Information and media literacy (IML) enables people to interpret and make informed judgments as users of information and media, as well as to become skillful creators and producers of information and media messages in their own right. ... IML is a combination of information literacy and media literacy.

1. Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
Chapter 2
How Media is Made
(Media & Info. Lit.)

2. Lesson 1:
CONSTRUCTEDNESS: WHEN DO WE
SAY SOMETHING IS CONSTRUCTED?
Messages are the ones that we transmit in
communication and media. The first step in
creating a message is first we construct it. A
choice or the decision of the person is required
in constructing. Like, what to create, what to
include etc. Construction is important because it
is the foundation of everything that we wan to
make. It is the step-by-step process that we do in
order to make something and achieve that goal.
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines

3. Lesson 1:
CONSTRUCTEDNESS: WHEN DO WE
SAY SOMETHING IS CONSTRUCTED?
Representations are the result or creation of
construction. It is a way of presenting reality
again. Everything that we see from every media
form until the show that we watch, and other
pictures are representations of reality of the
source or the people who made it. Each one of
us can be an artist that can represent our own
understanding or perception of reality through
media.
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines

4. Lesson 1:
CONSTRUCTEDNESS: WHEN DO WE
SAY SOMETHING IS CONSTRUCTED?
Disassembling is also an important action for us to
know what elements constitute the structure.
Disassembling is just like the philosophical attitude
called emptying. It tells us that we should empty our
minds of unnecessary thoughts and just leave and
acquire useful knowledge. In disassembling, we
deconstruct something in order to build a new and
better structure. Therefore disassembling something
is very useful and not just a thing that bored people
do or people that like to destroy
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines

5. Lesson 1:
CONSTRUCTEDNESS: WHEN DO WE
SAY SOMETHING IS CONSTRUCTED?
Since we cannot change reality, let us
change the eyes which see reality.
-Nikos Kazantzakis-
https://kyluhh17.tumblr.com/post/149458724104/constructedness-when-do-we-say-
something-is
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines

6. Lesson 2:
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
WHAT ARE CODES?
Codes are systems of signs, which create meaning. Codes
can be divided into two categories – technical and
symbolic.
TECHNICAL CODES are all the ways in which equipment
is used to tell the story in a media text, for example the
camera work in a film.
SYMBOLIC CODES show what is beneath the surface of
what we see. For example, a character's actions show you
how the character is feeling.
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines

7. Lesson 2:
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
WHAT ARE CONVENTIONS?
Conventions are the generally accepted ways of doing
something. There are general conventions in any
medium, such as the use of interviewee quotes in a print
article, but conventions are also genre specific.
SEMIOTICS (also called semiotic studies) is the study of
sign process (semiosis). It includes the study of signs and
sign processes, indication, designation, likeness, analogy,
allegory, metonymy, metaphor, symbolism, signification,
and communication. It is not to be confused with the
Saussurean tradition called semiology, which is a subset
of semiotics.
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines

8. Lesson 2:
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
How codes and conventions apply in media studies
Codes and conventions are used together in any study
of genre – it is not enough to discuss a technical code
used such as camera work, without saying how it is
conventionally used in a genre.
For example, the technical code of lighting is used in
some way in all film genres. It is a convention of the
horror genre that side and back lighting is used to
create mystery and suspense – an integral part of any
horror movie.
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines

9. Lesson 2:
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
TECHNICAL CODES CAMERA TECHNIQUES
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
Basic Camera Shots Advance Camera Shots Camera Angles
Extreme Wide Shot
Wide Shot
Medium Shot
Medium Close- up
Close- up
Extreme Close- up
Two Shot
Cut Away
Over the Shoulder
Point of View
Selective Focus
Arc Shot
Eye-Level
High Angle
Low Angle
Bird's Eye View
Worm’s Eye View
Slanted (canted)

10. Lesson 2:
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
TECHNICAL CODES CAMERA TECHNIQUES
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines

11. Lesson 2:
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
TECHNICAL CODES CAMERA TECHNIQUES
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines

12. Lesson 2:
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
TECHNICAL CODES CAMERA TECHNIQUES
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines

13. Lesson 2:
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
The “Grammar of the Camera”
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
Extreme long shot
An extreme long shot is a view from an
even greater distance, in which people
appear as small dots in the landscape if
at all
Long shot
A long shot (sometimes referred to as a
full shot or wide shot) typically shows
the entire object or human figure and is
usually intended to place it in some
relation to its surroundings.

14. Lesson 2:
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
The “Grammar of the Camera”
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
Medium long shots
Medium long shots include a character
or characters from approximately the
knees up in the frame; they are wider
than medium shots, but tighter than
long shots.
Full shot
Frames character from head to toes,
with the subject roughly filling the
frame. The emphasis tends to be more
on action and movement rather than a
character’s emotional state.

15. Lesson 2:
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
The “Grammar of the Camera”
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
Close-Up
Fills the screen with part of the subject,
such as a person’s head/face. Framed
this tightly, the emotions and reaction
of a character dominate the scene.
Extreme Close-Up
Emphasizes a small area or detail of the
subject, such as the eye(s) or mouth.

