1. Blood
S Naghma Rizvi
March, 2015.
Acknowledgement :Muhammad Nisar

2. Objectives
 Define blood, its general properties and function.
 Explain the composition.
 Describe the formation of Blood cells
 Discuss the structure and functions of blood cells
 RBC (Erythrocytes)
 WBC (Leukocytes)
 Platelets (thrombocytes
 Discuss the composition of plasma
 Describe the three mechanism that contribute towards
hemostasis
 Briefly discuss theABO blood groups and Rh factor.

3. Blood
It is a connective tissue which consists of
plasma and formed elements (blood cells)
flowing inside the closed vessels.
Physical characteristics of blood
Color Red (varies with O2 content)
Volume 5-6 (males) & 4-5 (Females)
pH 7.35 - 7.45
Viscosity (relative to water) 4.5 – 5.5
% of total body mass 8%
Temperature 380C
Salinity 0.9% Nacl

4. Functions of Blood
1.Transportation
 oxygen and carbon dioxide
 food molecules (glucose, lipids, amino acids)
Na+, Ca+2, HCO−3) ions (e.g.,
 wastes (e.g., urea)
 hormones
2.Regulation
 Body temperature
 pH
3.Protection
 Clotting
 Defense

5. Un-
clotted/un-
centrifuged
blood
Centrifuged
bloodRBCs & WBCs are whole cells platelets are
cell fragments
Composition of blood

6. Plasma
Yellowish clear liquid, composed of:
Water = 91%
Proteins = 7% (all synthesized by the liver)
• Albumin = 54%, regulates osmotic pressure of blood
• Globulins = 38%, alpha and beta globulins in transport,
• gamma globulins in defense (antibodies)
• Fibrinogen = 7%, coagulation
Other solutes =2%
• Electrolytes - Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++
• Nutrients - glucose, amino acids, fatty acids,
monoglycerides
• Gases - O2, N2, CO2
• Regulatory substance - hormones, enzymes
• Vitamins and wastes

7. Hemopoieses
The process of development of blood cells

8. Erythrocytes (RBC)
contains 280 millions Hb molecules, that can carry
Physical characteristics of Erythrocyte
Size 7 µm in diameter & 2.2 µm thick
Shape Flattened and biconcave disc
Mean count 4.5-5.5 per mm3 of blood
Morphology Red color, (variable) non-nucleated, each RBC
over a billion O2 molecule
Site for production Bone marrow
Life span 120 days
Function Carries O2 and nutrients, removes CO2 & wastes

9. Structure of Erythrocyte
(Hemoglobin molecule)
•
oxygen in the tissue.
Globin Molecule
Hemoglobin molecule
contain 4 protein chains
called globins, each of
which is bound to 1 heme
(iron). Iron is able to
combine with oxygen in
the lungs and deliver it to
body tissues.
is able to combine with
oxygen in the lung and release
HEME molecule

10. Life Cycle of RBC

11. Life Cycle of RBC
Macrophage in spleen & liver, phagocytize RBC &
split heme & globin
Globin broken into amino acids to be reused
Fe removed from heme & attaches to transferrin
Fe-transferrin → red marrow → Hb synthesis
Erythropoiesis in red marrow
Fe removed from heme → non-Fe portion →
biliverdin →bilirubin →bile → GI tract
Bilirubin →urobilinogen in large intestine →some
urobilinogen →blood → urobilin → yellow pigment in
urine
Most urobilinogen → feces → as brown pigment
stercobilin
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

12. Leukocytes (WBC)
They are largest of all blood cells, have nuclei and
do not contain Hb.Forms 1% of blood volume
On the basis of presence of absence of chemical
filled cytoplasmic granules
into two types:
Granular leukocyte
WBCs are classified
Agranular leukocyte
Granules
Granulocyte or PMNLS
Agranulcytes

13. Granulocytes
Multi-lobed nuclei
Named according to dyes they take up
l
BasophilEosinophiNeutrophil

14. Neutrophils (PMNLs)
Life span 6-9 hours
%of WBCs 60%-70%
Nucleus lobular
Granules Reddish-violet
Functions Phagocytosis, diapedesis, chemotaxis,
extravasation, release antimicrobial subs

