Acute Respiratory Failure Research Paper

Acute Respiratory Failure Research Paper
Acute Respiratory Failure, Adult
Acute respiratory failure occurs when there is not enough oxygen passing from your lungs to your body.
When this happens, your lungs have trouble removing carbon dioxide from the blood. This causes your
blood oxygen level to drop too low as carbon dioxide builds up.
Acute respiratory failure is a medical emergency. It can develop quickly, but it is temporary if treated
promptly. Your lung function can improve with time and treatment.
CAUSES
There are many possible causes of acute respiratory failure, including:
Lung injury.
Chest injury or damage to the ribs or tissues near the lungs.
Lung conditions that affect the flow of air and blood into and out of the lungs, such as pneumonia, acute
respiratory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
TREATMENT
Treatment for this condition usually takes places in a hospital intensive care unit (ICU). Treatment
depends on what is causing the condition. It may include one or more treatments until your symptoms
improve. Treatment may include:
Supplemental oxygen. Extra oxygen is given through a tube in the nose, a facemask, or a hood.
A device such as a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or bi–level positive airway pressure
(BiPAP or BPAP) machine. This treatment uses mild air pressure to keep the airways open. A mask or
other device will be placed over your nose or mouth. A tube that is connected to a motor will deliver
oxygen through the mask.
Ventilator. This treatment helps move air into and out of the lungs. This may be done with a bag and
mask or a machine. For this treatment, a tube is placed in your windpipe (trachea) so that air and oxygen
can flow to the lungs.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). This treatment temporarily takes over the function of
the heart and lungs, supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. ECMO gives the lungs a chance to
recover. It may be used if a ventilator is not effective.
HOME CARE
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Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
My research topic is about Leukemia. My goal is to inform about what leukemia is, the causes, the risk
factors, the history of the disease, how it is treated, and how it could be treated in the future to increase
curability and reduce mortality. My focus is going to be on a specific form of leukemia, called Acute
Promyelocytic Leukemia, or AML3. It is called AML3 because it is the M3 subtype of a form of
leukemia called Acute Myelocytic Leukemia.
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. It forms when there is a mutation in the stem cells
that form into various blood cells. This mutation causes the cells to replicate uncontrollably, and are put
into the bloodstream while still immature. Since the blood is full of these immature cells, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although many of the drugs used now are the same when AML3 was first discovered, we have found
better ways of implementing them, and newer drugs to use either to supplement or replace altogether.
One such drug is all–trans retinoic acid. all–trans retinoic acid, or ATRA, is a drug that "induces
differentiation of leukemic promyelocytes into mature granulocytes. . . (Coombs et al.)". On its own,
ATRA produced complete remission rates of up to 72%, but unfortunately the patients suffered from
frequent relapses. Another newer drug implemented in clinical settings was Arsenic Trioxide, or ATO.
"ATO was first utilised in APL patients in the early 1990s, and led to a high CR rate with relatively long–
term remissions when used as a single agent. In preclinical models, the combination of ATRA and ATO
demonstrated synergism in inducing differentiation and apoptosis, allowing for targeted therapy of APL
without chemotherapy. (Coombs et al.)." Basically, on their own, both drugs work fairly well, but
together they work with each other to kill the leukemic cells. However, this was only in models. They
still needed to prove themselves in a clinical environment over a wide range of patients. A group of South
Asian cancer centers took the

Acute Kidney Injury
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is often characterized by a rapid decline in renal excretory function, and/or a
significant decrease in urine output (SOURCE). The exact level of function loss required to be defined as
AKI has been debated; however, the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) has released a widely
accepted system used to define AKI and its varying levels of severity (1). The stages of AKI severity are
classified as: risk, injury, failure, loss of function, and end–stage kidney disease, collectively referred to
as RIFLE, as illustrated in Figure 1. Severity is defined based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and
urine output criteria. GFR criteria includes serum creatinine concentration (Screat) and GFR, with an
increase in Screat or a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This physical damage can result from _____________. Mechanical ventilation can also cause the
development of AKI by alteration of systemic and renal hemodynamics through changes to cardiac
output. Studies have shown that PPV, by increase intrathoracic pressure, can decrease cardiac output
(CO), which has been correlated with a decrease in renal plasma flow (RPF), GFR and UO (25). This
correlation is supported in a canine study done by Qvist et al., in which they found that when CO was not
altered during PPV, there was no decrease in GFR or UO (26). In addition to the hemodynamic effects
seen in PPV, there are also marked neurohormonal effects of mechanical ventilation resulting in AKI.
These include the increase of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, suppression of atrial naturitic
peptide release, as well as alteration of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone–axis (RANA) through the
increase in sympathetic flow, and the accompanying increase in renin activity. These changes result in
decreased renal blood flow, GFR, and UO. There is also an increase in fluid retention, however, there is
some evidence that this occurs as a result of the release of vasoactive substances, which shift intrarenal
blood flow from the cortex to the medulla, resulting in greater fluid retention, regardless of the level of
renal

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Introduction
Acute respiratory distress syndrome, also known as ARDS, is the abrupt collapse of the respiratory
system. It can advance in anyone 1 year and older who is critically ill. An individual with ARDS has
accelerated breathing, difficulty getting adequate air into the lungs and decreased blood oxygen levels.
ARDS normally develops in people who have major injuries or already ill with another disease. ARDS is
usually a hospital acquired disease. ARDS is normally grouped with an almost indistinguishable
condition called acute lung injury, but people with ARDS have much decreased oxygen in their blood, the
condition is more dangerous. ALI can progress into ARDS if the oxygen levels continue to decrease.
What causes ARDS?
No one is certain about exactly what triggers ARDS, but it normally happens when you are previously ill
or severely injured. Examples of conditions that may cause ARDS include: drug overdose, bacterial
infection in the blood (sepsis), pneumonia, aspiration, near drowning, breathing in poison, multiple blood
transfusion and severe injury. ARDS usually develops very rapidly, normally within 12 to 48 hours after
the circumstance that caused it (Mancini, 2013).
Signs and Symptoms of ARDS
Initial symptoms of ARDS may include: low blood pressure, confusion, loss of consciousness, fatigue or
extreme tiredness, anxiety or a feeling of impending doom, fever caused by infection, faster breathing,
severe respiratory distress, agitation and rapid heart rate. ARDS