16. Lesson 2:
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
The “Point of View”
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
Establishing Shot
Usually the first shot of a scene, this is used
to establish the location and environment. It
can also be used to establish mood and give
the audience visual clues regarding the time
(night/day, year) and the general situation.
Because they need to provide a great deal of
information
Point of View Shot
Shot intended to mimic what a particular
character in a scene is seeing. This puts the
audience directly into the head of the
character, letting them experience their
emotional state. Common examples are of a
character waking up, drifting into
unconsciousness, or looking through a scope
or binoculars.

17. Lesson 2:
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
The “Point of View”
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
Over-the-Shoulder Shot
A popular shot where a subject is shot from behind
the shoulder of another, framing the subject
anywhere from a Medium to Close-Up. The
shoulder, neck, and/or back of the head of the
subject facing away from the camera remains
viewable, making the shot useful for showing
reactions during conversations. It tends to place
more of an emphasis on the connection between
two speakers rather than the detachment or
isolation that results from single shots.
Reaction Shot
Shows a character’s reaction to the shot
that has preceded it.

18. Lesson 2:
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
The “Point of View”
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
Reverse Angle Shot
A shot taken from an angle roughly 180
degrees opposite of the previous shot.
The term is commonly used during
conversation, indicating a reverse Over-
the-Shoulder Shot
Insert Shot
An insert shot is any shot that's sole purpose
is to focus the viewer's attention to a
specific detail within a scene. These shots
are often placed from the point of view of a
character, suggesting that we see what the
character sees during a moment of
concentration.

19. Lesson 2:
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
The “Point of View”
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
Hand Held Camera
Hand-held cameras are used because
they are conveniently sized for travel
and because they allow greater
freedom of motion during filming.

20. Lesson 2:
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
The “Camera Angles”
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
Aerial Shot | Overhead
Long or extreme long shot of the
ground from the air
High-Angle Shot
Subject is photographed from above
eye level. This can have the effect of
making the subject seem vulnerable,
weak, or frightened.

21. Lesson 2:
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
The “Camera Angles”
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
Low Angle / Below Shot
Subject is photographed from below
eye level. This can have the effect of
making the subject look powerful,
heroic, or dangerous.
Eye level shots
Eye level shots are fairly neutral shots and
is considered the most 'common view' , as
it shows the subject as we would expect
to see them in real life. Eye level angles
are considered to be ideal for when you
are filming romance comedies and news
casting.

22. Lesson 3:
GENRE
GENRE comes from the French word
meaning 'kind' or 'class‘. Can be
recognized by its common set of
distinguishing features (codes and
conventions). The Original Latin word is
“GENUS” and means a class of things that
can be broken down into sub categories.
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines

23. Lesson 3:
GENRE
NEWS - Are stories that have critical importance
to community and national life
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
PRIMARY GENRES IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION INDUSTRY
1. Entertainment
2. News
3. Information
4. Education
5. Advertising

24. Lesson 3:
GENRE
HARD NEWS – is what usually found in the first page
of a newspaper or makes up the headline of a regular
episode of primetime news.
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
FIVE MAJOR DIVISION OF NEWS STORIES
1. Hard or Straight News
2. Feature
3. Soft news
4. Investigative news
5. Opinion

25. Lesson 3:
GENRE
TWO ELEMENTS OF HARD NEWS
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
1. SERIOUSNESS
means topics or issues that are critical to the lives
of the community and the body politics.
2. TIMELINESS
Stories that cover the current events and the
current peace negotiations, the outbreak of war, a
significant public statement issued by a leader or
opinion maker, a situation appraisal of a current crisis,
etc.

26. Lesson 3:
GENRE
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
SOFT NEWS
Also called “Human Interest Stories” These would
include lifestyle news, travel news, articles offering the
best way to do something, or even video clips presenting
the point of view of ordinary folks.
FEATURES
Stories are extensions of soft news in a sense that the
human interest angle is played up and presented in a
longer and elaborate format.

27. Lesson 3:
GENRE
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
EDITORIALS AND OPINIONS
These are the opinions against hard news are
reserved for editorials and opinions columns. In a
newspaper, they are usually found in at least one page,
or perhaps a spread, made up two pages facing each
other.
INVESTIGATIVE REPORTS
Has a very specific relation to power because it
focuses in finding, reporting, and presenting news which
the authorities try to conceal.

28. Lesson 3:
GENRE
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
ADVERTISEMENTS
are messages that are created to sell a product or a
service.
THREE ESTABLISHED SUB-GENRE OF ADVERTISING
1. HARD SELL ADVERTISEMENTS
2. SOFT SELL ADVERTISEMENTS
3. INFOMERCIAL

29. Lesson 3:
GENRE
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines
ENTERTAINMENT
Derives from the French word “entretenir” which means to
hold the attention, Keep Busy or amused.
INFORMATION
Has come to mean the wide and almost infinite array of
materials and text we encounter in the internet.
BLOG
Derived from the words web and log, consist of web
entries by an individual, displayed in reverse chronological
order, providing a commentary on something, or an
articulation of a personal opinion, a recounting of life’s
events, or an elaboration of some concepts.

30. References:
1. https://media-studies.tki.org.nz/Teaching-media-studies/Media-concepts/Codes-and-
conventions#targetText=Codes%20are%20systems%20of%20signs%2C%20which%20
create%20meaning.&targetText=Technical%20codes%20are%20all%20the,surface%20
of%20what%20we%20see.
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics
3. https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/video/tips-and-solutions/filmmaking-101-
camera-shot-types
Mr. Arjay B. Cristobal
AMA Computer Learning Center – Antipolo
Manila, Philippines