Your friend remarked, “A company will never drop a product from its product line that has a positive contribution margin. It will want to garner every bit of profit that it can.” Is this true in all cases? What are the risks and benefits of evaluating product continuation or implementation using the contribution margin? 1) Regarding the solution below. The contribution margin mainly looks at the variable costs.  What potential problems could result from the product's associated fixed costs? In this case it is important to evaluate what the friend means by positive contribution as it can be lower and higher. It is important for the firm to have an overall high product contribution in order to maintain a high profit level. The contribution levels for all products must be analysed in order to calculate the contribution of each of the products to the overall profit level (Contribution Margin, (n.d)). Hence in these examples given above we see that if any product has a positive but low contribution, then that specific product must be dropped from production the respective year due to the lack of resources so that it does not dilute the high contribution level of other products and ultimately the overall contribution level. Hence the resources for each product is very important when it comes to the decision of dropping a product based on its contribution level as a product will have low contribution if the resources for the same are low. The risk of using such an analysis is that we lose out on unanticipated increase in demand of the product that is dropped. The benefit of this analysis is that we know which products to drop in order to maintain a high profit level for all the products that are produced by the company. Running header: RESEARCH RESEARCH 2 Research Topic Mixed racial and cultural groups are growing in the United States. Should each group expect to be treated as a separate entity, or should residents of the United States be considered Americans without the hyphen? Initial Research America is knows and the land of opportunities and this has prompted very many people to join the American society, there is a common saying that America is a nation of immigrants and perhaps this can not be very far from the truth. Form research, you realize that it is difficult to say who a Native American is because most of the Americans have their ancestral roots somewhere else. The fact that the Americans society is made up of diverse people means that there has to be a way of differentiating the various groups and that is why we have terms like African- American , which leads to the question, would there be just American or we should have American-something else? Very year many people come to America as students or through the green card while others come as expatriates and w.

1. Your friend remarked, “A company will never drop a product
from its product line that has a positive contribution margin. It
will want to garner every bit of profit that it can.” Is this true in
all cases? What are the risks and benefits of evaluating product
continuation or implementation using the contribution margin?
1)
Regarding the solution below. The contribution margin mainly
looks at the variable costs. What potential problems could
result from the product's associated fixed costs?
In this case it is important to evaluate what the friend means by
positive contribution as it can be lower and higher. It is
important for the firm to have an overall high product
contribution in order to maintain a high profit level. The
contribution levels for all products must be analysed in order to
calculate the contribution of each of the products to the overall
profit level (Contribution Margin, (n.d)). Hence in these
examples given above we see that if any product has a positive
but low contribution, then that specific product must be dropped
from production the respective year due to the lack of resources
so that it does not dilute the high contribution level of other
products and ultimately the overall contribution level. Hence
the resources for each product is very important when it comes
to the decision of dropping a product based on its contribution
level as a product will have low contribution if the resources for
the same are low. The risk of using such an analysis is that we
lose out on unanticipated increase in demand of the product that
is dropped. The benefit of this analysis is that we know which
products to drop in order to maintain a high profit level for all
the products that are produced by the company.

2. Running header: RESEARCH
RESEARCH
2
Research Topic
Mixed racial and cultural groups are growing in the United
States. Should each group expect to be treated as a separate
entity, or should residents of the United States be considered
Americans without the hyphen?
Initial Research
America is knows and the land of opportunities and this has
prompted very many people to join the American society, there
is a common saying that America is a nation of immigrants and
perhaps this can not be very far from the truth. Form research,
you realize that it is difficult to say who a Native American is
because most of the Americans have their ancestral roots
somewhere else. The fact that the Americans society is made up
of diverse people means that there has to be a way of
differentiating the various groups and that is why we have
terms like African- American , which leads to the question,
would there be just American or we should have American-
something else?
Very year many people come to America as students or through
the green card while others come as expatriates and with time,
they become permanent citizens, when this happens, they
become important contributors of the nations GDP, to many this
makes them to be Americans. It is for his reason that a study is
required to address this issue. This study will seek to examine
these from various perspectives.
Proposed Thesis
All Americans are equal because they contribute to the nation’s
GDP, and they should just be called Americans.

3. References
Hellen, J. (2003).Research Methods. Nairobi: Longman
Mugenda, M. (2001). Introduction to research. London:
Macmillan
Brigit, H. (2003). Quantitative Methods .New York: NYP
Running header: RESEARCH
RESEARCH
2
The Diversity Challenge in America
Brianna Williams
English Composition
James Welsh
Ashford University
11/18/2013
The Diversity Challenge in America
Annotated Bibliography
Fu, V. K., & Wolfinger, N. H. (December 01, 2011). Broken
Boundaries or Broken Marriages? Racial Intermarriage and
Divorce in the United States. Social Science Quarterly, 92, 4,
1096-1117.
According to various studies, it is evident that racial
intermarriages have consequences based on marital stability.
However, none of these studies controls racial differences in
divorce risks, and this appropriately identifies the effect of
intermarriages among races. The article develops a model that
identifies the consequences of crossing racial boundaries in
marriages. It is determined that the intermarriage Latino-white
marriages were more than the Africa-white marriages.