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
What is SARS? Severe acute respiratory syndrome or in short SARS is a member of the coronavirus
family of viruses, it is considered to be a life threatening form of pneumonia.
How Can You Get Infected? When an individual that is infected with SARS sneezes or coughs, infected
droplets of fluid spray into the air. If you then inhale or come in contact with the infected fluid it may be
transmitted to you. According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, "The SARS virus may live on
hands, tissues, and other surfaces for up to 6 hours in these droplets and up to 3 hours after the droplets
have dried." Other reports say SARS can live up to 24 hours on a surface.
What symptoms should I be aware of? Symptoms occur approximately 2 to 10 days after

Acute Myeloid Leukemi Symptoms And Treatment
Connor Stockman
Bio 325
12/2/14
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
This year in the United States there will be an estimated 1,665,540 diagnosed cancer cases and 585,720
deaths due to the disease.1 Cancer ranks as the second most common cause of death in the US only
behind heart disease. As cancer accounts for nearly a quarter of all deaths in the United States2, many
people view the diagnosis of cancer as a death sentence. This feeling of hopelessness can lead patients to
make questionable decisions regarding treatment options. While current advances have led to
increasingly positive prognoses for those diagnosed with differing forms of cancer, the significant death
rate among those same patients may deter cancer patients from seeking traditional therapies and
treatments. What people often times do not realize is that most of these alternative forms of treatment that
have not been proven to be effective may be more detrimental to patients' health than the actual cancer
itself. In order to fully understand the effectiveness of the treatments that a patient is going to receive, it is
important to look not only the physiological effects of the treatments themselves, but also the effects of
the disease.
Each year in the United States roughly 2.4 per every 100,000 Americans under the age of 65 are
diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia, and 12.6 per 100,000 are diagnosed over the age of 65 10. Up
until the 1970s the five year survival rates for affected patients was less than 15 percent.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ( All )
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a malignant disorder of lymphoid progenitor cells, is the most
common hematological malignancy affects children, accounting for 25–30% of all childhood cancers
with peak prevalence between the ages of 2 and 5 years [1]. The causes of pediatric acute leukemias are
still not well known, the identification of causes and prevention/early intervention is clearly a worthwhile
goal [2]. Previous studies have demonstrated that the interaction between genetic background, lifestyle,
and these environmental factors play a critical role in the development of ALL in children [3].
MicroRNAs are a class of small (17–25 nucleotides) single–stranded noncoding RNAs that function as a
sequence–targeted modifiers of gene expression through translational repression [4]. The miRNAs are
important key regulators of normal hematopoiesis and their disruption could lead to leukemogenesis [5].
Mutations like single–nucleotide polymorphisms located in microRNA binding sites can cause disruption
in microRNA–target interactions, leading to deregulation of the target gene expression [6]. One of these
SNPs is the one found within the miR–502 binding site in the 3′–UTR of the SET8 gene. SET8 (also
known as PR–SET7; located on chromosome 12q24.31) encodes a histone H4–Lys–20–specific
methyltransferase which plays an important role in cell cycle–dependent transcriptional silencing and
mitotic regulation [7]. There are about 129 variants of the SET8 gene

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome is Caused by the SARS...
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), a respiratory disease caused by the SARS coronavirus,
hit Hong Kong severely between February and July 2003. SARS was a new type of viral infection first
recorded in China in November 2002. Capable of transmitting through direct contact with infectious
respiratory droplets, the disease spread rapidly across Hong Kong when an infected doctor visited and
died in Hong Kong on 23rd February, 2003. The outbreak of SARS, the first deadly epidemic of the 21st
Century, started from Guangdong, a south province in China in November 2002. People in Guangdong
soon got panic and rushed to shops to purchase vinegar to heat the vinegar at home and make indoor air
humid and acidic. It was hindsight revealed that China's initial response to the outbreak in Guangdong
was slow and lacking transparency. WHO received the information from China about the "infection" of
SARS only on February 11, 2003, three months later after the first case in Guangdong. While the
international community criticized China for its lack of transparency in its initial response and attempts to
tell the minimum impact of the disease, one fact remained true was that by that time no body in the world
had pre–knowledge of the disease and the cause of the disease. The frustration of knowing so little about
the virus, its prevention, treatment and the difficulty of distinguishing the SARS infection from other
known disease infection caused diagnostic delays and took China some

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Research Paper
Pathophysiological Processes of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Enid Appiah
Chamberlain College of Nursing
NR 283 Pathophysiology
June 2018
Introduction of Disease Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), also known as acute lymphoid or
lymphocytic leukemia, is a cancer of the white blood cells (McCoy, 2015). More specifically, it is a
cancerous conversion and procreation of lymphoid progenitor cells in the blood, extramedullary sites, and
in the bone marrow (Terwilliger, Abdul–Hay, 2017). In 2017, 62,130 people were expected to be
diagnosed with leukemia and there were an estimated 363,794 people living with or in remission from
leukemia in the United States alone (The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, 2017); In the US, the
occurrence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The abnormal behavior of the white blood cells decreases the body's ability to fight off infections and
lead to a decrease of other blood cells. ALL is deadlier in adults but has a high survival rate in children.
Most children are cured after treatment and the number of adults in remission has grown in the past
decades.
References
McCoy, K. (2015). Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Health Library: Evidence–Based Information,
EBSCOhost. Retrieved from https://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/command/detail?vid=6&sid=4a20f621–
0be2–4542–bbd8–5600c54e7ffd%40pdc–v–
sessmgr01&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=2009866275&db=nup
Terwilliger, T., & Abdul–Hay, M. (2017). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a comprehensive review and
2017 update. Blood Cancer Journal, 7(6), e577–. http://doi.org/10.1038/bcj.2017.53
The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. (2015, February 26). Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. The
Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. Retrieved from https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute–lymphoblastic–
leukemia?src1=27336&src2=20032
VanMeter, K., Hubert, R. (2015). Gould's Pathophysiology for the Health Professions, 5th Edition.
[Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from

