July12,2013EchoesFromtheRomanGhettoByDAVIDL.docx

July 12, 2013
Echoes From the Roman Ghetto
By DAVID LASKIN
Restaurants and cafesserving kosher food line the
Via del Portico d’Ottavia in the old Jewish
ghetto of
Rome.
The Portico d’Ottavia is one of those chunks of
urban surrealism that you come
across only in Rome. From a cavity about
20 feet below street level, the ruin of a
massive 2,000-year-old portico thrusts its crumbling
marble geometry into the
present. The dome of a Baroque church, Santa
Maria in Campitelli, peers down from
the next piazza like a nosy matron.
A few stepsfrom the ruins, multilingual waiters
reel in tourists to dine on their
terraces amid pyramids of artichokes. A poster on
a palace wall hawks kosher sushi
— coming soon! Bearded men in

skullcaps jostle students in tank
tops.
No one seems the least bit
thrown by this jarring mosaic of
times and cultures. Everybody is
too busy talking, sipping,
pointing, sauntering, forking up
somethingdelicious. For half a
millennium, the Portico
d’Ottavia has been the heartof Rome’s Jewish ghetto,
four cramped blocks wedged
between the Tiber, the Turtle Fountain, the Theater
of Marcellus and the Palazzo
Cenci. Amid today’s celebration of earthly
pleasures, I had trouble finding the small
wall plaque that commemorates “la spietata caccia
agli ebrei” — the merciless
hunting down of the Jews — that took place
here on Oct. 16, 1943.
Seventy years ago, the world was at war, Rome
was occupied by the Nazis, and
the ghetto was a virtual prison for a large
part of the city’s Jewish community. On
the morning of Oct. 16, 1943, SS Captain
Theodor Dannecker ordered that the prison
be emptied.
Trucks pulled up on the cobblestoned piazza
beside the Portico d’Ottavia, the
neighborhood was sealed, and 365 German soldiers
fanned out through the narrow

streets and courtyards. Families hid at the backs
of their shuttered shops. The able-
bodied and quick-witted jumped from their windows or
fled along the rooftops. The
unlucky were hounded from their homes at gunpoint
and herded into the idling
trucks. Of the more than 1,000 Roman Jews seized
that day and later transported to
Auschwitz, only 16 survived. On a balmy nightin
April, I sat pondering that dark
time with my wife and two of our daughters on the
terrace of Ba” Ghetto, a lively
restaurant near the Portico d’Ottavia. All around us,
waiters were bearing platters of
grilled meat and assuring tourists that their fried
artichokesalla giudia were the
best in Rome. Deepinto the night, a sparkler
ignited atop a slice of cake and
everyone sang “tanti auguri a te” (happy
birthday to you) to a 20-something beauty.
Rome's former Jewish ghetto is made up of
four cramped blocks next to the Tiber River.
It was impossible not to be stunned by the
contrast between the festive present
and the somber past. Even a dozen years ago,
when we first visited the ghetto, the
neighborhood felt forlorn and insular. Old, suspicious
eyes sizedus up as we made

our way past kosher butchers and shabby tailor
shops. Jews had been confined to
theseflood-prone riverside streets in 1555 by Pope
Paul IV, and in 2001, an aura of
melancholy still lingered.
But today the place is a party. Well-heeled
Romans flockto the ghetto to “eat
Jewish” the way New Yorkers pop down to Little
Italy or Chinatown. On that soft
spring evening, with Israeli cabernet brimming in
our wineglasses and plates
heaped with hummus and couscous, we had trouble
summoning up the shadows of
the past. In this city’s 2,000 years of
glorious and inglorioushistory, the nine-month
German occupation (Sept. 11, 1943, to June 4,
1944) is just a nick. But, as I learned
in the course of a weekspent chatting with
bakers and archivists, museum curators
and rabbis, cabdrivers and historians, the nick
remains raw. “Memories of Hitler and
Fascism are still vivid,” Alessandra di Castro,
director of the Jewish Museum of
Rome, told me. “The wound still has not healed.”
The deepest wound was inflicted on the ghetto
(ex-ghetto, as Ms. di Castro
corrected me with fiercepride), but thereare othersites
around the city that bear
witness to the struggle and suffering of those
months. With a good map, somebus
tickets and a bit of imagination, I was able to
teaseout this painful, fascinating
chapter of Roman history. From our rented

