T~i danh m~c nay, b~n co the! gQi I~i cae I?nh c~n th~c hi?n (hlnh 2.2).
• Screen menu: Danh m~c man hloh, Dam phia phiii vung dO ho~. Screen
menu khOng duqc m~c djnh kbi V3.0 AutoCAD. mt~l ho~c rnadanh m~c man
hlOh, dung ToolsOplions, Display tab, chc;m Display screen menu.
- -IO''''''lrlgl.dwg) •
Cae thaI/it cuafl
Da"h mJ!C mall IlI'nll
M.r:MJ
ALE
EDIT
11"'"
~
11""2
INSERT
FORMAT
TOOLS 1
TOOLS 2
DRAWl
DRAW 2
Q1MN51QN
MODIFYl
~ MOOIFY2
~HELP
Daflll m/Jc keo xu/Jng
.~
f~
AeMlV~
.Dean5C1een an.o
yIeWJ)CIll$
r:!<lIlT'.oedVews
))Vews •
JOO..
H'"
.... .,- .Di:s~ • '==,.- _
T~$._ Z l.!J
/.;t.
/"a.
-'
Od!:
egg
r+
00
(Jill
rl~
0- 11'? -I
Rl r-l I~
q ~ + 7.00 ""
Hi"h 2.2: Dan" mlJc keo xU6'ng. da,," 11llf.C man hi"". cae thal/h cu6n
Cae chi] tren danh ml,lc man hloh duqc quy d!nh nhu sau:
- Chi! in hoa (UPPERCASE): Ten menu.
- Chi! dau lien la in hoa voi da'u 2 chaIn ":"- Ten I?nh.
- Chi! dau tien la in hoa kh6ng co da'u 2 chaIn ":" - Ten I~a chQn.
Khi ta th~c hi?n m~t I?nh cua AutoCAD thi cae I~a chQn I?nh so xu~t hi?n
lr~n danh m1;lc man hloh.
35

• Too/bar: Thanh cong ct;!, trang AutoCAD co nhi6u toolbars, moi l~nh co
m¢t n6t ch9n vOi bi~u tU<;mg l~nh trang toolbars (hlnh 2.1).
• Scroll bar: Thanh cuon, gom co: thanh ben phiLi keo man hlnh (van ban
va do ho~) len xu6ng, thanh ngang phia duOi vung do ho~ dung d~ keo mim
hlnh tit tnii sang phai ho~c ngugc l~i (hlnh 2.2). Muon him xuat hi~n cae
Scroll bar b~n su dl;mg l~nh Preferences (h¢p tho~i Preferences), trang Display
va ch9n nut Display Scroll bars in drawing window.
AutoCAD thuang c6 4 phuong phip nhftp l~nh nhu sau:
1. Type in Dua l¢nh vao tit ban phfm.
2. Pull - down Gqi l~nh tit danh mvc keo xuong.
3. Sreen menu Gqi l~nh tit danh ml).C man hlnh.
4. Toolbar Gqi l~nh tit ca.c n6t l~nh cua thanh cong Cl)..
4. Thanh cong cII (I~nh Toolbar)
Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in
View! Too/bars VIEW 2/ Toolbar Too/bar
M¢t so toolbar duqc hi~n len m~c dinh: Standard, Object Properties, Draw
va Modify. Toolbar Modify va Draw nam thAng dung va aben tnii man hlnh
do ho~. D~ Hun xuat hi~n cac Toolbar khac ta thl!c hi¢n l~nh - Toolbar ho~c
Toolbar.
• Command: Toolbar
Toolbar name (or all): (Nh~p ten Tootbar, vi dV Draw).
Show/ Hide! Right/ Top/ Bottom/ Float<Show>:
• Cae ll!a chqn:
Show Hien thi toolbar (thanh cong Cl).) t~i m¢t vi tri tren man hlnh.
Hide Tat toolbar
Left Vi trf toolbar nam ben trai man hlnh. Khi chqo Left xuat hi¢n dong
nhac "Position < 0,0". T~i dong nhac nay ta dinh vi tri toolbar.
36

Right Vj tri toolbar ben phiii mao hlnh.
Top Vi tri taalbar ben tren man hloh.
Bottom Vi tri toolbar nam phfa duai man hlnh.
Float Dinh vi tri toolbar vai so hang tuy chQo.
Khi oh~p F xuAt hi¢n cac dong nh~c sau:
Position<O,O>: (Vi tri toolbar).
Rows<1>: (56 hang).
Cling co th~ gQi l¢nh tu danh ml,lc keo xuong View ho~c dua con tro cua
chuC;n den toolbar bAt ky va nhAp phim phai cua chu¢t, khi do xuAt hi¢n h¢p
tho~i Taolbar. ChQn ten til danh sach kea xuong Toolbars, rei ohAn nut Close.
. ,
5. Dieu khien cac danh m~c (I~nh Menu).
Menu
Trong AutoCAD co t~p tin thu mvc Aead.mnu. Mu6n lam xuAt hi¢n danh
ml,lc keo xu6ng Bonus tren thang ngang danh mle ta gQi file Ac_bonus.mnu
trong thu mle AutoCAD Bonus CadtoolsAC_Bonus.mnu
II. CAC LENH THIET L~P BAN VE
1. Thiep I~p bim vii biing I~nh New
Khi thl!e hi¢n l¢nh New xuAt hi¢n h¢p tho~i Creat New Drawing.
T<;i nut Start/rom Scratch, neu ta ehQn Metric (h¢ Met) va nhAn phfm OK,
thl ta ehQn dan vi ve thea h¢ Met (dan vi do dung milimet). Neu ehQn h¢
Imperial (h~ Anh) thi dan vi la Inch.
Trang truang hgp ta ehQn Metric thl d.e bien va l¢nh lien quan duqc thiet
Hip theo bang 2.1. Cae dang dllcmg (linetype) va mllu milt d.t (Hatch pattern)
thea tieu chuAn quae te ISO.
Neu ta muon dinh ban ve vai cae kfch thuGe khae nhau, thl tren h¢p tho~i
Creat New Drawing ta ehQn trang Use a Wizard va ta se thiet l~p ban ve bang
each Ian lllqt dinh ra dan vi (Units), giOi h~n ban vo (Area).
37

Bang 2.1. Cae lfnh va bien lien quan ban vi' hf Met.
L~nh lien quan M6 ta I~nh Bien Gia tri m:;ic dinh
Units Don vt LUNITS 2 (Decimal)
Limits Giai h~n ve L1MMAX 420,297
Snap Buac nhay SNAPUNIT 10
Grid M~t dO luOi GRIDUNIT 10
LTSCALE TY l¢ dll1g dubng LTSCALE I
D1MSCALE TY l¢ kich thuac D1MSCALE I
Text, Dtext, Mtext Text height TEXTSIZE 2.5
Hatch, Bhatch TY l¢ m~t dt HPSIZE I
• Command: New
Xuat hi~n h¢p tho~i Create New Drawing, chQn nut Use a Wizard va sau
do chQn Quick Setup
Nhan phfm chQn 2 Ian vao nut Quick Setup se xuat hi¢n h¢p tho<;li Quick
Setup. Tren h¢p tho~i nay ta d~nh dan v~ (Units) va giOi h~n bim ve (Area). Khi
do thl!c hi¢n hai buac:
Step 1: Ta d~nh dan v~ thea tab Units, ta chQn Decimal.
Step 2: ChQn giai h~n ban ve bang tab Area. Nh~p chieu r¢ng ban ve vao
ochieu rongWidth (theo tr~c X) va chieu diU Length (theo true Y).
2. Djnh giol h~n ella ban ve (I~nh Limits)
Format Drawing Limits FORMA1Limits Limits
L~nh Limits xae dinh kfeh thl1t1e ella ban ve: Dinh di~m goe trai phfa
duoi (Lower left corner) va goc phai phfa tren (Upper right corner) bang to~
38

d¢ X, Y. N€u ta chQn M Metric thl giro han ban vo m~c dinh Iii 420, 297, n€u
ta chQn h¢ Imperial thl giro han ban vo Ia 12,9.
Neu muon thay d6i kfch thuae ban ve, thi phai sir d1!0g l¢nh Limits.
AutoCAD quy acre chien tfl;1C x, Y lUang tJ..f chien trlJc x, y khi ta ve do thi
toan thOng thuang: duang nam ngang Iii truc X (hoilnh d¢), duang thang dii'ug
theo tr~c Y (tung d¢).
• Command: Limits
Specify lower left corner or [ONIOFFJ<O.OOOO. 0.0000>: (Nhd'n Enter).
Specify upper right corner< 12.0000, 9.0000>: 420, 297.
Nhu v<ly ta dii nh?p di~m goe trai phia duOi (Lower left corner) tIung v6i
gOc toa d¢ 0,0. Nh~p diem goc phai phia tren (Upper right corner) tuy vilo giro
h<;to ban ve. Neu nha ta ch90 to~ d~ nha tren thi gi6i h~n ban ve thea kich
thu6c kh6 A3. Ta co the nhap gia trj X, Y khac de djnh gim han ban vo khac
nhau (vi d~: 1189,841; 841,594; 594,420; 210,297 ...).
• Ok h,ra ChQll khac:
ON: Khong cho phep ve fa ngoai vuog giai h<;to ban ve dii dinh. Neu
ta ve fa ngoai giai h<;to se xuat hi¢n dong nhk "Outside limits".
OFF: Cho phep ve fa ngoai vuog giai h~n dii dinh.
Can chii yrang, sau khi dioh gi6i h~ bim ve ta thl!c hi~n l~nh ZoomAIl
de quan s,lt loan b¢ gi6:i h,,-n M.n ve tr~n man hinh.
3. £)inh de," vi dung trong ban vii (I~nh Units)
Format Units~ FORMATUnits Units hoij.c Ddumits
L~nh Units dinh dO'n vi dlii va dan vi g6c cho ban ve hi¢n hanh.
• Command: Units
Khi th,!c hi¢n l¢nh Units, se rna duqc h¢p tho~i Drawing Units. Thea h¢p
tho,,-i nay, tien hanh chqn dan vi cho bim v~.
• Cac rn1}c can ch9n:
Length: ChQn do'll vi dili va d¢ chinh xac d¢ dill.
39