Background and Origin on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SARS( Severe acute respiratory syndrome) Background/Intro/Origins SARS, also known as severe acute
respiratory syndrome was first found in Foshan, Guangdong in November of 2002. SARS is a very new
and rare disease. SARS was officially recognized as a threat by the World Health Organization in March
of 2003. This outbreak was the only one ever recorded of its type, up until the recent Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome. Scientists recognized SARS as a variation of the coronavirus. In humans, the
typical coronavirus is one of the many that cause the common cold. In livestock, the virus is found to
create serious and fatal diseases. Scientists believe that this variation of the coronavirus originated from
civets and the Horseshoe bat. Corona viruses are known for their ability to mutate in order to spread
among humans. Transmissions SARS is transmitted through the droplets of vapour from coughing and
sneezing. Contact with these droplets and the objects the infected touched would also transmit SARS.
Some scientists theorize that SARS is an airborne spread virus. Epidemiological analysis also indicated
that SARS was spreaded along the routes of international air travel. Symptoms Fever Dry cough
Shortness of breath Chills Body aches and pains Nasal congestion Diarrhea Malaise (a general feeling of
discomfort) Muscular stiffness Loss of appetite Confusion Rashes Diagnosis Blood tests Blood culture
Sputum culture Stool sample to detect the

Symptoms Of Acute Coronary Syndrome
Symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome is a medical emergency in women and men that needs
immediate attention; it is imperative to identify early symptoms to get an early treatment with
good outcomes. The timely recognition of symptoms for this condition could be a matter of life
or death for the patient; acute coronary syndrome is responsible for more than seven million
deaths around the world each year, (De Vonn, Hogan, Ochs, & Shapiro, 2011). Su, Nyi, and Li
(2015) states, "Approximately one–third of people suffering heart attacks die before they reach
the hospital" (pp.1). In many cases, when the symptoms of acute coronary syndrome arise,
people do not identify them until is too late for an intervention, so it is possible that socio–
demographic factors such as, gender, age, ethnicity, and income of an individual influence the
recognition of symptoms of acute coronary syndrome and delay treatment?
A research study mentions, "The most important factor impacting increasing time to
treatment for ACS is the patient's decision to delay seeking care," (De Vonn et al., 2011).
Sociodemographic and clinical factors such as, age, education level, and income play an
important role for those deciding when to seek for medical attention for symptoms of acute
coronary syndrome; "Most patients who reported specific symptoms were male, young, with
better financial conditions," (Gouveia, Travassos, Mendes, & Silva, 2015). The association of the

SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SARS is known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. SARS is caused by the SARS coronavirus
(SARS–CoV). There is no known vaccine for SARS; however, most people can recover from SARS or
even maintain the disease with the help of therapy and advanced machines. SARS had broken out in 2003
at this time no one knew what SARS even was, Scientist had begun doing everything to figure out the
cause of this odd disease. CDC (Centers for Disease Control) paired with WHO (World Health
Organization) to determine the cause of a pneumonia in Southeast Asia. March 12, this odd disease was
given a name, sever acute respiratory syndrome. The symptoms of SARS is similar to flu–like symptoms
but overtime can become worse. Common symptoms of SARS are chills, shaking, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Tracheal intubation is used to keep the airway open so that a person with SARS can breathe since they
cannot breathe on their own. Oxygen therapy is used to provide extra oxygen to the lungs. People may
also use high doses of steroids to reduce swelling in the lungs; although, people do not know how
effective steroids are. Antibiotics are used to treat the bacteria that cause pneumonia one in general is
ribavirin. Ribavirin is a purine nucleoside analogue. However, its mechanism of action is still talked
about, it prevents the growing of RNA and DNA viruses by inhibiting the enzyme inosine
monophosphate dehydrogenase, which is needed for the synthesis of guanosine triphosphate. The final
step in the process of events is lethal mutagenesis of the RNA genome.1 In vitro inhibition of RSV,
influenza viruses and parainfluenza viruses is achieved at ribavirin concentrations of 3–10 μg/mL.
Ribavirin can be given by mouth intravenously or as an aerosol. In adults an oral dose of 600 mg slows
peak plasma levels of 1.3 μg/mL, an large dose of 1000 mg results in mean concentrations of 24 μg/mL,
and the aerosol appears in the plasma at levels of 0.2 to 1 μg/mL. Ribavirin helps treat severe lung
infections when inhaled, it also comes in an oral form which is used to treat Hepatitis C. Studies show
that when ribavirin was paired with corticosteroids and other steroids it

Acute Myeloid Leukemia Essay
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is the most common form of leukemia in adults, approximately 20,800
people are diagnosed each year, leading to the lowest survival rate of all of the leukemias. It is a category
of cancer of the blood and also the bone marrow (the soft inner part of some bones), and inside the
spongy bone where blood cells are created. The average age for this type of leukemia is 65 or older, and
is also generally more common in males rather than females. Acute Myeloid Leukemia is cured in 35–
40% of people less than 60 years old and 5–15% in people older than 60 years old. If untreated, it can be
fatal, and also it can spread to other parts of the body, including organs and tissues. Doctors still do not
know what causes AML due to the fact that most people with this disease do not have risk factors that can
be altered. Treatment of the AML always depends on the subtype of AML, and some treatments mays
include high–dose ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then, "myeloid" indicates the type of cell this leukemia specifically starts from, which are white blood
cells called myeloid cells. AML is classified focusing on the maturity of cancer cells at the time when
diagnosed, and additionally how different the cells are from normal cells. In the 1970's, a group of
French, American, and Birtish leukemias experts divided AML into 8 types, M0–M7, this classification is
based on the type of the type of cell and its degree of development. This was based largely on how the
leukemia cells looked under the microscope after routine staining. Knowing the degree of AML, or
subtype, can be important due to the fact that helps both the patient's outlook and treatment options. M0
is minimally differentiated acute myeloblastic leukemia, and this type is extremely rarely seen. Then the
classification ranges from M7, which is acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, which is also