4. Intermarriage is determined as an important deficiency of the
research providing precise resolution. Although the rates of
Latino American marriages are higher, the great instability of
the marriages indicates that the boundaries are still resilient.
WANG, Q. I. N. G. F. A. N. G. (September 01, 2010).
Immigration and Ethnic Entrepreneurship: A Comparative Study
in the United States. Growth and Change, 41, 3, 430-458.
According to the Singer typology, there are diverse types of
immigration the serve as gateways to many individuals.
According to the article, it is evident that the conditions of the
metropolitan areas have an impact on ethnic labor force across
ethnicity and gender. Through a research of 5% of the 2000
Integrated Public Usable Micro data Sample and the regression
strategy, this article demonstrates that diverse types of
immigration gateways have a great impact on the value of ethnic
entrepreneurship. it is evident that the white and blacks, are
lucky to develop businesses in their new migration destinations.
However, there are differences that contribute to the interaction
effects of gender and regional labor markets. These are the most
significant issue of r blacks and Asians and such interactions
usually shape gender divergence in business ownership in ethnic
groups.
Williamson, J. (March 08, 1980). New people: Miscegenation
and mulattoes in the United States. Social Science Quarterly,
92, 6, 475-981.
Based on the article, it is evident that there are insightful
analyses that occur based on the miscegenation of American
whites and Blacks from colonial period to the present. However,
the group knows as “New people”, have interracial association
and this is one of the numerous reasons why miscegenation has
affected the national culture. It is noted that the American
blacks are identified as of mixed ancestry; this has marked the

5. beginning of mulattos’ history and culture. The article
emphasizes that this has been a definite way to determine the
experience of the mulattoes. According to Williamson, he
focuses on the aspect of color that has separated the blacks,
whites and the mulattoes in history. The effects of the increased
ambiguity of these aspects have been speculated on the future of
the American society.
Doane, A. W. (June 01, 1997). DOMINANT GROUP ETHNIC
IDENTITY IN THE UNITED STATES: The Role of “Hidden’
Ethnicity in Intergroup Relations. Sociological Quarterly, 38, 3,
375-397.
The article focuses on various issues that concern the nature of
dominant group ethnicity in the United States. According to
dominant groups, ethnicity is viewed as a less visible and
salient aspect of dominant status. The concealed ethnicity has
resulted to systematic underdevelopment of the race and ethnic
relation associated to the analysis of dominant ethnicity. The
nature of dominant groups has been identified as a factor that
facilitates the attempt of dominant groups that hold high
positions in ethnic stratification. The article also focuses on the
consequences of the race and culture changes in the United
States.
Osei-Kofi, N. (February 01, 2013). Mixed, Blended Nation, and
the politics of multiraciality in the United States. Critical
Discourse Studies, 10, 1, 32-46.
This article focuses on the issues on multiracial shape, and
reflection and the challenge of dissertation of race. According
to the article there are various functions of photographic
narratives that develop visibility and legitimacy to
multiracialism. The historical and contemporary themes and
tensions in image based endeavors to trouble notions of racial
differences.

6. Running header: RESEARCH
RESEARCH
2
The Diversity Challenge in America
Brianna Williams
English Composition
James Welsh
Ashford University
11/18/2013
Introduction
According to the research, annually, many individuals relocate
to America as students or through access to green cards. Other
individuals expatriate and after a period, they become full
citizens of America. When this act occurs, all the individuals
contribute to the nation GDP, and according to the conclusion
of many, they are American citizens (Williamson, 1980). This
study aims at addressing the issues that arise, and it also
examines the aspects of race and culture on diverse
perspectives.
Mixed racial and cultural groups in the United States have been
described as one of the most important aspect discussed. It is
evident that mixed racial relationships have the tendency of
increasing globally, but it is more in the United States (Fu and
Wolfinger, 2011). There are diverse individuals who elaborate
on the case that the groups are supposed to be treated as distinct
entity or if they are considered as ethnic Americans. However,
although mixed racial and cultural groups continue to increase
in the United States, it seems that majority of the individuals
have the concept that separate ethnicity will remain prevalent in
the United States.