Type: lo~i dan vi
+ Scientific (Dan vi khoa hqc)
+ Decimal (Theo h¢ th~p phAn)
+ Engineering (Ky Ihu~t, h¢ Anh)
+ Architectural (Kien true, h¢ Anh)
+ Fractional (Phan s6)
Theo TeYN, can chon h¢ Ih~p phan (Decimal).
Precision: Chqn d¢ chfnh xac, co th6 chqn d¢ chfnh xac vai s6 chii' s6 co
nghia trang phan th~p phAn (vi d~ chon 0; 0.0; 0.000....).
Angles: Chqn dem V! va d¢ chfnh xac do goc.
Type: ki6u dem vi do goc:
+ Decimal degrees (H¢ th~p phan)
+ Degrees/ minutes/ seconds (D¢, phut, giay)
+ Grads (Theo Gradian)
+ Radians (Theo Radian)
+ Surveyor's units (North, West, East, South)
Precision: Chqn d¢ chfnh xac, co th6 chqn d¢ chfnh xac v6i s6 chu s6 co
nghia Irong phArr th~p phAn (vi d~ chon 0; 0.0; 0.000... ).
Clockwise: Mu6n chieu do goc cling chieu kim dong ho.
4. L~nh Snap
Pull - down Menu
Tools Drawing Aids
Type in
Snap DDrmodes
L¢nh Snap dieu khi6n tr~ng th,ii can ch~y (Cursor) Ia giao di6m cua hai
sgi toc (Crosshairs). L¢nh nay xac dinh buac nhay con ch~y va goc quay cua
hai sqi 16c. Hay dung bUGC nhiy bilng khoang each IUGi (Grid).
Tr~ng thai SNAP c6 th~ duqc till mb bilng each nhilp hai Ian phim chon
chuQt vao nut t~i dong tqng thai.
40

• Command: Snap .J
Specify snap spacing or [ON/OFFIAspect/Rotote/Style(rypeJ<I.OOOO>:
• Cae h/a chQn:
Snap spacing Gia tIi khollOg each buoc nhay can ch~y theo phuong X
va Y nhu nhau tren man hlnh.
ON Mb che d¢ di chuyen con ch~y thea khoang cach chQn truck.
OFF Tat che d¢ di chuyen can ch~y theo khoang each chQn truac.
Aspect Gia tri buac nhay theo phuong X, Y se khac nhau, cac dong
nhac phlJ:
Specify horizontal spacing<1.o000>: (Khoang each theo phuong X).
Specify vertical spacing<I.OOOO>: (Khoang each thea phuong Y).
Rotate Quay sqi toc chung quanh di~m chu£n m¢t goc:
Base point <0.0000, 0.0000>: .J (Chon diem chudn).
Rotation angle <0.0000>: (Gia tri goc quay).
5, L~nh Grid
Tools Drawing Aids TOOLS21 Grid Grid hay DDrmodes
L¢nh Grid t~o cac diem luai trang giOi h~n bim ve. Khoang cach giua cae
diem lu6i theo phuong X, Y co the khae hoac gi6ng nhau.
• Command: Grid .J
Specify grid spacing (X) or [N/OFF/SnopJ<J.OOOO>:
• Cac h!a chQn:
ON Lam hi¢n lucri thea kholmg cach chQn trucrc.
OFF Tilt lucri.
Aspect Khoang each cac diem luai phuong X, Y se khac nhau, cac
dong nhile phu:
Specify horizontal spacing<1.0000>: (Khoing each theo phuong X).
Specify vertical spacing <1.0000>: (Khoang each theo phuong Y).
41

Snap Khoang cach giita cac diem luoi Mng gia tri buoc nMy (Snap)
con ch~y.
Chl1 yrang: ThmJog dung nut nha'n Grid phia tr~n dong nhAc d~ rut ngao
thoi gian tilt rna lum diem.
6. L~nh Ortho
Pull - down Menu
Tools Drawing Aids
Type in
Ortho ho{ic DDrmodes
L~nh Ortho thiet l~p che d¢ ve cae duang (line) thea phuong eua cae sqi
toe (thea phuong trl;lc X - Dam ngang va phuong tft:lC Y - th<ing dung).
• Command: Ortho .J
Enter mode [ONI OFFj<ON>:
• Cae lila chQo:
ON M& ehe d¢ VO ORTHO
OFF Tit che d<) YO ORTHO
CM y: Thuang dung nut nhan Ortho phia tren dong nhic de rut ngin thai
gian tat- rna che d¢ Ortho.
III. HE TOA DO - cAc Lj);NH VE co BAN
1. Cae do; ht';lng vii 20 eua AutoCAO
Cae l¢nh ve (Draw commands) t<,o nen cae d6i tUQ'ng ve. Thong thuemg
t~n cae l¢nh vi! tIling t~n voi d6i tuqng rna n6 tl,lo nen (tieng Anh).
D6i lUang YO (object hoac entity) 111 tMnh phan nho nhat trang bim YO
AutoCAD. Vi d~ m<)t d6i tuqng (object) co the 111 m¢t diem (point), do~n
thing (line), cung trem (arc), duang tron (circle),.. Hinh chit nhat vo Mng lenh
Line baa gom 4 d6i tuqng 111 4 do~n thing.
Trong AutoCAD cae doi tUQ'ng duqc t~o c6 th~ Ia cae doi nrqng don
(Simple object) hoac d6i tuqng phdc (Complex object). Cae d6i tuqng dan
nhu: point, line, arc, circle...
Cac d6i tuqng phdc 111 m<)t binh (shape) nhu: Ellipse (duang clip), Polygon
42

(da giac deu), Pline (da tuyen), Donut (hlnh vlillh khan), Spline, Xline, Ray,
Mline, Hatch (M~t cit), Dim (Kich thuac), Block (Kh6i)... Cae d6i tllqng
phuc duqc litn ket tit illQl ho~c nhi€~u pharr dO€J.ll (segment). Phan do~n trong
d6i nrqng phuc c6 the Hi do~ th~ng (line) ho~c cung tron (arc)...
2. Cae phU'elng phap nh~p to~ di? dillm
Co 6 phuong phap nh~p to~ d¢ m¢l diem VaG lrang ban ve.
1. Dung phim ehQn (PICK) eua ehu~t (ket hqp vai cae phuong thUc ttuy
b~t diem ella d6i tuqng).
2. Nhgp toa d~ tuyet dbi: Nh~p tOa dQ tuy~t d6i X, Y cua diem theo g6c
tOa dQ (0,0).
3. Nhgp to(l d(J tuang do7: Nh~p to~ d¢ eua diem thea diem cuni cung nha:t
xac djnh tren ban ve, t<;ti dong nhac ta nh~p @ X, Y. D<fu @ h.k nay co nghia
Htlast point (diem cu6i cung rna ta ve trm.'1c d6).
4. Nh(ip tog de) c1fc: Nh~p to'.1 d¢ eve eua diem CD < a) thea khoang each
D giua diem v6i goc to<;l. d¢ (0,0) va goc nghieng a so v6i drrong chuan narn
ngang.
5. Nhgp to(l d¢ CIfC luang dOl: T'.li dong nhac ta nh~p @ D < a v6i:
- D (distance) la khoang cach giiia diem ta c:1n xac dtnh va diEm ve cuoi
cung (last point) tren ban ve.
- Goc a Hi goc giiia dubng chu~n nam ngang va do~n th&ng nm hai di~m.
- Duang chu~n la dUCmg thAng xuat philt tit goc ta~ d¢ tllo'l1g doi va nam
thea chieu duong tr1,1c x.
- Goc duong Hi goc nguqc chieu kim d6ng h6 (+ CCW: Counter
Clockwise), goc am lit goc cung chi~u kim dong hb (- CW Clockwise).
6. Nhg.p khodng each trT.!e tiep (Direct distance entry): Nh~p khoang cach
tUo'l1g d6i so v6i diem ve cu6i dmg (last point), dinh huang bang cursor va
nhlin Enter.
Ba phuong phap d:1u tien ke tren lit ba phuong phap nliap tOa dQ diem
thuang duqc dung han.
43

