New reponses 4 and 5 When conducting research its important to know if the sources used are reliable and valid. According to Phelan & Wren (2005) reliability refers to the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results and validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure. Reliability is used in dentistry everyday when assessing our patient’s periodontal health. We use a special instrument to measure the gums that’s gives reliable results every time because of the 1mm marks.  Validity is also used in our office daily when we take x-rays on our patients. Say we used our periodontal instrument to measure the gums; we can use the x-rays to measure the bone level. In the bone level is low, our measurements will be high and if our bone levels are healthy and high, our periodontal measurements will be low. Phelan, C., Wren, J. (2005). Exploring Reliability in Academic Assessment. Retrieved from https://chfasoa.uni.edu/reliabilityandvalidity.htm 5. Validity and reliability are concepts that help when measuring properties of a survey, test, questionnaire or anything that is measure. Definitions are, “Validity refers to the extent to which a procedure measures what it is supposed to measure” (Neutens & Rubinson, 2014, pg. 167). “Reliability refers to the stability of the instrument” (Neutens & Rubinson, 2014, pg. 167). Reliability means that the research process has been repeated several times and the results continue to be similar. So when the information is reliable the information can be valid. A good example of validity and reliability at my workplace is the CBC machine/SYSMEX. Our CBC machine is used constantly, and to measure reliability we repeat our samples to make sure the information is correct.  When the results are constantly similar, we valid the CBC results for each patient. As well we validate the machine to be accurate.  Reference Neutens, J. J., & Rubinson, L. (2014). Research techniques for the health sciences (5th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. DQ1 Responses 1. The constant, ever changing medical field coextends with research methods in health sciences. Researchers use certain methods such as experimental, survey, evaluation, qualitative, clinical, comparative, and analytic epidemiology (Neutons & Rubison, 2014). Experimental research relates to a study in which the researchers control one or more variables in the experiment to determine results. Survey research methods describe and reveal results of an occurrence, provide descriptions of conditions while comparing and contrasting the relationships of the variables. Evaluation research provides a method of assessment from collected evidence derived from a sample population in which the conclusions relay effectiveness, merit, and success of the process/program studied. Qualitative research is a method of gathering and analyzing numerical or quantitative data. Many regulatory organizations across the na ...

1. New reponses 4 and 5
When conducting research its important to know if the sources
used are reliable and valid. According to Phelan & Wren (2005)
reliability refers to the degree to which an assessment tool
produces stable and consistent results and validity refers to how
well a test measures what it is purported to measure. Reliability
is used in dentistry everyday when assessing our patient’s
periodontal health. We use a special instrument to measure the
gums that’s gives reliable results every time because of the
1mm marks. Validity is also used in our office daily when we
take x-rays on our patients. Say we used our periodontal
instrument to measure the gums; we can use the x-rays to
measure the bone level. In the bone level is low, our
measurements will be high and if our bone levels are healthy
and high, our periodontal measurements will be low.
Phelan, C., Wren, J. (2005). Exploring Reliability in Academic
Assessment. Retrieved from
https://chfasoa.uni.edu/reliabilityandvalidity.htm
5.
Validity and reliability are concepts that help when measuring
properties of a survey, test, questionnaire or anything that is
measure. Definitions are, “Validity refers to the extent to which
a procedure measures what it is supposed to measure” (Neutens
& Rubinson, 2014, pg. 167). “Reliability refers to the stability
of the instrument” (Neutens & Rubinson, 2014, pg. 167).
Reliability means that the research process has been repeated
several times and the results continue to be similar. So when the
information is reliable the information can be valid.
A good example of validity and reliability at my workplace is
the CBC machine/SYSMEX. Our CBC machine is used
constantly, and to measure reliability we repeat our samples to