apartment at the foot of the Janiculum
Hill, I trekked out to corners of the city that
most tourists, unaware of their
connection to the war, either avoid or hurry
through. A 20-minute stroll along the
Tiber brought me to the ex-ghetto, but I had to
crossthe city on two buses to reach
the Via Tasso, site of a notorious SS prison
and now a museum. And from thereit
took another 15 minutes by tram to reach the
San Lorenzo neighborhood, which
was heavily bombed by the Allies.
The ruinsof the Portico d’Ottavia.
It was helpful before setting out to brush up
on history. Rome and Berlin, of
course, were allies in World War II — but
when the Allies took Sicily in July 1943
and began massing for an invasion of the Italian
mainland, the Fascist axis collapsed.
Mussolini was ousted, and the weaknew government
that took control began
secretly negotiating for an armistice.
The Nazis, however, had no intention of letting
Italy go neutral. When an
armistice was announced on Sept.8, the German
army sprang to disarm Italian
soldiers and shore up positions on the Italian
mainland. Rome waited and trembled
as the Germans closed in. On Sept.10, a troop

of disbanded Italian soldiers and
civilians made a desperate last stand at Rome’s
Porta San Paolo. The battle raged
through the day outside the gate’s crenelatedtwin
towers and beneath the Pyramid
of Cestius, which looms over the Protestant
Cemetery,where Keats and Shelley lie.
Some 597 Italian soldiers and civilians, including 27
women, died defending their
city, but by day’s end the Germans prevailed.
I asked the attendants in the little gift shop inside
the cemetery if they knew
where the battle had been fought, and one of
them directed me to the nearby Parco
della Resistenza dell’8 Settembre. I strolled
around the rather unkempt park,past
parents airing babies in the shade of palms
and sycamores. But asidefrom a plaque
commemorating “the soldiers of every corps
and citizens of every class who
opposed the German invaders,”I found little trace of
the battle. Shadows were
lengthening as I made my way through the
Porta San Paolo and waded into the
roaring traffic of the Piazza dei Partigiani (Plaza
of the Partisans), a major
transportation hub just outside the city walls. Here I
caught a tram to the San
Lorenzo neighborhood, a working-class district about
threemiles east of the ghetto.
On July 19, 1943,

shortly before the fall of
Mussolini, Allied aircraft
bombed San Lorenzo
hoping to take out a
crucial railway pivotpoint.
In the course of the
bombardment, some
2,000 to 3,000 Roman
civilians died, and a stray
bomb heavily damaged
the gorgeous Basilica of
San Lorenzo Fuori le
Mura, parts of which date
back to the sixth century.
Visitors at the Jewish Museum of
Rome.
I wanted to check out what the church and
neighborhood look like today. The
tram skirted the hoary arches of the Porta
Maggiore and rumbled through the ugly,
gritty but supposedly gentrifying blocks near
the vast University of Rome complex.
My stop was next to a modern parking lot that
might have been in the Bronx. I was
about to recheck the map when I spotted
San Lorenzo’s mellow 12th-century brick
campanile rising against a stand of horse
chestnuts. The basilica’s door swung shut
behind me, and the modern world blinked out
into the Middle Ages. Photos in the
sacristy showthe ruin that remained after an American
bomb caved in the roof of
the nave and shattered parts of the mosaic floor,

one of the most beautiful in Rome.
Stone by stone, the crimson and white coils
and diamonds were lovingly retrieved
and set back into place.
As my guidebook instructed, I descendeda
shortflight of stepsat the end of the
nave to find the tomb of St. Lawrence,who was
martyred over hot coalsin the year
258. But the moment that will stay with me camein
the 12th-century cloister. Amid
the dainty paired columns and drifts of myrtle
and herbs, I stumbled upon a
fragment of a bomb’s casing that was priedout of
the rubble in 1943 — a shard of
American steel displayed incongruously in a sacred
Roman garden. In the days that
followed, I asked a number of Italians
whether Romans harbored any bitterness
toward the United States over the collateral damage
at San Lorenzo: a beloved
basilica in ruins, thousands of citizens killed in
a bombing raid gone awry. The
answer was always the same: We are still grateful
to America because you liberated
us from the Nazis.
The Via Tasso, about midway between San
Lorenzo and the ghetto, is an
undistinguished thoroughfare of 19th- and early-
20th-century apartment blocks
and schools, with a crumbling arch at one end and
the sanctuary of the Scala Sancta
(the sacred stairs that Jesus trod) at the other.
It looks like a comfortable,
convenient place where middle-class Romans