3. Ve do~n Ih~ng (I~nh Line)
DrawLine DRAWlLine Line hogc L
L¢nh Line dung d~ ve d.c do<.tn thAng. Do~n thing co the oam ngang,
thing dung ho~c nghieng. Trang l¢nh nay ta chi cAn nh~p to<;l d¢ cae dinh va
do;;tn thAng se n6i cae dinh nay l;:ti veri nhau.
• Command: Line .J
Specify first point: (Nh~p to<). d¢ diem dau tien eua do<).o th<1.ng, khi d6
khoang each giua di~m vira dinh va giao diem 2 sqi toe gQi Iii sqi cao Sll ~
Rubber band).
Specify next point or lUndo]: (Nh*p to<). d¢ diem cu6i ella do<.tn thing).
Specify next point or jClose/Undo}: (Tiep tl,IC nh*p to<;t d¢ diem cu6i ella
dO<;lo thing tiep thea ho~c Enter de ket thue l¢nh).
• Cae h!a chQo khac ella l¢nh Line:
U Huy be m¢t pharr do<).o vi'ra ve. T:;ti dong nh~c ta dap U va Enter.
Close Dong kin m¢t hlnh da giac ve bang l¢nh Line. Ta dap C (Close)
t<;li dong nhac va Enter.
Neu t<;li dong nhac "Specify next point or [Close/Undo:" ta nh~p Enter
thi se ket thuc l¢nh.
4. Ve duang Iron (I~nh Circle)
DrawCircle DRAWlCircle Circle hogc C
C6 5 phuong phap khac nhau ve duong tron nhu sau:
4.1. Vi; Iheo lam va ban kinh (Cenler, Radius)
Vo. duong trem biing phuong phap nh~p tfim (Cenler) va ban kfnh R
(Radius) cua duong Iron.
44

• Command: C .J (ho~e Circle)
Specify center point for circle or {3PI2PIITRj: (Nh~p to~ d¢ tAm).
SpeCify radius of circle Or (Diameter]: (Nh~p ban kfnh ho~e to<,1 dO mOt
di~m ella duemg tron).
4.2. Vo theo tam va dUilng kinh (Center, Diameter)
VO dui:lng trem bAng phuong phap nh~p tam (Center) va dUi:lng kinh
(Diameter).
Neu t~i dong nhac "Specify radius of circle or jDiameler}:" ta eh9n D
(hic la eh9n Diameter) thi se xuttt hi¢n dong nh~e sau:
Diameter: (Nh~p gia trt duong kfnh duong tron).
4.3. Vo theo 3 diim (3Points - 3P)
Ve duang tron di qua ba di~m.
• Command: C .J (ho~c Circle)
Specify center point for circle or {3PI2PIITRj: 3P.J
SpeCIfy first point on circle: (Nh~p di~m thl! nhat).
Specify second point on circle: (Nh~p di~m thd hai).
Specify third point on circle: (NMp di~m thl! bal.
4.4. VO theo 2 diim duung kinh (2 Points - 2P)
Ve duemg tron di qua 2 di6m. Hai di~m do se 1ft duong kinh duong tron.
• Command: C .J (ho~e Circle)
Specify center point for circle or {3P12PIITRj: 2P.J
Specify first end point ofcircle·s diameter: (Nh~p di~m d~u dui:lng kinh).
Specify second end point ofcircle's diameter: (Nh~p dh~m cuoi duong kfnh).
4.5. YO dUilng trim tiep xuc 2 doi tuqng va c6 ban kinh R (TTR)
Dung de ve ducmg tron co ban kfnh R tiep xue hai d6i tUQ11g d8: ve twac do.
• Command: C .J (ho~c Circle)
Specify center point for circle or {3PI2PIITRj: TIR.J
45

Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: (ChQn d6i tUt;mg thu
nhat duong tron se tiep xuc).
Specify point on object for second tangent of circle: (Dei tuqng thu hai
dUdng tron se tiep xuc).
Specify radius of circle: (Nh~p gia td ban kinh dUdng tron).
Ngoai ra tren danh ml,1c keo xu6ng Draw, ta con co thti dung phuong phap
TAN, TAN, TAN ve duang tron tiep xtic vm ba d6i tuqng (vi dQ. ve duang tron
n¢i tiep tam giac bat kY).
5. Ve cung trem (I~nh ARC)
PuJI - down Menu Screen Menu lypein
DrawArc DRAMArc ARC ho!!c A
L~nh Arc dung de ve cung tron. C6 nhil~u phuong phap ve cung tron:
5.1. Vi! cung tron di qua ba diim (3 Points)
Ve cung tron di qua 3 diem PI' Pz va P3-
• Command: A .J (hoac Arc)
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter!: (Nh~p diem PI)'
Specify second point ofarc or [Center/ENdf: (Nh~p diem P2).
Specify end point ofarc: (Nh~p diem P3).
5.2. Ve cung tron qua cac di~m Start, Center, End (I>i~m dau, tam,
di~m cu6i)
Nh~p IAn Ittqt diem dAu, tam va diem cu6i.
• Command: Arc .J
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter!: (Nh~p to~ d¢ diem dAu S).
Specify second point ofarc or [CEnter/ENd!: CE.J (chon CEnter).
Specify center point ofarc: (Nh~p to~ d¢ tAm cung tron).
Specify end point ofarc or [Angle/chord Length!: (Nh~p to~ d¢ diem cu6i E).
Chu y: Cung ttim si! du'!c hlnh thonh thea chieu ngu,!c chieu kim d6ng h6
til diem dAu Start den diem cu6i End.
46

5.3. Center, Start, End (Tam, di~m d;u, di~m cuoi)
Tuong tl! each Start, Center, End nhung thea thu tl..I nguqc l;:ti.
5.4. Ve cung trim theo Start, End, Radius (Di~m dau, di~m cu6i, ban kinh)
Ve cung tron bang phuong phap nh~p di~m dau, di~m cu6i va ban kfnh.
• Command: A .J (ho~c Arc).
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: cNh~p di~m diu S).
Specify second point of arc or [CEnter/ENd]: EN.J (chon ENd).
Specify end point of arc: (Nh~p to~ d¢ di~m cuoi E).
Specify center point ofareor jAngle /Direction/ Radius!: R.J (ch9n Radius).
Specify radius of arc: (Nhfip bin kfnh).
Cung tron se duqc hinh thanh thea chieu nguQc chieu kim dong ho.
5.5. Ve cung trim theo Start, Center, Angle (Ditim dau, tam, goc atam)
Ve cung tron bang each nh~p di~m dau, tAm va g6c atam.
• Comand: Arc .J
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: (Nh~p to~ d6 di~m diu S).
Specify second point of arc or [Center/ENd]: CE.J (chon CEnter).
Specify center point of arc: (Nh~p to~ d¢ tam Gung).
SpeCIfy end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: A.J (chon Angle).
Specify included Angle: (NMp gii trj goc iJ tam + CCW. - CW).
Goc am (-CW) cung tron duqc ve cung chieu kim dong ho. goc ducmg
(+ CCW) cung tron ve nguqc chieu kim dong ho.
5.6. Center, Start, Angle (Tam, diim dliu va goc iJ tam) nhung theo
thu tl! nguqc I~i
Tucmg ll Start. Center, Angle nhung thea thiI ll nguqc l~i.
5.7. Ve cung trim theo Start, Center, Length of Chord (mim dliu,
tam, chieu dili day cung)
Ve cung tron bang each nh~p di~m dau, tam va chieu dai day congo
• Command: Arc .J
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: (Nh~p to~ d¢ diem diu S).
47

Specify second point ofarc or ;Center/ENd]: CE..J (chqn CEnter).
Specify center point ofarc: (Nh~p to~ de) tam cung).
T~i dong nhac cu6i cung ml1c 2 ta nh~p L:
Specify end point ofarc or [Angle/chord Length/: L.J (chon Length of Chord)
Specify length of chord: (NMp chi€u dai day cung).
Cung tron duqc hlnh thanh theo chieu nguqc chieu kim dong ha.
5.8. Center, Start, Length (Tam, diffm dolu va chieu dai day cung)
Tuang tl! nhu khi ve theo Start, Center, Length nhung thea thu tl! nguqc l~i.
5.9. Vi! eung trim theo Start, End, Included Angle (Dii'm d;u, dii'm
cu6i, goc atam)
Ve cung tron bang ca.ch nh~p di6m dau, di~m cu6i va goe aHim.
• Command: A ..J (ho~c Arc)
Specify start point ofarc or [CEnter/: (Nhitp to~ d¢ dii'm dau S).
Specify second point ofarc or [Center/ENd/: EN .J (chon ENd).
Specify end point ofarc: (Nhitp toa d¢ di"m euoi E).
Specify center point ofarc or [Angle/Direction/RadiusJ: A ..J (chqn Angle).
Specify included Angle: (NMp gia tri goe iJ tam +CCW, -CW).
Goc Am (~CW) cung tron dugc ve cung chieu kim dong ho, goc duang
(+ CCW) cung tron ve nguqc chieu kim dong ha.
5.10. Start, End, Direction (Diffm dolu, diffm eu6i, hLfting tiep tuyen
ella cung t<.ti di~m bat dolu)
T~i dong gan cu6i arovc 5.9 ta nh~p D.
Specify center point ofarc or /AnglelDirection/Radius]: D ..J
Specify tangent direction for the start point of arc: (Nh~p huang tiep
tuy!n t~i diem bit dau eung).
6, Ve dilim (I~nh POINT)
Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in (Ban phim)
DrawPoint> SinglePoint DRAW21P0int Point ho¢ic PO
48