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Research Paper
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an extremely rare, deleterious disease caused by a type of
viral pathogen called a coronavirus. The disease first appeared among residents of southern China, near
Hong Kong, in 2002. Over the course of eight months, the disease spread to up to 8,000 individuals, 10%
of which died. As a contagious viral pandemic, SARS diffused to nearly 30 countries by 2003, including
Germany, Canada, and the United States. However, by 2004, all cases of SARS disappeared and have not
reappeared anywhere since then. After considerable research, scientists discovered that the infection was
caused by a single–stranded RNA coronavirus. The virus was so named due to the several corona–like
"spikes" that were known to protrude from the molecule. Because SARS suddenly attracted widespread
attention when it was first identified in China in 2002, the virus was classified as an emerging infectious
disease. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Symptoms that commonly afflict people with SARS are flu–like symptoms such as fever, fatigue,
weakness, chills, muscle ache, and migraine headaches. It is not until after the onset of these symptoms
when the virus begins to attack the respiratory system. Some of the most severe clinical respiratory
symptoms include breathing difficulties, dry coughing, and a sharp reduction of oxygen levels in the
blood. In some instances, the respiratory symptoms of SARS are fatal. After contracting SARS, people
typically develop terminal pneumonia soon thereafter. Because it can be extremely difficult to breathe,
SARS patients usually require a mechanical respirator or some other apparatus to facilitate

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life–threatening lung condition that prevents enough
oxygen from getting to the lungs and into the bloodstream. According to Kacmarek, Stoller and Heuer, "
it has been proposed that ARDS can develop via different mechanisms and the risk factors for ARDS
should be categorized either by direct injury to the alveolar space or indirect injury initiated by systemic
disease (2014, p. 601)". Common direct injuries to the lungs can include pneumonia, lung transplant,
trauma, septic shock and aspiration among others. Without enough oxygen, an individual's brain and
other organs can be severely damaged. The brain is what controls the rate and depth of respiration. ARDS
can lead to a buildup of fluid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The individual may experience an absence in breathing, also known as apnea. Rapid labored breathing or
hyperventilation, a decrease in blood pressure, and unusual movements such as chest retractions while
breathing may also be present. Mennella and Schub state in a recent work, that signs and symptoms of
ARDS include hyperventilation, agitation, cough, joint stiffness, lethargy followed by obtundation (i.e.,
diminished sense of awareness), pain, and apnea (2014, p. 2). A thorough exam of the lungs may reveal
brief, popping or bubbling like lungs sounds known as coarse crackles. A lack of communication from an
adult patient may also be present, depending how much pain or discomfort they are experiencing.
Physical signs from the patient may also include nasal flaring, moist and cyanotic skin, and extreme

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Acute Myeloid Leukemia is also known to be called AML and is the most common form of all acute
leukemias out there. AML is generally an older person's disease and it is uncommon in people under the
age of 45 while the average age for a person with this disease is 68 years of age. AML is much more
common in men than women and the risk of both male and female being diagnosed with acute myeloid
leukemia is less than half of one percent. AML is rare in the diagnosis and it is estimated for the year
2018 for new patients to be diagnosed with AML is about 19,520 this is mostly in adults. The deaths that
are estimated for the year 2018 is 10,670 with AML and almost all will be adults. It is said in iMedPub
Journal that adults do not participate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rudolf Virchow, a German pathologist in 1856, was the first to use the term leukemia which is taken
from the Greek word meaning "white blood" he first described the abnormal excess of white blood cells
in patients with the clinical syndrome. Myeloid was first used by Newmann in 1869, he was the first to
recognize that white blood cells were made in the bone marrow and not by the spleen as everyone had
believed originally. 1889, Wilhelm Ebstein, used the term "acute leukemia" to show the difference
between the quick progressive and fatal leukemias to those of chronic leukemias. In 1900, Naegeli was
the first person to characterize the myeloblast which is the malignant cell in the AML. He was able to
divide the leukemias into two separate categories lymphocytic and myeloid. 2008 was a big year as AML
was the first cancer genome which is a haploid set of chromosomes in the gamete or in a multicellular
organism to be sequenced fully to extract DNA from leukemic cells where they were able to compare the
affected cells with normal cells. They found that leukemic cells had acquired mutation in several of genes
that had not previously been associated with acute myeloid

Malnutrition Associated With Chronic Disease
Alexis Aaron
Case Study #3 Malnutrition Associated with Chronic Disease Chronic diseases are characterized as a
condition lasting longer than three months and an acute illness is of a shorter duration. Malnutrition
associated with chronic diseases can be due to the fact that many patients with chronic diseases are
physically handicapped and unable to perform activities of daily living such as eating and driving
themselves to the store. Chronic diseases that could physically cause malnutrition like this include
rheumatoid arthritis or neuromuscular diseases such as stroke. Another way that malnutrition associated
with chronic disease can happen is through inflammation of the organs that can occur during organ
failure or pancreatic cancer and cause certain nutrients to not be absorbed at all. Malnutrition associated
with acute illness and inflammation can be caused by traumatic injuries such as severe burns and major
infections of the body. The inflammatory response is a defense mechanism triggered by invading bacteria
or severe injury. People who have been victims of these types of injuries can sustain pretty severe damage
to their metabolism caused by the inflammatory response and can interfere with the nutrition therapy the
RD is attempting to provide this can lead to unwanted weight loss and malnutrition.
A mechanical soft diet is used for patients who may not have the energy or the ability to chew all kinds of
food. The mechanical soft diet is meant to have easy to

Essay On Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
For the past 50 years acute respiratory distress syndrome or better known as ARDS, has been an issue in
hospital intensive care units all around the world. The first "documented published scientific description
dates back to 1821 when Laennec described the gross pathology of the heart and lungs and described
idiopathic anasarca of the lungs; pulmonary edema without heart failure in a treatise on diseases of the
chest."1 Cardiac and non–cardiac issues were not taken into consideration as part of the cause at that
time. The first definition dates back to Ashbaugh and colleagues in 1967.2 Though modern medicine has
been around for hundreds of years, it wasn't until hospitals designed intensive care units and began using
mechanical ventilation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though many advances were made & multiple research done, in 2012 the medical community once again
got together. An expert panel agreed that ARDS is a type of acute diffuse, inflammatory lung injury,
leading to increased pulmonary vascular permeability, increased lung weight, and loss of aerated lung
tissue. "The clinical hallmarks are hypoxemia and bilateral radiographic opacities, associated with
increased venous admixture, increased physiological dead space, and decreased lung compliance. The
morphological hallmark of the acute phase is diffuse alveolar damage (ie, edema, inflammation, hyaline
membrane, or hemorrhage)."3 It was at this conference that the Berlin definition was put into existence.
Though it is to note that most research to date has been done using the AECC definition, the Berlin
definition removed what was known as acute lung injury. Under the new Berlin definition patients with a
PaO2/FiO2 ratio of 200–300 while on a PEEP of +5 would now be classified as mild ARDS, while
patients with a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of 100–200 would be classified as moderate & anything under 100 would
be classified as severe. With pulmonary capillary wedged pressures under 18mm HG. The Berlin
definition defined acute stating that the maximum period between risk factor exposure and ARDS