and striving immigrants live, though
not a spot you’d go out of your way to visit.
But during the nine months of the Nazi
occupation, Via Tasso 145 was the most feared
address in Rome. It was here in a
charmless, smudged yellow apartment house that
the SS and the Gestapo had their
headquarters, their prison and their torture chambers.
During the occupation, the
place was so dreaded that Romans never called
it the Via Tasso. Instead they would
say laggiù (downthere), as in, “He was hauled
off laggiù.”
If you’ve seen the classic Roberto Rossellini film
“Rome, Open City,” you’ll have
someidea of the sinister atmosphere of sadism
and despair that infected the Via
Tasso. Former apartments were walled off into
tiny cells where political prisoners
and captured partisans livedin the dark with no bed or
toilet. The Italian writer
Corrado Augias was an 8-year-old student at a
boarding school that backed up on
the Via Tasso. “Even after so many years,” he
writes, “I can still clearly remember
the screams that sometimes broke the stillness of
the nightand penetrated all the
The Basilica of San Lorenzo Fuori le Mura
was damaged by Allied bombing in 1943.
way inside our dormitory.”

The former Gestapo headquarters is now the site of
the Historical Museum of
the Liberation of Rome, with displays devoted to
the brutality of the Nazi occupation
and the response of the Roman people. Artifacts
are sparse but heartbreaking: a
sock embroidered with the words “courage my love”
that a wife or mother smuggled
in, a tortured prisoner’s bloody shirt, a
mournful portrait of Colonel Giuseppe
Cordero di Montezemolo, an officer in the Italian
Army who organized the Roman
resistance. The SS interrogated and tortured
Montezemolo at Via Tasso for 58 days,
but he uttered not a word. On the museum’s
second floor, five prison cells preserve
the incredibly moving messages that prisoners scratched on
the walls. “Addio
piccola mia — non serbarmi rancore un bacio,”
one prisoner wrote (“Farewell, my
little one, don’t harbor any bitterness on my
account, a kiss.”)
The next day, a balmy Sunday, my wife and I
decided to get out of town and join
sweater-clad Romans and ski-pole-toting German
trekkers for a leisurely saunter on
the Appian Way. Though just a few minutes by
bus from central Rome, the road
seems to slumber 2,000 years in the past.
The original colossal cobblestones, heaved
and rutted by time,still pave the way. Along the
margins, villas peep from behind

hedgerows and grainfields lie open to the sky.
Aside from the occasional jet
overhead and the whine of a Vespa, the illusion
of classical antiquity was nearly
complete. But the shadow of the war fell here as
well. At a crossroads just past the
Catacombs of San Callisto, a sign points the
way to the Fosse Ardeatine. We followed
a country lane sunk deep in birdsong and drew up at
a gate that resembles a tangled
wrought-iron thorn bush. Beyond a lawn
hemmed with flower beds rises a high
stone wall with a black rectangular cavity
incised in the bottom. Inside, in the
perpetual twilight of caves and tunnels, is the
site of a notorious Nazi massacre. Just
as the Via Tasso meant torture during the
German occupation of Rome, so the Fosse
Ardeatine meant slaughter. In retaliationfor a
partisan bombing on the Via Rasella
(nearthe Barberini Palace) that killed 33 German
soldiers on March 23, 1944, the SS
ordered that 330 Romans — 10 for every German
— be put to death. The city
quaked as the Nazis did their culling. Partisans
imprisoned at the Via Tasso, political
prisoners from the Regina Coeli prison in
Trastevere, former soldiers, Jews, farmers,
students, even a priest ended up in the ranks
of the condemned.
For somereason 335 men — five more than the
required number — were
transported on March 24 from Rome to the
Fosse Ardeatine, a quarry for

pozzuolana (a volcanic ash used to make
cement) near the Appian Way. The victims
were shot pointblank inside one of the caves.
When the last man was dead, the
executioners exploded dynamite to collapse the cave
and seal off the bodies.
The memorial at the Fosse Ardeatine is all the
more powerful for being perfectly
simple. An opening in the cliff’s side ushers
you from daylight to the darkness of the
tunnels. A single light flickers in a chapel.
Bronze gatesguard the spot where the
corpses, stacked five deep, were discovered after
the city was liberated. Inside the
mausoleum 335 identical slabsof granite cover
the tombs of the slain. Fabrizio
Genuini, the affable guard at the memorial’s
entry, told me as I left: “Many come to
Site of the massacre at Fosse Ardeatine, where
335 Italians were killed by the Nazis.
Rome to see the Colosseum and the catacombs
at San Callisto, but relatively few
people asidefrom school groups come here
anymore. Memory is short.”
On June 4, 1944, two and a half months after
the massacre, the American Fifth
Army entered Rome from the south and east