2. make sure the information is correct. When the results are
constantly similar, we valid the CBC results for each patient. As
well we validate the machine to be accurate.
Reference
Neutens, J. J., & Rubinson, L. (2014). Research techniques for
the health sciences (5th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson
Benjamin Cummings.
DQ1 Responses
1. The constant, ever changing medical field coextends with
research methods in health sciences. Researchers use certain
methods such as experimental, survey, evaluation, qualitative,
clinical, comparative, and analytic epidemiology (Neutons &
Rubison, 2014). Experimental research relates to a study in
which the researchers control one or more variables in the
experiment to determine results. Survey research methods
describe and reveal results of an occurrence, provide
descriptions of conditions while comparing and contrasting the
relationships of the variables. Evaluation research provides a
method of assessment from collected evidence derived from a
sample population in which the conclusions relay effectiveness,
merit, and success of the process/program studied. Qualitative
research is a method of gathering and analyzing numerical or
quantitative data. Many regulatory organizations across the
nation use qualitative research overseeing hospitals and other
facilities in order to establish an amount (for example – number
of health associated infections) or number of occurrence(s).
Clinical trials are a type of research method that tests the
efficacy of an intervention. Comparative and effectiveness
research (CER), or evidence based medicine, uses a systemic
approach including assessment, observation, and clinical trials.
Both clinical trials and CER are often done in my current
hospital setting when there are new therapeutic modalities to

3. test based on other research. As a respiratory therapist, hands
on patient care allows us to perform the clinical aspect of the
trials. A common research and trial we do usually pertain to
new therapeutic modalities derived from evidence based
medicine. Lastly, analytic epidemiology is a research method
that addresses etiology, epidemiology, trends, diseases, and
differentials (Neutons & Rubinson, 2014).
References:
Neutons, J. J. & Rubinson, L. (2014). Research Techniques for
the Health Sciences, Fifth Edition. Published by Benjamin
Cummings. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., San
Francisco, CA.
2. Reliability is the degree to which as assessment tool produces
stable and consistent results while validity refers to how well a
test measures what it is purported to measure (Phelan and Wren,
n.d). Both reliability and validity are important in research to
produce the most accurate results and conclusions possible.
These two elements are very useful in certain research processes
such as for medication research in finding out cures for
illnesses and finding out causes for illnesses. Clinical trials for
medications in development have to produce consistent results
in order to figure out if the medication will work for the
population or not. Without reliability and validity, we would
have very inaccurate medical information today.
References
Colin Phelan, J. W. (n.d). Reliability and Validity. Retrieved
from University of Northern Iowa:
https://chfasoa.uni.edu/reliabilityandvalidity.htm
3.According to Neutens & Rubinson, validity and reliability are
important components to research. “Validity refers to the extent
to which a procedure measures what it is supposed to measure”.
(Neutens & Rubinson, 2014, pg. 167) Included in validity are
four subtypes: face validity, content validity, construct validity,
and predictive validity. Face validity is the intended result of a

4. measure. Content validity produces a sample of possible
responses, attitudes, and behaviors. Construct validity are the
conclusions regarding traits, attitudes, and behaviors. Predictive
validity is when an instrument can predict the outcome. An
example of validity in my workplace would be our HCAHPS
survey and scores.
“Reliability refers to the stability of the instrument”. (Neutens
& Rubinson, 2014, pg. 167) Another meaning would be if
something is measured and then re-measured you would get the
same results the second time as the first. For example, if you
were to step on the scale, step off, then step back on you would
get the same weight both times, without changing any of the
variables. An example of reliability in my workplace would be
calculations of drug. When you work the equation for an IV
medication you should get the same answer each time it is
computed.
Neutens, J. J., & Rubinson, L. (2014). Research techniques for
the health sciences (5th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson
Benjamin Cummings.
4.
Reliability is the idea or degree that a measurement is in fact
accurate and validity is the trueness of the results (Neuman,
2017, p. 100). When it comes to research you can make your
assumptions more reliable and valid by conducting more than
one experiment. In the health care field surveys of the risk
management department are conducted, the best way to ensure
the reliability and validity of the results is to ensure that the
survey is being conducted amongst more than a small number of
people. The smaller the sample group the lower the results a
researcher will have, however, the larger the sample group the
large the results for the researcher. Not only does this apply to
the risk management department, but it also works with clinical
trials. By having a large number of patients with similar
symptoms and trying different medications you have a greater
reliability that one of the medications will work for those

5. symptoms.
References:
Neuman, W. (2017). Understanding research (second ed., p.
100). New York, NY: Pearson.
5.
What type of relationship is predicted between the variables?