Heart Failure And Acute Kidney Injury
Our current study demonstrates that among hospitalized HF patients, 2179 (32%) had traditional AKI
(rise in serum creatinine by >=0.3 mg/dl) and 789 (12%) of hospitalized HF patients developed reverse
AKI (drop in serum creatinine by >=0.3 mg/dl). The change in serum creatinine of greater than or equal
to 0.3mg/dl was associated with higher 30–day all–cause readmission and mortality. Interestingly, reverse
AKI group was also associated with higher 30–day all–cause readmission and mortality. To our
knowledge this is the first study that reports 30–day all cause readmission and mortality by serial changes
in serum creatinine in hospitalized HF patients. There is a need for increased awareness regarding this
particular subset of patients. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The explanation for presentation of this group is multifactorial including advanced stage of heart failure,
old age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, acute coronary syndrome, secondary to aggressive diuresis as
supported by increased use of loop and potassium sparing diuretics and an intrinsic imbalance between
the vasoconstrictive (epinephrine, angiotensin, endothelin) and vasodilatory hormones (natriuretic
peptides, nitric oxide). 7
The risk of readmission and mortality in reverse AKI group is similar to traditional AKI as shown in our
study. Hence the increase in creatinine is not only a marker of severity of heart failure but also represents
a pathway for accelerated cardiovascular injury.
In a study of chronic heart failure patients in ambulatory setting the authors found that worsening renal
function within 6 months of referral was prognostically associated with all–cause mortality and heart
failure readmission. 8 Major studies to date predicting heart failure morbidity and mortality do not
include AKI as one of the prognostic indicators.9, 10 A recently published meta–analysis suggests that
the benefit of renin–angiotensin aldosterone inhibitor is not diminished by worsening renal function and
is in fact greater in the group with the worsening renal function.11 Hence contrary to the practice of
stopping ACE/ARB in patients with AKI they are more essential in this high risk group with increased
readmission and mortality. Also

Symptoms And Treatment Of Acute Pancreatitis
Acute Pancreatitis
Kathleen Kelly
NURS 116
Mrs. Lois Orndorf
4/30/2015
Introduction
Client J.D. is a 45 year old white male who presents to the emergency department with a chief complaint
of severe epigastric and LUQ pain that radiates to his back and shoulder. He has been nauseated and has
vomited several times. Client J.D. has been previously healthy. The pain awoke the client from sleep
about 24 hours ago and it has become progressively worse since then. His vital signs: 90/50–150–32–
100.5–96% on RA. The client also has elevated serum amylase and lipase levels. The client has
abdominal tenderness, muscular guarding, and his bowel sounds are diminished. Lung auscultation
revealed crackles in the base of the left lung. He rates his pain 8/10. The client describes the pain as
constant and sharp and it becomes worse when he is lying on his back. The client is currently NPO and is
on the stretcher in the fetal position in an attempt to gain some relieve from the discomfort. The client
may be experiencing an episode of acute pancreatitis. It is recommended that this client be seen
immediately. IV fluids of LR should be started along with an abdominal CT scan, pain medication, an
anti–emetic for the nausea and vomiting and the client should be admitted for observation.
Pathophysiology/Etiology
The pancreas is an elongated organ located toward the back of the abdomen behind the stomach and it is
part of the body 's endocrine system. The endocrine system is a

Medical Terminology: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Abbie Joy
Medical Terminology
Midterm Exam
March 22, 2015
Leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer, accounting for up to 25% of
all pediatric cancers and 80% of all pediatric leukemias (Essig, Et. al; Szychot, Brodkiewicz and
Peregud–Pogorzelski). Along with ALL, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia
(CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are the most common leukemias seen today ("Leukemia").
This disease can affect people at all ages and is known for relapsing which makes it a prime candidate for
research in order to improve diagnostic and treatment techniques (Tabe and Konopleya). Due to this
research, the five–year survival rate of patients with ALL has increased to 85% (Winther ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of these symptoms include fever or chills, swollen lymph nodes, unwarranted weight loss and night
sweats. Other signs of this disease include persistent fatigue, frequent or severe infections, enlarged
spleen or liver, easy bleeding and bruising, recurrent nose bleeds, petechiae (tiny red spots on the skin)
and bone pain or tenderness ("Leukemia"). The persistence of these symptoms is often what indicates that
there something greater going on than just the common influenza or illness. It is due to the vagueness of
these symptoms it can be difficult, especially without the use of diagnostic tests, to identify the presence
of leukemia

A Non St Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome
In the management of an NSTE–ACS patient who underwent early PCI, is there any distinction between
Plavix and Brilinta in reducing thrombotic CV events?
By
Lucia A. Garza
Master's Project
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the
Degree of:
Masters in Physician Assistant Studies
University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
College of Health Sciences & Human Services
Department of Physician Assistant Studies
Edinburg, Texas
December 2015
Abstract:
A non–ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE–ACS) is a very common presentation to emergency
departments everywhere, as well as primary care practices. Therefore, it is important that all providers be
well informed on the effectivity of certain treatment regimens. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Research shows that due to the greater frequency of PCI in various trials, Brilinta was showed to have
greater benefit over Plavix in NSTE–ACS patients.
NSTE–ACS blah blah and mention statistics and other sources. This research involving current literature
was conducted to determine if there is any difference in antiplatelet therapy with Plavix, when compared
to Brilinta. With this knowledge, providers can be properly informed about choosing the best treatment
for their patients.
Methods:
In order to conduct this research paper, access was gained into the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
library website (http://www.utpa.edu/library). Under the heading of 'Articles and Databases', Pub Med
was selected. Entering the key–words'Brilinta', 'NSTE ACS' and 'Brilinta vs Plavix' this search was
conducted. This search was conducted on several separate occasions. Over 350 articles were returned

with these key–words mentioned in the title.
After the initial search, about 35 journal readings had to be read thoroughly and closely analyzed. From
which, 10 of these journal articles were deemed pertinent to this manuscript. These publications were
then saved, printed, and re–analyzed for key information. All publications were chosen from reputable
sources via online and only pertinent information relating to this manuscript will be discussed.
Results:
NSTE–ACS is a diagnosis a provider should never miss.