with little enemy resistance. “My God,
they bombed that, too!”one G.I. marveled when he
saw the ruinsof the Colosseum.
In fact, the Germans had retreated, “wild-eyed,
unshaven, unkempt, on foot, in
stolen cars,” in the words of one witness,
without destroying a single building or
bridge. In the end, Rome had little strategic value,
and the Nazis were aware that it
would have been a public relations disaster to
wreck the Eternal City. Toward the
end of our Roman holiday, I returned to the
ex-ghetto to chat, to eavesdrop and to
eat.
But my real motive was to check the pulse of
the place 70 years after
incomprehensible suffering. On a bright afternoon,
the cafeswere crowded; waves
of tourists were sampling kosher fast food and
artisanal cheese and biscuits; visitors
from the United States, Israel and Germany were
queuing up at the security
checkpoint of the Jewish Museum of Rome
beneath the imposing fin de siècle
Tempio Maggiore.
In a few hours, the restaurants lining the
Via Portico d’Ottavia would fill, and the
sound of unconstrained voices would echo off
the walls, cobblestones and columns.
Yet I couldn’t help hearing an undercurrent of
sadness and anxiety. At the unmarked
corner shopfront of the Boccione Jewish bakery, a
local landmark for two centuries,

the proprietor, Bianca Sonnino, cut me an extra-
largeslice of pizza ebraica (Jewish
pizza) — not pizza at all but a dense
nutty-fruity coffeecake. Signora Sonnino told
me proudly that Boccione has been her family’s
business for generations and that
her mother devised the recipe for torta della ricotta.
But when I asked about the
war, she teared up. A gentile woman hid her
family, she told me, but closerelatives
were among those who were deported to Auschwitz
and never returned. “After the
war, the ghetto was nothing,” she said. “It was a
dead zone.”
Now someRoman Jews worry that the area is
becoming too lively.
Gentrification has jacked up apartment prices beyond
the reach of most of the
families who livedhere for centuries, indeed millenniums.
The narrow lanesaround
the Portico d’Ottavia are usually filled with a
cosmopolitan collection of well-heeled
bohemians and tourists. A Jewish school
recently opened a block from the
synagogue, though most of the children commute
from otherneighborhoods.The
ex-ghetto is still the beating heartof Jewish Rome,
but increasingly Jewish Romans
come here only to pray,to eat, to celebrate and
matriculate.
In a few years, the last survivors of the Nazi
occupation will be gone and the

events of those terrible nine months will take
their place in the flusso di Roma, the
ebb and flow of Rome’s vast tidal history. But for
now, amid the joyous clamor of the
ghetto, the voices of those who endured that
time can still be heard.
IF YOUGO
On the evening of Oct. 16, to commemorate the
anniversary of the roundup of
1943, a torchlight procession will gather in
Trastevere and march across the Tiber
to Largo 16 Ottobre in the exghetto.
Where to Eat
Ba” Ghetto, Via del Portico d’Ottavia, 57; (39-06)
6889-2868;
kosherinrome.com. Classic (kosher) Roman Jewish
cooking with a zesty
Mediterranean twist, including couscous, hummus and
falafel. A kosher dairy
branch is up the street at Via Portico
d’Ottavia, 2/A.
La Taverna del Ghetto, Via Del Portico d’Ottavia, 8;
(39-06) 6880-9771;
latavernadelghetto.com. Baccalà, fried zucchini flowers,
pastawith broccoli and
sausage, meatballs,goulash, grilled tuna. The food here is
kosher, hearty and
traditional.

Giardino Romano, Via Portico d’Ottavia, 18; (39-06)
6880-9661;
ilgiardinoromano.it. Roman- Jewish specialties —
planked and fried artichokes,
tripe, oxtail, abbacchio (lamb) — served indoors
in an attractively restored 16th-
century palace, or outdoors in a quietback garden
or on the festive terrace near the
Portico d’Ottavia. Not kosher, but open on Friday
nightand Saturday.
Pasticceria “Boccione” Limentani, Via Portico
d’Ottavia, 1; (39-06) 687-8637.
You’ll probably have to wait in line and the service
may be gruff, but it’s worth it for
the pizza ebraica, the ricotta e visciole (wild
cherry) tart and the slice of history.
Museums and Memorials
Explorations of the ghetto should begin at
the Jewish Museum of Rome, Via
Catalana; (39-06)-6840-0661; museoebraico.roma.it. A
museum visit includes a tour
of the Tempio Maggiore upstairs. Closed Saturday.
Admission 10 euros.
Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, Piazzale
Del Verano, 3; (39-06) 446-6184;
basilicasanlorenzo.it.
The Historical Museum of the Liberation of Rome
(Museo storico della
Liberazione), Via Tasso, 145; (39-06) 700-3866;
museoliberazione.it. Closed