15. Basophil (PMNLs)
leukotrien & heparin
Life span
%of
WBCs:
0.5%-1%
Nucleus large and U to S shaped
Granules Blue
Functions Secretes histamine ,serotonin, prostaglandin,

16. Eosinophil (PMNLs)
parasites
complex, and allergens
Life span
%of WBCs: 2-4%
Nucleus 2 large lobes
Granules Stain red
Functions  Release enzyme that destroy
 Phagocytosis of antigen antibody

17. Agranulocytes
Their nucleus are round or
stains dark
Lymphocyte
 T- lymphocyte(T cells)
 B- lymphocyte(B cells)
slightly indented and
 Natural killer cells (NK cells)
Monocyte

18. Lymphocyte
cells.
infected cells, Natural killer cell tumor
T lymphocyteB lymphocyte Natural Killer
cells
%of WBCs: 20-25 %
Nucleus Nucleus round or slightly indented
Types B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes & Natural killer
Functions B-cells bacteria, T-cells attack microorg and

19. Monocyte
pathogens, dead neutrophil and debris of dead
%of WBCs: 3-8
Nucleus Kidney or horse shoe shape nucleus
Functions Differentiate into macrophages. Phagocytize
cells

20. Platelets or
Thrombocytes
Size 4 µm in diameter
Shape Disc shape
Mean count 130000-400000 per mm3 of blood
Morphology Non-nucleated fragments of cells
Site for production Bone marrow
Life span 5-9 days
Function Blood clotting

21. Hemostasis/Haemostasis
Heamostasis or
place through a
include.
• Vasospasm
cessation of bleeding takes
series of responses, these
• Platelet plug formation:
• Coagulation
Follow the sequence to events initiated
when platelets come into contact with an
injured surface

22. Vasospasm
• Vessel wall constricts for a short period
• Platelets (sticky) adhere to the injured wall
• Platelets change their shape
• Platelets (activated) release serotonin that constrict
the vessel

23. Platelet Plug formation
• Passing platelets stick to the site and release
chemicals that attract more platelets.
• More platelets move leading to platelets
aggregation (positive feedback.
• Platelets form a plug or a temporary seal
within six minutes.

24. Coagulation
• Thromboplastin (TP) or tissue factor released
by damaged tissue cells.
• TP activates (through series of chemical
reactions) the inactive clotting factors already
present in the blood.
• Prothrombin activato, first step in final
common pathway.
This final common pathway can be initiated by
two processes usually occurring together…

25. The insoluble fibrin threads
increase in number and forms a
meshwork that trap blood cells and
is much stronger than platelet plug

26. Vasospasm

27. Platelet Plug Formation

28. Plasma clotting Factors
Factor Name Function
I Fibrinogen Converted to
fibrin
II Prothrombin Enzyme
III Tissue
Thromboplastin
Co factor
IV Ca++ Co factor
V proaccelerin,
Labile factor
Co factor
VII proconvertin Enzyme
VIII AHF A Co factor

29. IX AHF B Enzyme
X Trombokinase Enzyme
XI AHF C Enzyme
XII Hageman
Factor
Enzyme
XIII Fibrin stabilizing
factor
Enzyme

30. ABO Blood System
This



Two


system consists of three
Antigen A
Antigen B
Antigen Rh
types of antibodies
Anti-Aantibody
Anti-B antibody
types of antigens
ABO system forms four major types of blood groups.
The table below shows the possible combinations of
antigens and antibodies with the correspondingABO
type ("yes" indicates the presence of a component and
"no"indicates its absence in the blood of an individual).

31. ABO
blood type
Antigen
A
Antigen
B
Antibody
A
Antibody
B
A Yes No No Yes
B No Yes Yes No
AB Yes Yes No No
O No No Yes Yes

34. Anti-B antibody Ant-Rh antyibody
Anti-A antibody

39. Blood Transfusion

40. Hemolytic disease in Newborn