1. Blood
S Naghma Rizvi
March, 2015.
Acknowledgement :Muhammad Nisar

2. Objectives
 Define blood, its general properties and function.
 Explain the composition.
 Describe the formation of Blood cells
 Discuss the structure and functions of blood cells
 RBC (Erythrocytes)
 WBC (Leukocytes)
 Platelets (thrombocytes
 Discuss the composition of plasma
 Describe the three mechanism that contribute towards
hemostasis
 Briefly discuss the ABO blood groups and Rh factor.

3. Blood
It is a connective tissue which consists of
plasma and formed elements (blood cells)
flowing inside the closed vessels.
Physical characteristics of blood
Color Red (varies with O2 content)
Volume 5-6 (males) & 4-5 (Females)
pH 7.35 - 7.45
Viscosity (relative to water) 4.5 – 5.5
% of total body mass 8%
Temperature 380C
Salinity 0.9% Nacl

4. Functions of Blood
1.Transportation
 oxygen and carbon dioxide
 food molecules (glucose, lipids, amino acids)
 ions (e.g., Na+, Ca+2, HCO−3)
 wastes (e.g., urea)
 hormones
2.Regulation
 Body temperature
 pH
3.Protection
 Clotting
 Defense

5. Composition of blood
Centrifuged
bloodRBCs & WBCs are whole cells platelets are
cell fragments
Un-
clotted/un-
centrifuged
blood

6. Plasma
Yellowish clear liquid, composed of:
Water = 91%
Proteins = 7% (all synthesized by the liver)
• Albumin = 54%, regulates osmotic pressure of blood
• Globulins = 38%, alpha and beta globulins in transport,
• gamma globulins in defense (antibodies)
• Fibrinogen = 7%, coagulation
Other solutes =2%
• Electrolytes - Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++
• Nutrients - glucose, amino acids, fatty acids,
monoglycerides
• Gases - O2, N2, CO2
• Regulatory substance - hormones, enzymes
• Vitamins and wastes

7. Hemopoieses
The process of development of blood cells

8. Erythrocytes (RBC)
Physical characteristics of Erythrocyte
Size 7 µm in diameter & 2.2 µm thick
Shape Flattened and biconcave disc
Mean count 4.5-5.5 per mm3 of blood
Morphology Red color, (variable) non-nucleated, each RBC
contains 280 millions Hb molecules, that can carry
over a billion O2 molecule
Site for production Bone marrow
Life span 120 days
Function Carries O2 and nutrients, removes CO2 & wastes

9. Structure of Erythrocyte
(Hemoglobin molecule)
• HEME molecule
Globin Molecule
Hemoglobin molecule
contain 4 protein chains
called globins, each of
which is bound to 1 heme
(iron). Iron is able to
combine with oxygen in
the lungs and deliver it to
body tissues.
is able to combine with
oxygen in the lung and release
oxygen in the tissue.

10. Life Cycle of RBC

11. • http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/007250
7470/student_view0/chapter19/animation__he
moglobin_breakdown.html

12. Life Cycle of RBC
• Macrophage in spleen & liver, phagocytize RBC &
split heme & globin
• Globin broken into amino acids to be reused
• Fe removed from heme & attaches to transferrin
• Fe-transferrin → red marrow → Hb synthesis
• Erythropoiesis in red marrow
• Fe removed from heme → non-Fe portion →
biliverdin →bilirubin →bile → GI tract
• Bilirubin →urobilinogen in large intestine →some
urobilinogen →blood → urobilin → yellow pigment in
urine
• Most urobilinogen → feces → as brown pigment
stercobilin

13. Leukocytes (WBC)
They are largest of all blood cells, have nuclei and
do not contain Hb.Forms 1% of blood volume
On the basis of presence of absence of chemical
filled cytoplasmic granules WBCs are classified
into two types:
Granular leukocyte
Agranular leukocyte
Granules
Granulocyte or PMNLS
Agranulcytes