Monday. Free admission.
Fosse Ardeatine Memorial,Via Ardeatine, 174; (39-06)
513-6742. Free
admission. David Laskin, a frequent contributor
to Travel, is the author of “The
Family: Three Journeys Into the Heart of the
20th Century,” due from Viking in
October.
GLOBAL WARMING
1
GLOBAL WARMING
8
Global Warming
Global warming is the steady escalation of the temperatures of
the earth primarily due to the heat which is trapped in the
atmosphere. This has resulted in extreme weather patterns and
conditions for living organisms on the earth's surface. The
greenhouse effect is a situation whereby, harmful gases trap
heat in the atmosphere leading to the warming up of the surface.
Increased industrial and chemical activities amongst the human
population have resulted in the greenhouse effect. This is
because fumes such as carbon monoxide are released in the
process, leading to adverse effects such as unnatural warming.
The ozone layer, which cushions the globe from direct heat
from the sun, gets depleted, making life on the planet
unbearable (Rahmstorf et al., 2018). Increased ultraviolet (UV)
radiation on the surface endangers human existence; thus, a
clear indication as to why it is necessary to protect our planet
by all means possible. Numerous scientists, scholars, and
governments have tried different approaches that focus on

ensuring these conditions do not get worse (Cook et al., 2016).
Initiatives have been taken to find a better way of ensuring
humans do not deplete the ozone layer as a result of their
ambitions to fulfil different industrial and chemical targets. The
greenhouse effect endangers the survival of human beings and
their respective environments. Global warming is something
that humans need to work together and counter the causative
agents threatening our existence on the planet. Just to mention,
a distinct analysis of the causes of the greenhouse effect and
how it negatively affects people and the environment can prove
to be the difference. This study relies on credible sources,
which play a fundamental role in ensuring readers can
understand the current situation of our planet and how deep
greenhouse gas emissions has corroded our existence over time.
The leading gases which enhance greenhouse effect include
methane, ozone, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. These gases
exist as a blanket, which helps in regulating the earth's climate
and temperature. Despite being a natural phenomenon, an
existing imbalance in the number of gases released to the earth's
atmosphere leads to unfavorable temperatures as the ozone layer
is depleted when these gases are in excess in the troposphere,
therefore, enhancing global warming. Rahmstorf et al. (2018)
explain that the greenhouse effect is fueled through different
human undertakings such as farming, deforestation, burning of
fuels, and even industrial waste. Therefore, mass education and
the implementation of regulatory policies can help mitigate the
situation.
Fossil fuels have become part of human life as a significant
quota of people rely on these sources of energy to carry out
numerous activities such as the generation of electricity and
even transportation. When these fuels are burnt, the carbon
components present in them are released to the atmosphere
combining with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. According to
Hoegh-Guldberg et al. (2018), the growth in population has
resulted in more usage and reliance on fossil fuels as the
number of vehicles in each respective country has grown

immensely over the years. This implies that more fuel is burnt
and toxic gases released to the atmosphere. Thus, causing
pollution that depletes the ozone layer. This pollution has stood
out to be one of the causes of the greenhouse effect as the
emission rates have increased immensely, poisoning the
atmosphere and world we live in, respectively. Reliance on
sources of fuel such as coal also releases carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere as a good number of people and population sectors
rely on coal as a source of electricity. Despite being reliable as
a source of fuel, its reliance is damaging the earth's atmosphere
because its emissions are toxic to human existence. In order to
control the excessive carbon IV oxide it is important to increase
the forest cover. Forests play an integral role in human
existence as they intake carbon dioxide and release oxygen into
the environment. This process is known as photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis aids in nourishing our environment to ensure
what we breathe regularly is healthy for our survival. However,
with increased human settlements and developments have
prompted massive deforestations to provide space for settling.
Medhaug, Stolpe, Fischer, and Knutti (2017) agree that this
jeopardizes the survival of animals and humans as they depend
on the productive process forests provide for the environment.
Less carbon dioxide is taken in when there are limited forest
covers as less oxygen is released to the atmosphere to sustain a
balance in the ecosystem. When the wood is also burnt, the
carbon present in them is released back to the atmosphere hence
a clear indication of how deforestation disrupts the nourishing
cycle photosynthesis provides for humans and animals.
An increase in the number of people on the earth's surface has
resulted in an increased demand for food, shelter, and cloth.
This has prompted an increased number of manufacturing hubs
that try to meet the existing demand on the market. This results
in the increased emissions of toxic gases when these industries
are set up in towns and cities, thus, fueling global warming in
the process. Increased population also implies that more people
rely on fossil fuels; therefore, aggravating the problem affecting