Childhood Cancer-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Essay
There are many discussions that remain in the world about what is the number one killer in children
today, cancer; and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia is one of the most common childhood diseases, more
likely to occur in children under the age of fifteen. (Leukemia–Lymphoma) There are few adults that may
end up getting Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia but the symptoms would be much harder to find than it
would be in a child. Although cancer in children is getting to the point where it is becoming rare or well it
may seem that way, one in every three hundred and fifty American children will start to develop the
symptoms of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia just by the time they would reach the age of 21 years. Even
with a high percentage of being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The question that the patients always ask is, what about a healthy life? What about the parts of their life
they have already lost? All the treatments, radiations, and chemotherapy they have already gone through;
they have scars so big that nothing they do can hide them. What about all the things that they missed out
on because of all the time they had to be in the hospital? Many doctors stated that they would help or
treat anyone "no matter what" the issue may be, not in the case of three year old Amy. Research has
shown me that this little girl was refused to be helped with her disease because of the families' inability to
pay right away, because of not having a good enough insurance to cover the bills. Already slowly losing
their lives anyways, the hospital refusing to treat them was killing them faster than what was going to be
expected. This poor little girl already in the twenty percent category slowly but surely easing her way to
death because of not receiving the help she needed. If you are unable to pay because of your insurance or
whatever the reason may be, doctors or even the hospitals should not deny helping you or your children
live their lives or even are helped to stay alive maybe a few days more if anything. The national marrow
donors program stated that nearly 4,000 new cases of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in the United
States occur in just one year. (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Marrow)

Essay On Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Raegan Gruber Professor Name MCB 2004 April 12, 2017 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome The
emerging infectious disease, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome was the first recorded in the twenty–
first century. This disease, which is more commonly referred to as SARS was first recorded on November
16th, 2002 in the Guangdong province of Southern China. It was presented as an unusual form of
pneumonia, something that had never been seen before. Within a few days, multiple cases of similar
symptoms had been reported in Hong Kong, Vietnam, and Toronto (Kamps, Hoffman, 1). The disease
quickly spread to at least two dozen countries, including the United States by the time the outbreak was
controlled in July of 2003.(This can be it's own sentence) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To rule this virus and many other similar viruses, such as West Nile Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus,
and other strains of the influenza virus, out the doctor can perform a number of several different viral
tests. If all of the test come back negative, a chest X–Ray or a chest CT scan can be ordered to detect
pneumonia. To further confirm the SARS virus, many standard and advanced laboratory tests can be
conducted. The standard blood tests include: arterial blood tests, blood chemistry tests, and complete
blood count tests. Advanced laboratory tests include a polymerase chain reaction test, also known as a
PCR test, gram staining respiratory mucus (Davis,3), direct isolation of the virus itself, and antibody
tests. While there are many tests in existence that help detect SARS, they all have limitations. For
example, a positive result of a polymerase chain reaction indicates that the SARS–CoV is present, but it
is unable to provide information on the amount of virus present and if it is enough to cause symptoms in
the patient (Preiser, Drosten, 1). Another limitation, is the heightened possibility of false negatives. This
is can be because of an unstable sample or due to the time the sample was taken. To help confirm the
results, it is recommended that the patient be monitored and samples are taken and stored to be

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ( Ards )
According to the American Lung Association, "Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a rapidly
progressive disease occurring in critically ill patients." ARDS is an extreme manifestation of a lung injury
that can be associated with an acute medical problem. This occurs as a result of direct or indirect trauma
to the lungs. With nearly 200,000 cases in the United States each year, ARDS is not extremely common
("Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome"). Most people who acquire this disease are critically ill patients
within the hospital. The most common predisposing medical problems of ARDS consist of: shock,
trauma, pulmonary infections, sepsis, aspiration, and cardiopulmonary bypass (Ignatavicious, 2013).
ARDS is a severe syndrome and even with prompt and aggressive medical treatment, almost fifty percent
of those diagnosed do not survive. Those who survive have a longer hospital stay along with recurring
hospital admissions throughout their lifetime ("Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome"). Acute respiratory
distress syndrome is a rapidly progressive disease which requires thorough assessment, rapid diagnosis,
and emergency treatment measures in order to successfully respond to the disease process.
ARDS is acute respiratory failure with persistent hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, dyspnea,
noncardiac–associated pulmonary edema, and dense pulmonary infiltrates on the chest x–ray. The main
site of injury within the lung is the alveolar–capillary membrane

Acute Stress Disorder
Acute Stress Disorder
Brett D. Klawitter
Liberty University
Abstract
Acute Stress Disorder or ASD is a phenomenon that happens during or shortly after a traumatic event. It
can affect people in many different ways but it is usually debilitating for up to one month. There has been
controversy and stigma attached to the diagnosis of ASD since it was first added to the DSM–IV. This
paper will illustrate the definition of ASD, the diagnostic guidelines, the difference between ASD and
Acute Stress Reaction (ASR), symptoms and effective treatments, the impact of ASD and the coping
skills needed to successfully get through it, and a biblical story and perspective about stress disorders.
What is ASD and is it an appropriate response to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While many aspects remain the same thee has been some additional criteria or information that makes the
diagnosis more effecting. The diagnostic criteria for ASD include; experiencing or witnessing actual or
threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation, or learning that the event occurred to a friend or
close relative, repeated or extreme exposure to the event but it is important to note that this does not
include exposure through mass media. In DSM–IV three criteria had to be met along with the occurrence
of other disturbances. In DSM–V this is sectioned together and eight or more of the symptoms must be
met, starting with at least three of the disassociated symptoms such as numbing, depersonalization, or
amnesia. There are four inclusion symptoms that could occur such as flashbacks, recurrent images,
thoughts, or dreams. Two avoidance symptoms that could include avoiding conversations, activities,
people, and places that bring back intense feelings and memories of the event. Furthermore; symptoms of
arousal or anxiety such as the inability or difficulty sleeping, irritability, poor concentration, and the
inability to sit still or body tremors and shaking. There needs to be clinically observed stress or
impairment, the symptoms last from three days to one month after the event and are not due to the use of
substances, a medical condition, or physiological events (Cardeña & Carlson, 2011).
Differences between ASD and