• Command: Point .J
Specify a point: (Chi dinh diem).
Ta dung bien PDMODE va PDSIZE dinh hinh d~ng va kfch thuGe diem
hOac dung I¢nh Ddptype.
L~nh Ddptype
Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in (8im phim)
FormatPoint Style FORMATlDdptype DDptype
Si'r d':log l¢nh Ddptype se lam xuat hi¢n hqp tho~i Point Style, tren hqp
tho~i nay ta dinh ki6u va kich thuac di~m.
7. Ve da tuyen (I~nh Pline)
Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in (8im phim)
DrawPolyline DRAWIIPline Pline ho<ic PL
L¢nh Pline tht,rc hi¢n nhieu chuc nang hem l¢nh line. L¢nh PUne co 3 d~c
di6rn n6i b~t sau:
I. L¢nh Pline t<.l0 d.c d6i tuqng co chieu r¢ng (Width).
2. Cae phan do~n Pline lien ket thanh m(Jt dbi tuqng dny nh:lt. (Con I¢nh
Line t<.l0 ra d.c phan do~n lit d.c d6i tuqng don).
3. L¢nh Pline t~o nen d.c phan do~n lit cac do~n th<1ng ho~c la cac cung
tron (arc).
L¢nh Pline co th~ vira ve cac phan do~n lit d0<.ln th<1ng va vua ve cac phan
d0<.ln la cung tron. Day lit l¢nh ket hqp giUa l¢nh Line va Arc.
D6 hi¢u chinh da tuyen, SIT dl,mg l¢nh Pedit.
7.1. CM dQ vi; do~n thilng
• Command: PLine .J
Specify start point: (Chqn di6m hay nh~p to~ dqliun di~m bat dAu eua Pline).
49
4.GTCS CAD-A

Curent line width is <0.000>: (Chieu f¢ng hi~n h~mh ella pline Ia 0).
Specify next point or [Arc! Close! Halfwidth! Length! Undo! Width]:
(Nhap to~ d<) difm ke tiep).
• Cae ll!a ehQn:
Close Dong kin pline boi m¢t do~n thing.
Halfwidth Dinh m'ra ehieu f¢ng phan do~n sap ve.
Starting halfwidth<>: (N~~p gia tfi nib chicu r¢ng dau phan do~n).
Ending halfwidth< >: (Nh~p gia tri nua chieu f¢ng cuoi pharr do~n).
Width Dinh chieu r¢ng phan do~n s~p ve.
Length Ve tiep m¢t phan do~n co phuong chieu nhu do~n thang truoc
d6. Neu phan do~n tru6c d6 la cung tfon thl n6 se tiep xuc voi cung tron.
Length (~f line: (Nh~p chieu dai phan do~n sap ve).
Undo Huy bo phan do~n vua ve.
7.2. Che d(l ve cung trim
• Command: PLine .J
Specify start point: (ChQn di~m hay nh~p to<;1 d¢ Hun diem bat dau cua PUne).
Curent line width is <0.000>: (Chicu r¢ng hi~n hanh cua pline 1a 0).
Specify next point or [Arc! Close! Halfwidth! Length! Undo! Width]: A.J
(chon Arc).
Specify endpoint orIAngle!center/Close/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radi/lsi
!Second pt!Width]:
• Cac Iva chQn:
Close Cho phep ta dong kin da tuyen boi m¢t cung tron.
Halfwidth, Width, Undo Ttwng II! nhu che d<) vo doan thiing.
Angle Tuong W l~nh Arc khi ta nh~p A se co dong nhac: Specify
included angle: (Nh~p gia tfi g6e atam).
Center Tuang tV l~nh Arc khi ta nh~p CE se e6 dong nhac:
Center point: (Nh~p to<;l d¢ tam).
Angle/ Length/ < Endpoint>:
50
4.GTCS CAD-S

Direction D~nh huang ella dUCmg tiep tuyen v6i di~m dau tien ella
eung. Khi ta nh~p D se xuat hi~n dong nhae sau:
Specify the tangent direction for the start point of arc:
(Nh~p goc hay chon huang).
Specify endpoint of the arc: (Nh~p to<:L d¢ di~m cu6i).
Radius Xac d~nh ban kfnh eong eua cung, khi ta dap R se xuat hi~n
dong nhik:
Specify radius of arc: (NhaP gia tri ban kinh).
Specify end point of arc or[AngleJ;
Second pt Nh~p to<:L d¢ di~m thu hai va di~m cu6i d~ e6 the xae dinh
cung tron di qua 3 diem. Khi ta dap Sse xuat hi~n:
Specify second point on arc: (Nh~p di~m thu hai).
Specify end point of arc; (Nh~p di€m cuo;).
Line Tra ve ehe d¢ ve dO(;fi thing.
8. Ve hinh da giac deu (I~nh Polygon)
DrawPolygon DRAWlPolygon Polygon, Pol
L~nh Polygon dung d6 ve da giae deu. Da giae nay la da tuyen (pline) c6
so phan d0<:Ln (segments) bang s6 c~nh cua da giac. C6 ba each ve da giac deu:
8.1. Ve da giac ngo'.'i tilp dudng trim (Circumscribed about circle)
Cach nay dung khi cho tru6c ban kinh duong tron ll¢i tiep.
• Command: Polygon .J
Enter number of sides <4>: (Nh~p so c(;nh da giac).
Specify center of polygon or [EdgeJ; (Nhap to~ de) tam cua da giac).
Enter an option [Inscribed in Circle! Circumscribed about circle]: C .J
Specify radius ofcircle: (Nhap gia tri ban kinh duOrtg trem ne)i tiep, to~ do
diem ho~c truy bat diem 13. diem giua mqt Cl;I.nh da giac).
51

T~i dong nhae nay, giao di~m hai sqi toe xae dtnh ban kfnh duemg tron m)i
tiep (ho~e ngo~i tiep) va vi trf eua da giae deu.
- Khi da giae n¢i tiep duang tron thi giao di~m nay la dinh eua da giae.
- Khi da giae ngo~i tiep duang tron thi di~m nay la di~m giUa m¢t e~nh.
- D~ dinh vi trf eua polygon, t~i dong nhae "Specify radius of circle" ta
nh~p to~ d¢ cua giao di~m hai sqi toc.
8.2. Ve da giac nf)i tiep drrong tron (Inscribed in circle)
each nay dilng khi cho truac ban kinh duemg tron ngo~i tiep (khoang each
tir tam den dinh da giac).
Number of sides <4>: (Nh~p ,6 qnh da giac).
Specify cenler ofpolygon or [Edgef.· (NMp tOa d(>liim da giac).
Enter an option Ilnscribed in circle/ Cricumscribed about circle]: I .J
Specify radius ofcircle: (Nh~p ban kfnh ho*c to~ d¢ di~m, tIllY bar di€m).
8.3. VO da giac theo chi~u dill qnh cua da giac (Edge)
Cach nay dung khi cho trucJc chieu dili m¢t c~nh eua da giac deu.
Number of sides <4>: (Nh~p s6 c~nh da giac).
Specify cenler ofpo/ygon or [Edge!: E.J
Specify firsl endpoinl ofedge: (Ch9n ho~c nhap tOa d(> diem dau m(>t canh).
Specify second endpoint of edge: (ChQn ho*c nh<ip to~ d¢ di~m eu6i eua
m¢t c~nh).
Vi polygon ciing la m¢t da tuyen nen ta c6 th~ dung l¢nh Pedit d~ hi¢u
chinh, dung l¢nh Expode de pha vo chung ra thanh cac d6i tuqng don.
9. Ve hlnh chfi' nh~t (I~nh Rectang)
DrawRectangle DRAWflReclang/e Rectangle, Rec
52

L¢nh Rectang dung d6 ve hlnh chii' nh~t khi eoi hlnh ehu nh~t nay Iii. m¢t
da tuyen (m(Jt doi tl1qng).
• Command: Rectang .J
SpeCify first corner point or fChamfer! Elevation! Fillet/ Thichkess!
Width!: (Nh~p diem goc thil nMt cua hlnh chfr nhat).
SpeCIfy other corner point or fDimensions]: (Nh~p diem g6e thu hai).
• Cae h,ra ehQn:
Chamfer Vat mep 4 dinh hlnh chfr nh~!. Diu tien ta djnh cae khoimg caeh
vat mep, sau d6 ve hlnh ehu nh*t.
Specify first chamfer distance for rectangles <0.000>: (Nh~p khoang
each vat mep theo q.nh thu nhat).
Specify second chamfer distance for retangles <10.0000>: (Nhap khoang
each vat mep theo qmh thu hai).
Specify first corner point or {Chamfer! Elevation/ Fillet/ Thichkess/
Width!: (Nh~p diem goc thil nhilt cua hlnh chfr nh~t).
Specify other corner point: (NMp diem goc thil hai ciJa hlnh chfr nM!).
Fillet Cho phep bo !rem cae dinh cua hlnh chfr nM!.
Specify fillet radius for rectangles <10.0000>: (Nh~p ban kfnh bo trim
dinh)
Specify first corner point or fChamfer/ Elevation/ Fillet/ Thichkess/
Width!: (Nhap diem goc thil nhilt cua hlnh chfr nh~t).
Specify other corner point: (Nh~p diem goe thu hai ella hlnh ehfr nh~t).
Width Dinh chieu r(Jng net ve (giong lenh Pline).
Specify line width for rectangles <0.0000>: (Nh~p chieu r(Jng net vel.
Specify first corner point or fChamfer/ Elevation/ Fillet/ Thichkess!
Width!: (Nh~p diem goc thil nhilt cua hlnh chfr nh~t).
Specify other corner point: (Nh~p di~rn goe thu hai ella hlnh ehfr nh~t).
Elevation/ Thickness Dinh eao d¢ va d¢ day hlnh ehfr nh~t khi tJ;lO m~t
chfr nh~t 2 l>D.
Dimensions Cho phep nh~p leieh thuae hlnh ehfr nh~t thea cae dong nhac:
Specify other corner point or fDimensions]: D .J
53