our survival and existence on the earth's surface. Besides,
increased farming activities to meet the food demand on the
planet also contribute to the greenhouse effect. Farmers across
the globe rely on chemical components present in fertilizers to
improve their yields, respectively. Chemicals such as nitrous
oxide are one of the greenhouse gases released from these
farming activities. Therefore, increased farming activities imply
that more chemicals will be used in the process, thus a blow to
the earth's ecosystem.
The drive to become industrial comes with its consequences as
the more humans set up industries to meet their needs, the more
toxic gases are released in the earth’s atmosphere. Sarkodie and
Strezov (2019) agree that the continuation of such processes
results in the depletion of the ozone layer, which acts as a
protective blanket for protecting the earth from excess UV light
from the sun. Garbage disposed of in landfills also contributes
significantly to global warming as they produce methane gas
and carbon dioxide, which facilitate the greenhouse effect on
the planet. Increased emissions result in the intensification of
temperatures as the ozone layer gets depleted the more these
gases are released into the atmosphere. The depletion of the
ozone layer harms all living organisms on the planet as it
prevents excess radiation from reaching the earth's surface
(Sarkodie & Strezov, 2019). The emissions will make excess
UV rays to seep past the ozone layer leading to disruption of the
ecosystem. Humans will experience disorders such as eye
cataracts, immune deficiency, and even skin cancers (Li et al.,
2018). The health of human beings will be at risk as the effects
make the entire existence to experience abnormal conditions
from what people have been used to respectively. This will
gradually make it dangerous to operate at daytime due to the
extreme temperatures experienced and the effects it has on the
human skin and health in general. The aquatic and terrestrial
ecosystem will also be disrupted as food sources and chains will
be impacted. There will be limited food supply due to the
adverse conditions that make its production more difficult. UV

rays directly affect plant growth; thus, disrupting the balance
for those who depend on it, respectively. Li et al. (2018) assert
that agricultural productivity will also reduce, thus directly
impacting food security in numerous nations across the globe.
This will result in the eventual competition and scarcity of food
if humans do not protect the ozone layer by all means possible.
An imbalance in the ecosystem will imply that some animal
species will become extinct due to the depletion of food sources
and, more so, an inability to adapt to the new temperature levels
present at the time. This will be a blow to the ecosystem, and
the variety of species earth has to offer.
Despite the many negative implications of global warming,
there is needed to come up with appropriate mechanisms to
control these effects. To avoid the extreme weather events,
there is need to regulate human activities to counter the extreme
and changing weather patterns. As much as human beings have
the capabilities of destroying the environment. The instances of
environmental destruction have emerged as a consequence of
human activities. The solution to the increased cases of global
warming should emanate from the human beings. Reforestation
is an important because it will help reduce the rates of global
warming, changed weather patterns, and hurricanes (Sarkodie &
Strezov, 2019). Some regions will experience increased rainfall,
while some will witness a reduction in the amount received
annually. This will disruptions will be normalized if the human
activities are controlled and coming up with more
environmentally sustainable methods of production. It is also to
adopt more sustainable sources of energy that will not have
negative implications to the environment by ensuring that the
environment is safe for the survival of living organisms. It is
important to safeguard the forest cover by ensuring the forest
cover is not destroyed to control melting of ice so that
organisms that survive in such environments are protected (Li et
al., 2018). As much as human beings are the main source of the
negative environmental impacts associated with their activities
it is also important to recognize their capabilities to revert such

impacts.
Humans can play a vital role in curbing this endangering
menace in numerous ways. Different populations across the
globe should take the initiative of planting trees as many trees
as possible to ensure that the environment can maintain a
balance in the atmosphere. This will guarantee more airflow is
nourished to facilitate humans and animals to exist in a healthy
environment. Complete eradication of fossil fuels will ensure
that humans do not pollute the environment as they try to carry
out different activities on the surface. Cook et al. (2016)
explain that renewable sources of energies will provide a safe
alternative, which will guarantee humans can move around and
produce electricity using sources that do not pollute the
environment. Sources of energy, such as wind and solar, are
convenient as they do not pollute the environment in any way
because they rely on natural dynamics to generate electricity (Li
et al., 2018). Automobiles that depend on fossil fuel can be
replaced, and more emphasis channeled to electric and solar
vehicles, which will reduce the amount of toxic gases released
in the atmosphere. Greener solutions in farming, such as
reliance on animal manure rather than chemical fertilizers, will
also reduce the amount of damage intensive farming has on the
atmosphere. Hence, a clear indication of how human beings can
stop global warming.
In conclusion, global warming is a menace which if not
adequately dealt with, will make the existence of life on the
planet unbearable. The depletion of the ozone layer as a result
of the greenhouse effect should be treated as a priority for
humanity as humans have the power to rectify the planet's
atmosphere by ensuring all measures that are harmful are
eradicated by all means possible. This will ensure that future
generations do not suffer for the mistakes their predecessors
did. A profound assessment depicts the significance of mass
education. It can be asserted that the challenge of global
warming is being perpetuated by humans through their selfish
acts.