14. Granulocytes
Multi-lobed nuclei
Named according to dyes they take up
BasophilNeutrophil Eosinophi
l

15. Neutrophils (PMNLs)
Life span 6-9 hours
%of WBCs 60%-70%
Nucleus lobular
Granules Reddish-violet
Functions Phagocytosis, diapedesis, chemotaxis,
extravasation, release antimicrobial subs

16. Basophil (PMNLs)
Life span
%of
WBCs:
0.5%-1%
Nucleus large and U to S shaped
Granules Blue
Functions Secretes histamine ,serotonin, prostaglandin,
leukotrien & heparin

17. Eosinophil (PMNLs)
Life span
%of WBCs: 2-4%
Nucleus 2 large lobes
Granules Stain red
Functions  Release enzyme that destroy
parasites
 Phagocytosis of antigen antibody
complex, and allergens

18. Agranulocytes
Their nucleus are round or slightly indented and
stains dark
Lymphocyte
 T- lymphocyte(T cells)
 B- lymphocyte(B cells)
 Natural killer cells (NK cells)
Monocyte

19. Lymphocyte
%of WBCs: 20-25 %
Nucleus Nucleus round or slightly indented
Types B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes & Natural killer
cells.
Functions B-cells bacteria, T-cells attack microorg and
infected cells, Natural killer cell tumor
B lymphocyte T lymphocyte Natural Killer
cells

20. Monocyte
%of WBCs: 3-8
Nucleus Kidney or horse shoe shape nucleus
Functions Differentiate into macrophages. Phagocytize
pathogens, dead neutrophil and debris of dead
cells

21. Platelets or
Thrombocytes
Size 4 µm in diameter
Shape Disc shape
Mean count 130000-400000 per mm3 of blood
Morphology Non-nucleated fragments of cells
Site for production Bone marrow
Life span 5-9 days
Function Blood clotting

22. Hemostasis/Haemostasis
Heamostasis or cessation of bleeding takes
place through a series of responses, these
include.
• Vasospasm
• Platelet plug formation:
• Coagulation
Follow the sequence to events initiated
when platelets come into contact with an
injured surface

23. Vasospasm
• Vessel wall constricts for a short period
• Platelets (sticky) adhere to the injured wall
• Platelets change their shape
• Platelets (activated) release serotonin that constrict
the vessel

24. Platelet Plug formation
• Passing platelets stick to the site and release
chemicals that attract more platelets.
• More platelets move leading to platelets
aggregation (positive feedback.
• Platelets form a plug or a temporary seal
within six minutes.

25. Coagulation
• Thromboplastin (TP) or tissue factor released
by damaged tissue cells.
• TP activates (through series of chemical
reactions) the inactive clotting factors already
present in the blood.
• Prothrombin activato, first step in final
common pathway.
This final common pathway can be initiated by
two processes usually occurring together…

26. The insoluble fibrin threads
increase in number and forms a
meshwork that trap blood cells and
is much stronger than platelet plug

27. Vasospasm

28. Platelet Plug Formation

29. Plasma clotting Factors
Factor Name Function
I Fibrinogen Converted to
fibrin
II Prothrombin Enzyme
III Tissue
Thromboplastin
Co factor
IV Ca++ Co factor
V proaccelerin,
Labile factor
Co factor
VII proconvertin Enzyme
VIII AHF A Co factor

30. IX AHF B Enzyme
X Trombokinase Enzyme
XI AHF C Enzyme
XII Hageman
Factor
Enzyme
XIII Fibrin stabilizing
factor
Enzyme

31. ABO Blood System
This system consists of three types of antigens
 Antigen A
 Antigen B
 Antigen Rh
Two types of antibodies
 Anti-A antibody
 Anti-B antibody
ABO system forms four major types of blood groups.
The table below shows the possible combinations of
antigens and antibodies with the corresponding ABO
type ("yes" indicates the presence of a component and
"no"indicates its absence in the blood of an individual).

32. ABO
blood type
Antigen
A
Antigen
B
Antibody
A
Antibody
B
A Yes No No Yes
B No Yes Yes No
AB Yes Yes No No
O No No Yes Yes

35. Anti-A antibody
Anti-B antibody Ant-Rh antyibody

40. Blood Transfusion

41. Hemolytic disease in Newborn