Specify lengrh for rectangles <0.000>: (Nh~p chieu dai m¢t qnh cua
hinh chil nh~t).
Specify width for rectangles <0.000>: (NhaP chieu dai cenh con lei cua
hinh chil nhAt).
10. Vi> dltang cong uon Iltqn Spline
Duong cong uon luqn Spline Ht m¢t d~ng duang cong NURBS (Non
Uniform Rational Bezier Spline). Duong Spline cong uon ItrQ'fi tl! do di qua cae
di~m bat ky do ta ch9ll gqi 13. cae di~m ki~m So<il (Control Points), ngoai fa ca.n
phai xac d~nh them cae duemg tiep tuyen v6'i Spline t<;li hai di~m dau va cuoi.
• Command: Spline .J
Specify first pOint or /Objectl: (Nh~p hoi;ic Chqll di~m dau ella spline).
SpeCify next point: (Nh~p hoi;ic chqll diem k€ tiep).
Specify next point or /Close/Fit tolerance): (Nh~p hoi;ic chqll di~m ketiep).
.. ... (Nhap ho~c ch9n diem ke tiep).
SpeCify start tangent: (Chqll huang tiep tuyen t<:li diem dau cua spline,
hoi;ic Enter de chqll rni;ic dinh).
Specify end tangent: (ChQn huang tiep tuyen t<;ti di~m euoi eua spline,
ho~c Enter de ch9n m~c dinh).
11. Vi> hinh elip
Pull - down Menu
DrawEllipse
Type in
Ellipse, EL
Neu d~t bien PELLIPSE = I, ta co the ve hinh elip nhu la mot da tuyen
Polyline.
Neu d~t bien PELLIPSE = 0, ta co the ve hinh elip nhu la m¢t dUong
Spline. Truong hqp nay hay dung, va thea 3 phuong philp sau:
11.1. Ve elip theo to(,l dQ mQt trl}.c va khoang cach mJa trl}.c con l(,li
• Command: Ellipse .J
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: (Nh~p ho~c ch9n m¢t
diem cu6i tn,lc elip thu nhat).
54

Specify other endpoint of axis: (Nh~p ho~e chQn di~m cuoi thli hai cua
tr~c elip thiI nhat).
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: (Nh~p di~m thli ba thea
khoiing each Olia tf,lC elip thu hai).
11.2. Ve elip theo tam va cac trl;lc cua elip
• Command: Ellipse ..J
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: C .J (chQn Center).
SpeCify center of ellipse: (Nh~p ho~c chQn tam eila elip).
Specify endpoint ofaxis: (Nh~p ho~e chQn mQt di~m cu6i tfl;lc elip thli nhat).
SpeCify distance to other axis or [Rotation}: ]: (Nh~p ho~c chQn mQt di~m
cu6i tr~e elip thu hai).
11.3. Ve cung elip
Khi ve cung elip, ta dung It!a chQn Arc. Khi d6 cung elip se duqc hlnh
thanh thea chieu nguqc chieu kim dong ho.
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [ArclCenter}: A..J
Specify axis endpoint of elliptical arc or [Center]: (Nh~p ho~c ch9n m¢t
di~m euoi trl,lc elip thu nhat).
SpeCify other endpoint of axis: (Nh~p ho~c chQn di~m cuoi thu hai clla
tr~c elip thu nhat).
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation}: (Nh~p ho~c chQn m¢t diem
cu6i tr~c elip thu hai).
Specify start angle or [Parameter}: (Nh~p gia tri goc gifra tr~c ta vua dinh
voi duang th~ng tu tam elip den di~m cuoi ella cung elip).
IV. cAc PHUONG PHAp TRUY BAT IlIIl:M CHINH xAc
Khi thvc hi¢n cae nhi¢m v~ ve C1 cac bai tfrroc, chung ta nh~n thay khi
chon mot di~m nao d6 d5. ve tmoc do, rat kho co th~ chon mot cach chinh xac. . . .
vlw to~ d¢ thvc clla chinh di~m d6, vi chung ta ehi co thti di can tro (giao di~m
hai sqi t6c) vao ditim muon ch9n m¢t cach dinh tfnh. Ngoai fa con mat nhieu
thai gian eho vi¢c nay.
AutoCAD c6 khil nang eho phep rat nhanh ch6ng truy bat cac di~m thuQc
55

d6i tugng nhu: di~m cu6i, di~m giii'a, tAm, giao di~m... Kha nang nay gQi la
Object Snap (OSNAP) vm nhieu phuong thuc kha.c nhau. Khi sir dlng cae
phuong thuc truy btit diem, t~i giao diem hai sqi toc xuat hi~n m¢t 6 vuong
gQi Ia "0 vuong truy btit", va t~i di~m cAn truy bat xuat hi¢n Marker (khung
hinh ky hi¢u phuong thuc truy btit). Khi ta chQn cae d6i tue;mg dang 0 tr~ng
thai truy bat thi AutoCAD se tt! d¢ng tlnh to~ d¢ diem truy bat va gao cho
di€m dn tim.
1. Cae phltdng thli'e truy b~t diii'm eua doi tlt<:,ng (OBJECTS SNAP)
Toolbars Type in Screen Menu Cursor menu
Object Snap 3 chft cui dti'u tien Dong ******* Shift + Phim phdi chu(Jt
Trong AutoCAD co the Slr dl}ng cac phuong thuc truy bat diem thuang tnt
(gan cac phuong thuc truy bat diem la thuCmg tn1) ho~c truy bat t~m tnt (chi
Slr dlog m¢t Hin khi truy bat m¢t di6m). Trang ml}c nay gi6'i thi~u truy bat
diem t~m tnt.
De lam xua't hi¢n bang truy btit diem ta co the dung m¢t trong cac phuong
phap sau:
- Nhan phfm Shift d6ng thai v6'i nut phai clla chu¢t, se xuat hi¢n h¢p tho~i
gQi Iii. Cursor menu (danh ml}c con ch~y).
- Tu Sereen menu t~i hang**** nhap phim chQn clla chu¢t.
- GQi cac phuong thuc truy bat di~m tir toolbar: Object Snap.
- Nh~p bang ban phim 3 chfi' cai dAu titn clla phuong thuc truy bat.
Ta chi Slr dl,lOg cac phuong thuc truy bat diem t;pn tru khi cAn X3.C dinh to~
d¢ m¢t diem, vi dl} nhu t~i cac dong nhk xac d~nh diem clla I¢nh Line ho~c
Circle: "Specify end point", "Specify center point"...
• Cac phuong thuc truy bat d6i tuqng:
1. CENter Dung de truy bdt die'm tam clla circle, arc, ellipse. Khi truy
bat ta can chQn d6i tugng dm truy bat tAm.
2. ENDpoint Dung d6 truy bdt die'm euol clla Line, Spline, Arc, phAn
do~n clla Pline, Mline. ChQn t~i diem gan diem cu6i truy bat. Vi Line va Arc
56

co 2 diem eu6i, do do AutoCAD se troy bat diem eu6i nao gan giao diem hai
sqi toe nhat.
3. INSert Dung d€ truy bat diem chen eua eua dong Text va Block.
Ch9n mqt diem bat ky eua dong Text ho~e Block va nhap phfm ehuqt eh9n.
4. INTersection DiIng de truy bat giao diem eua hai d6i tuqng. Mu6n
truy bat thi giao diem phai nam trong 6 vu6ng 'truy bat ho~e d. hai d6i tuqng
deu eh~m v6'i 6 vu6ng truy bat. C6 the eh9n Ian luqr hai d6i tuqng giao de truy
bar giao diem.
Ta co the truy bat giao diem eua hai d6i tuqng kh6ng giao nhau rna khi
keo dai m6'i giao nhau, khi d6 eh9n Ian luqr hai d6i tuqng.
5. MIDpoint Dung de truy bat diem gifia eua m¢t Line, Spline ho~e
Arc. Ch9n m¢t diem bAt ky thu¢e d6i tuqng.
6. NEArest Truy bat m¢t diem thuqe d6i tuqng gan giao diem voi
Jwi s(fi t(Jc nhiit. Cho 6 vu6ng truy bat den eh~m d6i tuqng gan diem can truy
bat va nhan phim eh9n.
7. NODe Dung de truy bat tam cua mlJt diem. Cho 6 vuong troy bat
den eh~m v6i diem va nhan phim eh9n.
8. PERpendicular Dung de truy bat diem vu6ng goc vm d6i tuqng duqe
eh9n. Cho 6 vu6ng truy bar den eh~m vm d6i tuqng va nhAn phim eh9n.
9. QUAdrant Dung de truy bat cae diem g6e % eua Circle, Ellipse
ho~e Arc. Cho 6 vu6ng truy bih den gan diem can truy bat, ch~m v6i d6i
tuqng va nhAn phfm ch9n.
10. TANgent Truy bAt diEm tiep xlic voi Line, Arc, Ellipse, Spline
ho~c Circle. Cho 6 vu6ng truy bat ch~ vm d6i tuqng t~i gan diem can tim va
nh:fn phim chon.
12. APPint (Apparent intersection)
Phuong thuc nay eho phep truy bat giao diem cac d6i tuqng 3D (d~ng
Wireframe) v6'i m¢t diem nhin hi¢n hinh (Current Wiewpoint), rna thl!e te
trong khong gian chUng khong giao nhau (hinh 5.14).
13. Tracking Trong AutoCAD ta c6 thE sir d~ng h!a chon Tracking dE
nh~p to~ dq diem tUCfng d6i qua m¢t diem rna ta se xac dinh. Sir dl,lng tuang
tl! Point fillers va From.
57