References
Cook, J., Oreskes, N., Doran, P. T., Anderegg, W. R.,
Verheggen, B., Maibach, E. W., & Nuccitelli, D. (2016).
Consensus on consensus: A synthesis of consensus estimates on
human-caused global warming. Environmental Research Letters,
11(4), 048002.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jacob, D., Taylor, M., Bindi, M., Brown,
S., Camilloni, I., & Guiot, J. (2018). Impacts of 1.5 ºC global
warming on natural and human systems. In Global Warming of
1.5° C: An IPCC Special Report On The Impacts Of Global
Warming Of 1.5° C Above Pre-Industrial Levels And Related
Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, In The Context Of
Strengthening The Global Response To The Threat Of Climate
Change, Sustainable Development, And Efforts To Eradicate
Poverty. IPCC.
Li, Y., Hu, S., Chen, J., Müller, K., Li, Y., Fu, W., & Wang, H.
(2018). Effects of biochar application in forest ecosystems on
soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions: a review. Journal
of Soils and Sediments, 18(2), 546-563.
Medhaug, I., Stolpe, M. B., Fischer, E. M., & Knutti, R. (2017).
Reconciling controversies about the 'global warming hiatus.'
Nature, 545(7652), 41-47.
Rahmstorf, S., Lewandowski, S., Risbey, J., Cowtan, K.,
Oreskes, N., Jokimäki, A., & Foster, G. (2018, April). Has there
ever been good evidence for a" global warming hiatus"? In EGU
General Assembly Conference Abstracts (Vol. 20, p. 19067).
Sarkodie, S. A., & Strezov, V. (2019). Effect of foreign direct
investments, economic development, and energy consumption
on greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. Science
of the Total Environment, 646, 862-871.
Multimodal COMPOSING/ Visual Arguments

Infographics
Argument: Fast fashion is hurting the environment.
Billboards/ Ad Campaigns
Argument: Video games have a positive effect on cognitive
abilities.
Argument: Paid maternity leave should be mandatory.

Argument: Social comparison is dangerous. Message: Combat
the pressure to be perfect.
Argument: Vaccines protect our children.
Banners
Argument: Social Media is unhealthy for individuals and social
environments.
Brochures
Is Daylight Savings Times really necessary? 1 of 2
Daylight Savings – 2 of 2

T-Shirt
The dangers of drinking energy drinks
Sharing your project/message with your real audience:
Videos
Videos
Vaping
https://www.dropbox.com/s/aen1u5x3y080j4y/Demetrius%20Ow
ens%20Multimodal%20Project.mp4?dl=0
Lobbying
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BktzxY3NTG0&feature=you
tu.be - The link to my project
How to make a nutritious smoothie
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fy2mbdFVi3g&feature=yout
u.be
Project #4: Infographic
Assignment: This is an extension of your argumentative
research paper. For your final project you will design a visual

argument in the genre of an infographic. You must take your
argument or message from your research paper and
communicate it in a new, compelling way within your
infographic. It must be designed for a specific public audience
in mind. Your aim is to be persuasive—to raise awareness about
your issue, to initiate a new behavior or attitude, or to change a
behavior or attitude. The infographic and the message it sends
must be a combination of words and visuals. It must also
include persuasive evidence in order for it to be compelling.
You’ll also need to critically consider the following design
choices:
· What emotions do I want my infographic to evoke and what
color scheme will help accomplish that?
· Which font will help me further evoke a certain emotion?
Which font is appropriate or professional?
· How will I effectively organize my information and layout to
make it clear and easy to read?
· What visuals or images will help guide or inform the reader?
· What compelling information/evidence will I use as facts or
statistics to support my argument/message?
· How else will I use ethos, pathos, and logos to make an
effective infographic?
Reminders to Help You Stay Focused
· Focus on who your audience is for the infographic.
· Focus on what your audience needs to know that they do not
yet know.
· Focus on the message you want your infographic to send to
your audience.
· Focus on the purpose or what you hope your infographic will
do for others.
How to Create an Infographic