The Ventilation Strategies For Acute Respiratory Distress...
The purpose of this assessment is to critique a related pair of published papers surrounding the ventilation
strategies for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) within the Intensive Care Unit (ICU).
My role as an Advanced Critical Care Practitioner (ACCP) involves me working with patients with
multi–organ failure and more often respiratory failure following prolonged periods of ventilation and
lung insult. ARDS has been studied in a variety of settings since it was first introduced by Dr Ashbaugh
(Ashbaugh et al, 1967), at which time mortality was between 60% and 70%, however, the most effective
way to ventilate patients with ARDS is still being researched. Despite this ongoing research into the
management of ARDS, mortality remains at 35–40%. It is thought this is linked to lack of knowledge and
evidence regarding the pathological process of ARDS.
ARDS can be defined as an acute decrease in the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional
inspired oxygen (P/F) 30% surface area burns or any other condition which had a >50% 6–month
mortality. Although there are significant differences in each of these papers exclusion criteria they are
clearly identified, which is good practice and not always done (Van Spall et al, 2007). However, these
extensive exclusion criteria can impair generalisability of the trial results in the ICU.
Sample sizes required to show
Critique the sample sizes – look at sample size representivity.
INTERVENTIONS – drafted and critique

Symptoms And Treatment Of Acute Pharyngitis
Introduction
According to American Family Physician (2009), acute pharyngitis is a common upper respiratory tract
infection seen in the pediatric population, with most children averaging five sore throats within a year in
the United States. "Pharyngitis is the inflammation of the mucosa lining the structure of the throat
including the tonsils, pharynx, uvula, soft palate, and nasopharynx" (Burns, Dunn, Brady, Starr, &
Blosser, p. 715, 2013). Acute pharyngitis can be caused by both virus and bacteria microorganisms.
About 40 to 60% of acute pharyngitis is of a viral origin (Burns et al., 2013). Adenovirus is the most
common virus associated with acute pharyngitis. Although, there are other associated viruses, which
includes Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza, herpes simplex
virus, enterovirus, and human immunodeficiency virus (Burns et al., 2013). There are some common
bacterial organisms that are associated with pharyngitis which includes Streptococcus pyogens (group A
streptococcus), Corynbacterium diphtheria, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, Neisseria gonorrhoeare,
group C and group G streptocococci, and Mycoplasma pneumonia (Burns et al., 2013). Streptococcus
pyogens accounts for 15 to 30 percent of pharyngitis in children, with group A beta–hemolytic
streptococcus being the most common cause in children (Burns et. al., 2013). The bacteria is mostly
transmitted through the respiratory route with a 2–5day incubation period, which has

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ( Ards )
CLINICAL CLARIFICATION o Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in neonates is a
heterogeneous syndrome most often caused by pulmonary surfactant deficiency in the lungs. [1,2]
CLASSIFICATION o Acute respiratory distress syndrome can be classified into three exclusive
categories based on the degree of hypoxemia: [1]
 Mild (200 mm Hg < PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mm Hg)
 Moderate (100 mm Hg < PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200 mm Hg)
 Severe (PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 100 mm Hg) DIAGNOSIS CLINICAL PRESENTATION History o Most
commonly affects prematurely born infants (< 7.35 o Hypoxemia: [1]
 Mild: 200 mm Hg < PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mm Hg
 Moderate: 100 mm Hg < PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200 mm Hg
 Severe: PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 100 mm Hg
Other diagnostic tools
 Not applicable DIFFERENTIAL ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
o Diagnosis based on chest x–ray which shows hyperinflated lungs with streaky perihilar markings. [2]
 This gives the appearance of a shaggy heart border with a clear periphery of the lungs. [2]
 Fluid is often seen in the lung fissures. [2]
 Other conditions to exclude include: o Persistent pulmonary hypertension o Aspiration o Pulmonary
edema o Congenital cardiopulmonary anomalies
Diagnostic groups
 Not applicable TREATMENT GOALS o The goal of management is to provide immediate intensive
care and early ventilation support. [1]
DISPOSITION
Admission criteria o All infants with breathing problems should be cared in hospital setting at birth.
Criteria for ICU admission o All infants who are premature or at high risk need to be treated at birth at
the NICU by specialists. [3] Recommendations for specialist referral o A medical team that specializes in
newborn breathing problems should be consulted or should be involved in care. [3]
TREATMENT OPTIONS o Treatment remains supportive and is aimed at improving gas exchange and
preventing complications. [1]
Drug therapy
 Surfactant therapy: o Intratracheal surfactant therapy may be helpful but more research is needed. [1,
3] o Requires endotracheal intubation, which also may be necessary to achieve adequate ventilation and
oxygenation. [2] o Early surfactant therapy (within 20 to 30 min after birth) is associated with: [2]
 Decreased duration of mechanical ventilation
 Lesser incidence of air leak

COPD Exacerbation Experience A Qualitative Descriptive Study
Application of a Health Behavior Theory or Model
The article "The COPD Exacerbation Experience: A Qualitative Descriptive Study" explains the health
behavior of a selected population with Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The author of the article
conducts a research study on individuals suffering from the condition due to the high prevalence of the
disease in the United States. The article undertakes a qualitative and descriptive study in a bid to
understand all aspects associated with the condition and the reasons for its high prevalence. This essay
will focus on analyzing the application of Social Cognitive theory to explain the health behavior of a
patient population with the COPD condition. The Social Cognitive Theory focuses on understanding an
individual's behavior, based on their observations. In the health behavior, the theory explains that a
patient may learn different aspects of their illness considering the signs and symptoms that they may
have.
The purpose of the study was to explore the individual awareness of the patients with the COPD illness
and to know whether the patients understood the different symptoms associated with the condition. The
study focused on ensuring that the patients had the ability to distinguish between acute exacerbations of
the condition from the mild symptom. It also sought to ensure that patients have the ability to recognize
the symptoms and patterns of the condition. The Social Cognitive Theory helps the researcher to explain