2. Gan chi! di? truy b~t thlldng tn; (L~nh Osnap, Ddosnap).
Pull - down Menu Cursor menu Type in Toolbar
ToolsDraftiI1/?SeflingsOhjeers Snap Osnap Setting Osnap Osnap
H¢p thoc;ti DraftingSetting. Hqp tho~i nay co ba lIang 13. Snap and Grid,
Polar Tracking va Objects Snap.
Thuang dung lrang Objects Snap: Tren khung Object snap modes ta chon
cae 6 luang ung mu6n gao ch€ d¢ truy bat thuang tn1. Khi muon XQ(i tat d.
phuong thue da gao ta chon nut Clear All.
De: thay doi kich thuac va mall sac ella thuac 6 vuong truy bat, ta co the
vao ToosOption roi rna lIang Drafting, thea d6 ta de dang thay doi kich thuac
va mall ella 6 truy bat.
3. L~nh 'CAL (Calculator)
Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar
'CAL
L¢nh CAL sir d1Jog de tioh 10<io cae ham s6 thong dl,mg, d.c gia tr~ s6, thl!c
hi¢n d.c phep toan Vecto va ta co the sil dl,mg l¢nh nay de xae dinh to<;l d¢ cae
di~m tren man hlnh do hO<;l.
• Command: Cal .J
» Expression: (Nh~p bi~u thue dn tfnh).
Trang bi~u thue d€ tfnh toan (dong nhae: "»Expression:" ta co th€ sir
dl;lng dau @ (At sign- to<;l d¢ di~m eu6i cling xae djnh tren man hlnh), cae
phuong thuc truy bat d6i tuqng: INT, END, MID, INS, CEN, NOD, QUA...
Trang khi thl!c hi¢n cae l¢nh ACAD (ngo<;li tru cae l¢nh viet bang ng6n ngu
AutoLISP) ta c6 the sir d~ng l¢nh CAL lam I¢nh trung gian (Transparent com-
mand), khi d6 ehi can them dilu phfty tren 'vao !ruae l¢nh CAL). Sir dVng l¢nh
'CAL trang cae truang hqp nay d~ xae djnh eac di€m ho~e kfeh thlIlJC can
thiet khi ve.
58

4. Doi vii quay goc to~ di? (L~nh UCSicon, UCS)
C6 hai ki~u h¢ to<; d¢ dung trang AutoCAD:
+ H¢ tqQ d(j g6c' WCS (World Coordinate System): La h¢ to<; d¢ mi;j.c d~nh
trang ban ve, thucmg ChQll goc to'.! d¢ trung v6"i goe trai phfa du6'i ban ve. H~
19a d¢ goc WCS co bieu tuqng nam agoe trai phfa duai bim ve va co chii' W
lrong bieu tuqog.
+ H¢ t(JQ d¢ ngLtai dung ues (User Coordinate System): Do nguai dung
t<;o fa bang l¢nh Des.
Nguai dung dang lam vi¢c vCii ues nao, thl DeS do la h¢ tog d¢ hi¢n
hiwh, va gia lIj cae 19a d¢ X, Y trong h¢ to<; d¢ hi¢n hanh luon hi¢n fa tren
dong tr<;log thai.
4.1. Lenh UCSicon
Pull - down Menu
ViewsDi.l'play UCSicon
Type in
Ucsicon
L¢nh UCSicon nay dieu khien sl! hien thi ella bieu tm;mg (icon) ella h¢
to<; dc).
• Command: UCSicon .J
Enter an option [ONIOFFIA/lINoorigin/ Origin!Properties}:
• Cac h,ra chQn:
ONIOFF MiJrriit hieu Wang toa d¢ tren man hinh.
All Hitn thi bieu tuqng to,!- de) tren mQi clra s6 man hlnh.
Noorigin Bitu tuqng to,!- de) chi xuat hi¢n t,!-i g6c tnii phia duai man hlnh.
Origin Bitu tuqng lu6n lu6n di ehuyen theo g6e to,!- de) (diem 0, 0, 0
eua UCS).
Properties Gan cae tinh ehat hien thi bieu tm;mg to<). de) theo he)p tho<).i
UCS Icon nhu: kieu (2D hay 3D). kieh thuGe va mau s:c hieu tuqng.
4.2. L¢nh UCS
Pull - down Menu Type in Toolhar
ToolslNewUCS UCS UCS
59

L¢nh Des eho phep ta t~o h¢ to~ d~ mm Mng each di1i va xoay h¢ to~ d~.
• Command: UCS .J
Enter an option[NewjMove/orthorGraphie/Prev(Restore/Save/DellApplyl
!World]<World>:
• Cae Iva ch9ll khi ve 2D:
New Tao DeS mi:li bang each thay ddi goe to~ d~, khi dap N: Specify
origin afnew UCS or [ZaxisI3pointlObjectIFaceNiewIXlYIZ] <0,0,0>: (NhaP
vi tfi ella goc to~ do mai).
Prev G9i l'.1i h¢ to<;1. d¢ sir dl,log tnroc do.
XlYIZ Quay h¢ tn,Ic toJ;!. d¢ xung quanh cae tfl,IC wang 6ng X,Y,Z hi¢n
hanh. Chang h'.lll, muon t<;o DeS moi bang each xoay Des quanh tn,lc Z, ta
nhaP Z:
Rotation angle about Z axis <>: (Nh~p goc d.n xoay quanh trlc Z).
World Tra ve to,!- d¢ goc.
Khi thfc hi¢n d.c l¢nh ve ta co th~ doi goc to'.l dt! den ffi¢t vi tri tn~n man
hloh va thvc hi¢n cae l¢nh ve bang d.ch nh~p VaG 193 d¢ tuy¢t d6i so voi goc
toc)' d¢ mm.
v, cAe Ll):NH TRO GIUP
1. L~nh Help
Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar
Help Help 'Help, ' Standard
L¢nh Help eung cap thOng tin tra coo ve AutoCAD. Khi thfe hi¢n l¢nh nay
se xmlt hi¢n h¢p tho<;li Help Topics. H¢p tho'.li nay baa g6m cae trang: Contents,
Index va Find.
2. Xoa cac doi llte;tng (I~nh Erase)
Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar
ModifylErase hOc1C EditlClear Erase ho{ic E Modify
60

L¢nh Erase dung d~ xoa cac d6i lUQ'ng ta chQn tren bim ve hi¢n hanh.
Sau khi chQn d6i tlt<;1ng can xoa ta chi can nhan phim Enter thl l¢nh dU<;1c
thvc hi¢n.
• Command: Erase .J
Select objects: (ChQn d6i tU<;1ng dn xoa bang cae phuong phap khac nhau).
Select objects: (ChQn tiep cae d6i tu<;1ng can xoa ho~e nhAn phim ENTER
d~ ket thuc vi¢c h,ra chQn va thvc hi¢n l¢nh).
Thong thuang sau khi dung l¢nh Erase, ta thvc hi¢n l¢nh Redraw d~ xoa
cae Mu "+"(BLIPMODE) tren hinh ve hoac phuc hei I~i cae duang bj khuat
boi cac d6i tUQ'ng bi xoa.
3. Phyc hoi ciic dol tltc;fng b! xoii (I~nh Oops)
ModijylErase Oops: Oops
Phvc hoi IC).i ca.c d6i tuqng dU<;1c x6a be bOi m¢t l¢nh Erase truck do.
• Command: Oops .J
4. Huy bo I~nh dli th,!c hi~n (I~nh Undo, U)
Pull-down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar
EditlUndo EditlUndo Undo hoge U Standard
L¢nh Undo cho phep huy b6 m¢t l¢nh ho~c nhom l¢nh thvc hi¢n truac do.
• Command: Undo .J
Enter the number of operation to undo or jAuto/ControIlBEgin/End/Mark/
/Backj <number>:
• Cac Iva chQn:
Auto Khi chqn On thl d.c d6i tUQ'ng duqc ve trong m6i l¢nh xem nhu
la m¢t nhom. (Vi dV eae doC).n thAng ve bang m¢t l¢nh Line se dU<;1c huy be
bai mat Ian U).
61

Mark Danh dau l¢nh AutoCAD vfra thl,fc hi¢n rna sau nay tac6 the tra
ve bang h!a chQn Back.
Back Huy be cac l¢nh dfi thl!c hi¢n den hin danh dau (Mark) gan ohat.
BEgin Danh dau l¢nh dau clla nh6m l¢nh, sau d6 dung ll,fa chQn End
danh dau l¢nh cu6i cua nh6m l¢nh.
End Ket hqp vai Iva chQn BEgin d€ danh dau l¢nh cu6i cua nh6m
I¢nh va sau do ta co th€ xo<i boi m¢t buac thlfc hi¢n.
Control Dieu khi~n vi?e thue hi?n eae lua ehqn eua lenh Undo. Khi
nh~p C xuat hi¢n dong nhac, thea d6:
All Thvc hi¢n duQ'C tat ca cac h!a chQn cua l¢nh Undo.
One
None
Huy bo m¢t l¢nh vita thl!c hi¢n twac do.
Kh6ng th~ thvc hi¢n vi¢c huy b6 cac I¢nh.
5. Phlc hoi m9t I~nh vua hUy boo L~nh Redo
Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar
EditlRedo ED/TlRedo Redo Standard
L¢nh Redo dung sau cac I¢nh U ho~c Undo de ph~c hoi m¢t I¢nh vua huy
bo tmac d6.
• Command: Redo .J
6. Lam mili khung ci'ra 56 hi~n h,mh (L~nh Redraw)
ViewRedraw V/EWlRedraw Redraw hogc R Standard
L¢nh Redraw dung de xaa cae dau "+" (W?i Ia cac Blipmode) tren man hlnh.
• Command: Redraw .J (ho~c R)
62