You may use the websites Piktochart or Canva to create your
infographic for free.
Sharing Your Project
The other requirement for this project is to share the final
product with a real world audience. To earn full points, consider
the following carefully:
1. If your intended audience is, for example, social media users
or teens, then sharing your project on social media is fitting. If
your audience is politicians then sending an email to your state
representative with your project attached is a fitting way of
reaching that audience. If you have a flyer or brochure, where
will you pass it out or hang it up so that your audience sees it?
If you are having trouble figuring out how to share your project
then 1. let me know so you can avoid losing points and 2. you
may need to pick a different genre that aligns better with your
goals for the project and makes more logical sense at reaching
your audience.
2. You must send me documentation that you've shared your
project with a real audience. Send me images, screenshots, or a
video. I prefer that you upload this to your Digication e-
portfolio; create a subcategory folder titled "Sharing My Project
with the World" under the "Visual Argument" tab. If you are
having trouble uploading your documentation to Digication, you
can submit it in D2L under submissions in the folder titled:
"Sharing My Final Project: Documentation."
3. If you choose to share your project on social media, I would
like to see the likes and comments that you receive. AND when
uploading your project to social media, PLEASE
AVOID leaving a caption saying "Here's my final project. Hope
you like it!" or "I had to do this as my final. Please leave me
some likes or comments, thanks!" What you say about your
post MATTERS. You have that white space to entice viewers to
watch what you post or read it. Think of it as an attention

getter. What will you say to draw the viewer's attention? Ask a
question, quote a compelling fact, or say something interesting
about your topic for the project.
San Francisco StateUniversity, College of
Business, Department of Hospitality and
Tourism Management
HTM 424 – Tourism Management
Assignment – Echoes from the Roman Ghetto
Instructions: You are required to answer the
following questions. You should
save your answers in a Word document for
submission. Please do not repeat the
questions on your answer sheet. Instead, please
list the answers
numerically/sequentially by simply utilizing 1, 2, 3,
and 4. Each assignment must
have a cover page listing your name, the name
of the assignment, and the date.
The cover page does not count towards the word
count. For each assignment, you
are expected to answer the assigned questions in
your own words. Each

assignment paper should be at least 250 words.
Papers less than the
required 250 words will get zero. This does not mean
each question requires a
250-word response; rather, the total number of words
for answering the
questions must total more than 250 words.
Assignment - Read the assigned article then answer
the questions/prompts
below.
The author discusses his experience traveling to
Rome where he retraces the steps
of World War II and the Nazis invasion of
the Jewish Ghetto, the portico d”Ottavia.
Reading
1. Echoes From the Roman Ghetto - David
Laskin July 14 2013 - NYTimes
Questions/prompts
1. Toward the end of the article, the author
describes how gentrification of the
town has lost its sense of history. What role do
local officials have in
preserving the historical significance of sights
such as the Jewish Ghetto and
the memorial at the Fosse Ardeatine?
2. Is thereanything wrong with businesses taking
advantage of the “tourist”

climate despite the historical events that took place
on the very site? Why or
why not?
Sample Reflection Paper Format/Outline
• The following outline should be used for your
reflection paper. You are not
required to use the titles(e.g., BriefIntroduction,
Body, etc.) but should use
this general format when writing your paper.
• Cover Page
o Title of paper to include the following:
o Reflection Paper Title
o Student Name and ID
o Course Title and Section
o Professor Name and Title
o Due Date of Submission
• Main Paper
o Brief Introduction
§ Introduce the topicto the reader and summarize
your
reflection of this topic/article.
o Body
§ Address the following prompts as prescribed in

the
assignment. Include 3-4 examples for each prompt
o Conclusion
§ Conclude the reflection paper by summarizing
your comments
and main points to the reader.
o References
§ Include any referencesthat were used in your reflection
paper
including the main authors. Use APA style.
Plagiarism - Unless noted otherwise,
assignments will be submitted through
Turnitin.com. It is strongly encouraged that you
provide citations for any
source/reference that is used in your writing.
Turnitin.com provides both a “match”
analysis and grammar analysis. Your“match” rating
must be under 20% and ideally
under 15%.Points will be deducted for high match
ratings, including failure of the
assignment.
Reflection Paper Assignment Title Goes Here

John Q Student
HTM424 – Tourism Management
ID: 123456789
San Francisco State University
Faculty: Dr. Andrew Walls
January 1, 2000

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