7. However, when they encountered with by factors affecting other
countries it is evident that they consider themselves as African-
American or Mexican American and Asian American. Majority
of the Americans have multiple identities whereby this factor
identifies their ancestral origins, communal association and
tribal aspects. This is based on the fact that there are diverse
ideological aspects of both culture and race. However,
individuals do not change their ethnicity since it is considered
fashionable, but they may also emphasize diverse aspects based
on their circumstances.
The United States has been a strategic location which is better
through the classification of an ethnic background for various
reasons (Doane, 1997). This also focuses on an accurate report
of their parent’s origin and ethnic backgrounds. In diverse
cases, the knowledge of their ancestral origin has improved
along diverse families and communities although in some cases,
the narratives tend to be suppressed and forgotten in history,
resulting to racial variance among the individuals.
The racial and ethnic makeup of the American individuals
increases over period of time. It has been noted that new
immigrants from both Asia and Latin America has been as a
large measure that focuses on cultural and the diversity of the
American population over the past couple of years (Williamson,
1980). The difference of racial and ethnic groups has developed
because of the increased intermarriages and the developing
numbers of individuals with a mixed ancestry. The description
of the racial and ethnic composition of American individuals
has varied accounts and interpretation.
It is worth noting that individuals have diverse identities that
focus on their complex ancestral origins and tribal associations.
It is evident that individuals do not change their ethnicities due
to personal preferences but because of diverse aspects based on
their varied circumstances. An example is an individual who has

8. Mexican relatives; they are identified as Hispanic, and also
American in other countries (WANG, 2010). There are
possibilities that exist in the saved data because of the
opportunities based on varied responses of diverse census
question of race and ethnicity.
The ethnic and racial landscape developed in the 19th century
(Osei-Kofi, 2013). However, through continental expansions has
been a home for Native Americans and individuals with mixed
origins. There are successive waves of European and Asian
origin, and this has been one of the contributing factors of the
high populations. The track of mixed and unmixed individuals
in America has been determined through historical and
contemporary data. However, one of the shortcomings of the
data is the fact that there is a difference in settlement rates and
intermarriages. It has been noted that slight differences and
assumptions based on relative magnitude of the research
program has been termed to create a difference in ancestral
origins based on the contemporary American population.
There are great obstacles in the description of ethnic
development of American individuals relies on the assumption
of most individuals having the ability to give a detailed report
based on the origins of their families and ancestors (Doane,
1997). The only groups that are involved in the support of
continued collection of racial and ethnic data entails of racial
bureaucrats and other groups that are interested in racial and
ethnic perspectives. The organizations state that the
identification of individuals in a certain race is vital in
redressing of past injustices. The federal government is
supposed to collect and utilize data with an aim of developing
racial and ethnic programs, which have affirmative quotas set
aside for the groups. These groups usually entail of recent
immigrants, and non citizens. It would be a fair nation if
individuals were not judged based on their racial and ethnic
backgrounds.

9. In conclusion, it has been noted that the American individuals
require legislation that hinders that federal government from the
collection of racial and ethnic information concerning the
classification of American citizens by their race and ethnicity
(Williamson, 1980). This also focuses on the data collected
through census information. However, according to the
research, exceptions occur based on law enforcements and
medical research purposes.
References
Doane, A. W. (June 01, 1997). DOMINANT GROUP ETHNIC
IDENTITY IN THE UNITED STATES: The Role of “Hidden’
Ethnicity in Intergroup Relations. Sociological Quarterly, 38, 3,
375-397.
Fu, V. K., & Wolfinger, N. H. (December 01, 2011). Broken
Boundaries or Broken Marriages? Racial Intermarriage and
Divorce in the United States. Social Science Quarterly, 92, 4,
1096-1117.
Osei-Kofi, N. (February 01, 2013). Mixed, Blended Nation, and
the politics of multiraciality in the United States. Critical
Discourse Studies, 10, 1, 32-46.
Williamson, J. (March 08, 1980). New people: Miscegenation
and mulattoes in the United States. Social Science Quarterly,
92, 6, 475-981.
WANG, Q. I. N. G. F. A. N. G. (September 01, 2010).
Immigration and Ethnic Entrepreneurship: A Comparative Study
in the United States. Growth and Change, 41, 3, 430-458.
The data for this analysis has been taken from Proctor &
Gamble’s 2012 annual reports, which show that the company
made an operating profit of $13292 million. The contribution
margin for the company has been found to be 49 percent and
this information will help the company in achieving next year’s
target sales of $97953 million with a growth rate of 17 percent

10. (Yahoo Finance, 2013). By using the same information, the
breakeven point can be found as specified in the case study. If
the company has enough resources to produce enough products
so as not to lower the overall contribution margin then all the
products must be produced. If it is found that the company has
lower resources for even one product, then that product must be
dropped so as not to lower the contribution level for all the
products. In the analysis of the tables given in the case study we
see that if any product has low contribution level then it must
be dropped to keep the high contribution level of all the
products of the company intact. The term of contribution margin
is very important to decipher the breakeven point and take
important decisions of the firm whether to produce certain
goods or to drop it (Contribution Margin, (n.d)).
Figures in millions of $
2012
Sales
83680
Cost of goods sold
42391
Contribution Margin
41289
Less operating expenses
27997
Operating profit
13292
References
Contribution Margin (n.d). Retrieved on November 16, 2013,
from
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/contributionmargin.asp
Yahoo Finance (2013). P&G Income Statement. Retrieved on
November 16, 2013, from http://finance.yahoo.com
2 Question’s

11. 1)
For companies like this, there is a huge amount of fixed assets
to maintain and depreciate. How does that fact impact the
breakeven?
2)
What constitutes important to keep/or drop a product?