7. Tili I~o cae do; Ilt<;lng Iren man hinh: L~nh Regen va Regenall
ViewRegen VIEWlRegen Regen hoc}c Regenall
a. L¢nh Regen: Tinh toan va tai l,!-O l~i t?~l.n b9 cae d6l tuqng tren khung
ohio hi¢n hanh. Khi tai l,!-O se c~p nh~t loan b9 bien da thay d6i trong ban ve.
Command: Regen .J
b. L¢nh RegenaIl; Tinh toan va tai t~o l~i toan b9 cae d6i lUQ'og tren uit
ca d.c khung ohio cua man hloh (khi sit dl,log l¢nh Vports de t~o cae khung
ohio tren man hloh). Khi l,ti t~o se c~p nh~t toan b9 cae bien dJ thay d6i
trong bin ve.
• Command: Regenall .J
8. Cae phltclng phap Iva chc;'" dOi Iltc;lng
Khi thl;fc hi~n cae l¢nh hi¢u chinh (modify command) t,!-i dong nhac
"Select objects" ta ch9ll doi lU<;tng hi¢u chioh thea cae phuong phap khac nhau.
T;:ti thai diem "Select objects" thi cae 59i toe bien mat chi con roN 6 vuong
g9i Ia 0 ch9n (Pickbox). Ta dung 0 chQn nay d€ chQn d6i tuqng. D6i tuQng
dUQc ch9n se co d~ng duang net dUt (gi6ng nhu d<;tng duang Hidden).
D~ ket thuc vi¢c h!a ch9n ho~c bat dau thvc hi¢n I¢nh ta nhap phfm Enter
t~i dong nhac "Select objects".
Khi xuat hi¢n dong nhac "Select objects" thi tren danh ml).c man hinh se
c6 Iva ch9n ASSIST. Ta ch9n Iva ch9n nay se xuat hi¢n cac phuong phap ll!a
ch9n khac nhau .
• Cae phuong phap l~a chan d6i luqng:
1. Pickbox Dung 0 vuong ch9n, m6i hln ta chi ch9n dUQc m¢t d6i
tuqng. T~i dong nhac "Select objects" xUllt hi¢n 0 vuong, ta keo 0 vuong nay
giao v6i d6i tuqng can ch9n va nhap ch9n.
2. Auto T~i dong nhac "Select objects" ta ch(;m hai diem d€ xac d!nh
khung dra sci. Neu di6m dau tien ben tnti, diem thli' hai ben phai thi nhiing d6i
tUQng nao nam trang khung cira sci se dUQc ch9n (lUang tv Window), neu diem
dau tien ben phii va diem thu hai ben tnii thi nhiing d6i tuqng nao nam trang
63

va giao khung cua s6 se duqc chqn (wang tt! Crossing Window).
3. Window (W) Dung khung cua s6 de h!a chqn d6i tuqng. T~i dong nhac
"Select objects" ta nh~p W. Chqn hai diem WI va W2 d~ xac dinh khung ella
s6. Khi d6 nhung d6i wqng nao nam trong ho~c giao voi khung cua s6 se duqe
ch9n.
4. Crossing Window (C) Dung clla s6 cat de ch9n d6i tuqng. T~i dong
nhac "Select objects" ta nh~p C. T~o m¢t khung clla s6. Khi d6 nhung d6i
tuqng nao nam trong ho~c giao voi khung cua 56 se duqc ehqn.
5. Window Polygon (WP) Gi6ng nhu Window, nhung khung cua s6 lit
m¢t da giac, nhung d6i tuqng nam trong khung cua s6 dUQc chQn. Khi dap WP
tren dong nhac "Select objects", se xuat hi¢n ca.c dong nhac sau:
First polygon point: (Chqn di6m thd nhat Pi clla Polygon).
Undo/<Endpoint of line>: (Chqn di6m cu6i P2 clla m¢t c~nh).
Undo/<Endpoint of line>: (Chqn diem cu6i P3 clla m¢t c~nh ho~c Enter
d6 ket thiic vi¢e h;ra ch9n).
6. Crossing Polygon (CP) Giang nhu Crossing Window nhung khung
cua s6 la m¢t da giac.
7. Fence (F) Lt;ra ch9n nay cho phep t~o m¢t duong cat baa g6m
nhieu phAn do~n, nhting d6i tuqng nao giao voi duong cat nay se duqc ch9n.
Khi nh~p F t~i dong nhac "Select object", se xuat hi¢n cac dong nhae va ta
eh9n cac di~m dinh cua Fence:
Select object: F
First fence point: (Diem dau tien cua Fence).
Specify endpoint of line or lUnda]: (Diem k€ tiep clla Fence).
SpeCify endpoint of line or lUnda]: (Di6m ke tiep clla Fence ho~c Enter
de kel lhUe tao Fence).
8. Last (L) Khi dap L thi d6i wqng nao duqc t<;lo sau cung boi l¢nh ve
(Draw command) se duqc ch9n.
9. Previous (P) Chqn l'.li cac d6i tuqng dii chQn t:;..i dong nhac Select
object: clla ffi¢t l¢nh hi¢u chinh ho~c dt!ng hinh tht;rc hi¢n cu6i cung.
10. All Tat ca cac d6i tuqng tren ban ve hi¢n h~mh se duqc ch9n.
64

11. Remove (R) Chuyen sang che d¢ tru cac d6i tuqng tir nh6m cac d6i
tuqng da ch9n. Khi nh~p R t~i dong nhac Select object: se xU<lt hi¢n dong
nhac Remove object. T~i dong nhac cu6i cung nay ta e6 the sir dl,mg Hit ca, cae
phuong phap Il!a chQn d6i tuqng atren de trir cac d6i tuqng.
Ta con c6 the tru cac d6i tw:;mg t<;ti dong nhac Select object: Bang each
dong thOi nhip phfm Shift vii sir dl:mg cac phuong phap Iva chQn d6i tuqng.
12. Add (A) Muon chuyen tu che d¢ tfU cae doi tuqng "Remove
object" sang che d¢ chQn them d6i tuqng l~i dong nhac nay ta dap A.
13. Undo (U) Huy bO do; tuqng vua duqe chon.
14. Group Dung IlJa ch9n nay de gQi l~i Hi cac d6i tuqng duqc t~o
M.ng l¢nh Group tru6c d6. Group Iii cac nh6m d6i tuqng chQn va da duQ'c d~t
ten. Khi dap G:
Select object: G
Enter group name: (Nh~p ten nh6m cac d6i tuqng dii duqc d~t ten).
Select objects:
VI. cAe LENH SUA f>61 HiNH VE
1. Oili cac dO; tltc;lng (L~nh MOVE)
ModifylMove MODIFY2Move Move ho¢c M Modify
L¢nh Move dung de thlJC hi¢n phep dOi m¢t hay nhieu d6i tuqng tu m¢t
vi tri hi¢n t~i den m¢t vi tfi bat ky tren ban ve.
• Command: Move .J
Select objects: (ChQn cac d6i tUQ'ng cAn dai).
Select objects: (Tiep t1,IC chQn cac d6i tuqng ho~c Enter de ket thtic vi¢c
lila chQn).
Specify base point or displacement: (ChQn diem chuan tren d6i tuqng,
hoac nhaP khoang doi).
Luc nay c6 the dung phim chQn clla chu¢t, dung cac phuong thuc tIllY bat
65
5.GTCS CAD·A

diem, to~ d¢ tuy~t d6i, tuang d6i...
Specify base point or displacement: (Nh~p dit~m rna ca.c d6i tuqng ca.n
doi den).
C6 th~ sir dl,mg phim ch<;m ella chu¢t, dung cae phuong thue tmy bat di~m.
to,!- dQ tuy¢t d6i, luang doi. ..
2. Xen mill philn dol IU';lng nlim glfi'a hal dol luc:lng giao nhau
(I~nh Trim, Exlrim)
ModifylTrim MODIFY21Trim Trim, Tr Modify
L¢nh Erase xoa ca. d6i tugog, con hai l¢nh Trim va Break chi xen m¢t
philo d6i tuqog.
Do<.tn can xen trang l¢nh Trim duqc gi6i h~n hoi m¢t ho~c hai d6i tuqng
giao, con dO<;ln can xen trong l¢nh Break dugc gi6i h<.l.O hoi hai di~m.
L¢nh Trim dung de xoa dO<;lll cu6i ella d6i tugng giai h,;m boi m¢>t d6i
tuqng khac, ho~c dO<;ln gil1'a eua d6i nrqng duqc gi6i h:~.n bOi hai d6i tuqng kh,lc.
• Command: Trim .J
Current settings: Projection = UCS Edge = None.
Select cutting edge ...
Seleel objects: (Ch9n d6i tue;mg giao v6i do~n rna ta mu6n xmi).
Select objects: (Ch9n tiep cae d6i tltqng giao hay ket thue vi¢c h,ra eh9n
bang phim Enter).
Select objects to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/ Edge/Undo].·
(Chon do~n can xen).
Select objects to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/ Edge/Undo}:
(Tiep t~c ch9n do~n cAn xen hay Enter d~ ket thuc l¢nh).
• Cae ll,la Ch9ll khac:
66
Edgemode: La ll,la ch9n ella l¢nh Trim xac dinh la phan d6i tuqng
5,GTCS CAD-B

duqc xen co giao v6i cae d6i tuqng giao duqc keo dai hay khong (Extend ho~c
No extend).
Undo Lt.Ja ch9n nay cho phep phl.,lc h6i l;:ti do;:tn vua duqc xoa.
3. Xi," mQt ph"n doi tl!<1ng gilra hai dilim chQn (L~nh Break)
ModifylBreak MODIFY21Break Break, Br Modify
L¢nh Break cho phep ta xen m¢t pha.n cua cac d6i tuqng Arc, Line,
Circle, Pline, Trace...
Do;:tn dU<;ic xen duqc gi6i h;:tn boi hai di~rn rna ta ch9n. Neu ta xen m¢t
pharr cua duang tron thi do;:tn duqc xen nam nguqc chieu kim dong h6 b~t dau
tir di~rn ch9n thli nhat.
M¢t ho~c ca hai diem ch9n c6 th~ khong nam tren d6i tuqng bi xen.
C6 4 It.Ja ch9n khi tht.Jc hi¢n l~nh Break:
3.1. ChQn hai di~m (2 points)
L~nh Break thl!c hi~n theo each nay gam 2 bUGc:
- Bu6c 1: Ch9n d6i tuqng t;:ti rn¢t di~m va di~m nay la diem dati tien clla
do<;tn can xen.
- BUGC 2: Ch9n di~m cu6i cua do;:tn Can xen.
• Command: Break .J
Select object: (Ch9TI d6i tuqng e6 d0;:tn rna ta mu6n xen va di~m nay la
di6'm dau tien eua doan can xen).
Specify second break point or [First point]: (Ch9n diem eu6i cua do,!-n
can xen).
3.2. ChQn doi tU'1ng va hai di~m (2 poins Select)
Dung phuong phap nay thl phiJ.i ket hqp vi~c ch9n d6i tuqng vdi vi¢e eh9n
hai di~m dau va cu6i eua do<:tn d.n xen.
Neu ta eh9n cae ditm bang phuong thue truy b~t giao diem (Intersection)
thl dua ra ket qua cling gi6ng nhu l¢nh Trim.
67

• Commad: Break .J
Select object: (Chc.Jn d6i tuqng co do~n rna ta muon xen).
SpeCIfy second break point or [First point]; F .J
Specify first break point: (Ch9n diem dau tien cua dO<;J.n can xen).
SpeCIfy second break point: (ChQn dieIT!- cu6i cua do~n can xen).
3.3. ChQn m(Jt diem (I point)
L¢oh Break trong truong hqp nay dung de tach mot doi wang tMoh 2 doi
tuqng dqc l~p. Di~m tach la di~m rna ta ch9n d6i tuqng d~ thl!c hi~n l~nh
Break.
Select object: (Ch9n doi tUQ'I1g co dO<;J.n rna ta muon xen t<;J.i di~m cAn tach
doi tuqng).
Specify second break point: @ .J
3.4. ChQn d6i tu,!ng va m(>t diem (I point)
Dung l~nh Break d~ tach d6i tuqng thanh hai d6i tuqng, each nay ke't hqp
gifra cach 3.2 va 3.3
Select object: (eh'ln doi tuqng de tach thanh 2 doi wqng).
Specify second break point or [First point.!: F .J
Specify first break point: (Ch9n diem tach hai doi ttrqng).
Specify second break point: @ .J
4. Keo dili deii tl/qng (I~nh Extend)
Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Tholbar
ModifylExtend MODIFY2IExfend Extend, Ex Modify
Ngtrqc l<;J.i voi I~nh Trim, l¢nh Extend dung d~ keo dai m¢t d6i tuqog
(object to extend) den giao voi m¢t d6i tuqng dtrqc ch9n (duQ'c g9i la duang
bien "Boundary edge(s)"). D6i tuqng la duang bien con co th~ Ia d6i tl1Qng
can keo dai.
68

• Command: Extend .J
Current settings: Projection = UCS Edge = None
Select boundary edge'"
Select objects: (Ch9n d6i nrqng HI. dllong bien).
Select objects: (Ch9n ti€p cae d6i tuqng lam duemg bien ho~e Enter d~ k€t
thue vi~e h!a eh9n).
Select objects to extend or shift-select to trim or /Project! Edge/Undo]:
(Ch9n d6i tuqng can keo dai).
Select objects to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project! Edge!Undol:
(Ch9n tiep cac d6i tuqng cAn keo dai ho~c nh~n Enter d~ k€t thuc I~nh).
• Cae h!a ch9n:
Edgemode Tltong t~ nhu l¢nh Trim. Sir dung l~a eh9n Edgemode
v& h!a ch9n extend de keo dai m¢t do~n thling d€n m¢t do~n thAng khong
giao v6i no.
Vndo Dung de huy be thao tae vua tht!c hi~n
5. Xoay cae d6i tU'l;lng xung quanh m'?t dillm (I~nh Rotate)
ModifylRotate MODIFY2Rotate Rotate, Ro Modify
L~nh Rotate cho phep xoay cae d6i tuqng quanh m¢t diem ehua.n (base
point). Diem ehua.n nay duqc coi Ia tAm xoay.
• Command: Rotate .J
Curent positive angle in UCS: ANGDIR = counterclockwise ANGBASE = 0
Select objects: (Ch9n d6i tm;mg d.n xoay).
Select objects: (Ch9n tiep d6i tuqng, ho~e Enter M ket thUe vi¢e I~a eh9n)
Specify base point: (Ch9n Him quay).
Specify rotation angle or [ReferenceJ: (Nh~p goc xoay, ho~e nh~p R de
sau do nh~p goe tham chieu).
69

6. Thay deli kfch thllc'lc cac do; tl1C;lng thea ty I~ (I~nh Scale)
pun - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Tholbar
ModifylScale MODIFY21Scaie Scale, Sc Modify
L~nh Scale dung de thay d6i kich thLF6'c cae d6i tuqng thea ty l¢ tang
hay giam.
• Command: Scale .J
Select objects: (ChQn d6i tuqng can tang hay giam kich thU0C).
Select objects: (Ch90 tiep d6i tuqog, ho~c Enter de ket thue vi¢c h,ra ch90).
SpeCIfy base point: (Ch90 di~m chu~n Iii moe dUng yen khi thay ct6i ty l¢).
SpeCIfy scale factor or IReferenceJ: (Nh~p h¢ 56 ty l¢, ho~c nh~p R de sau
do nh~p thong s6 tham chieu).
7. Thay deli chieu do; doi tll~ng (I~nh Lengthen)
ModifylLengthen MODIFY2ILengthen Lengthen Modify
Khi muon thay deli chieu diii d.c d6i tUQ'ng Ii'!. do~n th~ng hay cung tron,
dung l~nh Lengthen.
• Command: Lengthen .J
Selecl an object or jDELtaIPercenf/TofaIIDynomicj:
• Cae li,a ch9n thuang dung:
Select an object Lam hi~n thi chieu dai do~n thang, hay goc 0 tam eua
cung dii chqn.
DElta Nh~p s6 gia d~ thay d6i chieu dai d6i tuqng: s6 gia duong se
lam tang chicu dai d6i tuqng, con 56 gia am se lam giam chieu dai d6i tuqng.
Enter delta length or IAnglef.· (Nh~p s6 gia ).
Select an object to change or [Undoj: Ch9n d6i tuqng d.n thay d6i kich thu6c.
70

Percent Thay dOi chi~u dai d6i tuqng thea phAn tram: >100% thl lam
t~ng chieu dai, < 100% thllam giiim chieu dai.
8. Keo gian cac dol tlt9ng (I~nh Stretch)
ModifylStTech MODIFY21Strech Stretch Modify
Khi cAn keo gHin cae d6i tuqng rna d6i tuqng van khong dUt rai, thi dung
l~nh Stretch.
• Command: Stretch .J
Select object to stretch by crossing-window or crossing-polygon ...
Select object: (ChQn d6i tm;mg dung crossing-window).
Select object: (NMin Enter ket thue vi~e chQn).
SpeCIfy base point or displacement or, use first point as displacement >:
(NhaP diem chuiln).
Spec~fy destination point: (Nh~p diem can dbi den).
9. Dol va quay cac doi Iltl;lng (I~nh ALIGN)
Modljy3D OperutionAlign Modify21Align Align, Al
Lenh Align cho phep doi, xoay, hoac bien d(i d6i Ilt"ng theo ty l~. Khi
can thiet l~p ban ve lap tu nhieu chi tiet, dung I~nh Align kh<i hi~u qua.
Co the co 3 tlnh hu6ng sau:
I. Khi chi can dai hinh:
• Command: Align .J
Select object: (Chon d6i tl1"ng ciln doi).
Select object: (Nh<fn Enter ket thuc vi~c ehQn).
Specify first source point: (ChQn diem nguon tren d6i tuqng ehQn).
71

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