Luc De Schepper Summaries Chapter 1 Summary
Naailah Kalla
Luc de schepper summaries
Chapter 6:
LM Potencies:
Lm potencies are known as a fast, gentle and long lasting cure. Homeopaths use lm potencies to treat
hypersensitive patients mainly because they are more gentle. Lm potencies speed up the cure of patients
as well as lessen the aggravations. Hahnemann felt that centicimal potencies caused too much of an
aggravation which lead to a patient suffering. Lm potencies are made by diluting a remedy in a ratio of 1
to 50000 at each step, while still succussing at 100. Due to the fast that the succussions are low, the
aggravations will be low and because it is diluted so many times it increases the strength of the remedy.
Lm potencies penetrate at a deep mental and emotional level. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some say it's the remedy that matches the patients totality of symptoms for a chronic condition with
emphasis on their personality and temperament. Others say that it's the remedy that matches the patients
individual type and it is a life long remedy and no matter what condition a person gets, this remedy will
cure the acute condition. Some say that the innate constitution is what the person is made of on a mental,
emotional, and physical level, but it is not necessarily the remedy that will cure the persons current
condition.
Each constitution is associated with certain remedies. Each constitution has a typical chronic remedy,
however a strong traumatic incident can impose a layer on a patient of any constitution. Constitutional
types have both a light and a dark side depending on life events and circumstances.
Homeopathy helps to restore children to health, to overcome their weekness and to get them ready for a
healthy ife. People who have taken homeopathic remedies from childhood have fewer chronic diseases
later on in their lives. The greatest protection is when all of the layers are removed and a proper
constitutional remedy is given. Children have less layers than

Essay Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, commonly known as SARS, first came onto the scene in November
2002 in mainland China. The respiratory disease is characterized by fever and coughing much like flu.
While at first the etiological agent was unknown, through persistent research scientists discovered it to be
a coronavirus. This causative agent created history because it was the first time it has ever been found in
the human population. This coronavirus raised many questions for scientists as to why the pathogen
causes morbidity and mortality. (Fidler) When a person is infected by the disease there is normally an
incubation period of two to seven days. Once this time is up symptoms such as fever, chills, and body
aches will arise. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When it comes to protecting and treating yourself from the disease, it first starts with the immune system.
The five physical barriers of the immune system are there attempts of the body from keeping a virus from
entering the system in the first place. Specifically for spread of the coronavirus, the respiratory tract, the
eyes, and the skin play a large role. In the respiratory tract there is mucous and cilia that try to keep the
bad guys out, while at the same time eye lashes and blinking keep potential predators out. The skin too
plays a role by being dry and not providing a good harboring place to many viruses. However, in the case
that the body does become infected, the body makes antibodies to fight the disease. While there is no cure
for SARS, there is treatment. The treatment for SARS is just like any other respiratory virus, such as
influenza. If proper treatment is obtained in a timely fashion, the symptoms of the SARS virus can be
greatly reduced. Right now the reported number of those affected by SARS is significantly lower than it
was in 2003. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 8,098 people were infected with the
SARS virus in 2003. Of this number, 774 resulted in death. In a society where AIDS, diarrhea, and
tuberculosis kills millions every

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Primary Care...
1. A physician is called to the intensive care unit to provide care for a patient who received second– and
third–degree burns over 50 percent of his body due to a chemical fire. The patient is in respiratory
distress and is suffering from severe dehydration. The physician provides support for two hours. Later
that day the physician returns and provides an additional hour of critical care support to the patient.
2. A 23–month–old infant with a heart condition presented to the ED. The physician examined the infant
and , after reviewing the patient's history of a heart condition, ordered a transport to a specialty cardiac
hospital. This specialty hospital is 150 miles away from the current hospital. The physician accompanies
the patient in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patient complained of right lower quadrant pain and of feeling faint. Dr. O'Donnel documented a
chief complaint, a brief history of present illness, and a systemic review of the gastrointestinal system and
respiratory system. Dr. O'Donnel also documented a complete examination of all body systems, which
included all required elements. Medical decision making was of moderate complexity. 7. A full–term
baby girl was born at a local community hospital on 07/08, at which time the infant's APGAR scores
were 9 and 10 and the normal infant was examined prior to her admission to the nursery. On the second
day of admission (07/09), the normal newborn was discharged home with her mother. Code the
discharge.
8. Dr. Williams treated a 9–month–old new female patient in the office for diaper rash. An expanded
problem focused history and exam were performed, and MDM was straightforward. 9. A 72–year–old
patient with a history of breast cancer has a suspicious mass in her uterus. A biopsy was done. The
determination was that the patient had a carcinoma in situ of the uterus. The physician who conducted the
surgery called a face–to–face meeting with his fellow surgeons, the patient and the patient's family and
discussed the case and the patient's outcome for 30 minutes.
10. Dr. Martin provided 1 hour and 20 minutes of critical care services to Jack Smithton, age 64, who is
in the Intensive Care Unit with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Case Study : Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Case Study: Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Niki Lovelace
Middle Tennessee State University
Advanced Pathophysiology
NURS 5103 R58/Spring 17
20 February 2017
Introduction S.L. is a 34–year–old male that arrived at his primary care provider's office today for what
he states is his fourth "cold" this year. He proclaims that he has been coughing non–stop and feels
congested. He denies taking his temperature but has felt occasional sweats and chills. This being his
fourth visit to his primary care provider for the same signs and symptoms. At the previous visits, he was
diagnosed with upper respiratory infections that only antibiotics such as amxocillin seem to clear up.
Other medical management he has tried has been acetaminophen for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
189).
When labs are stable and patient is afebrile, the patient will be evaluated for surgery for insertion of
central line. "Since AML is essentially a systematic disease that arises in the bone marrow any organ can
be affected resulting in the wide spectrum of clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, and disease
manifestations. . . " (Garza, 2015, p. 19). Therefore, a long term central line will come with advantage for
the multiple lab draws and constant infusions. According to Cancer.net (2016) out of 100 people the five–
year survivor rate for acute myeloid leukemia is 26%. The limited amount of precieptating factors makes
early detection difficult. In addition, like many cancers, leukemia has normally spread rapidly before it is
diagnosed. For leukemic patients throughout treatment repeat bone marrow biopsies are performed to
track the progress and hopefully to see a decrease in myeloblasts. If the patient progress and signs and
symptoms get worse, lumbar punctures will be performed to assess for central nervous system
involvement. In addition, if standard treatments are

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Analysis
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a disease process that requires specific, intensive care to increase
the odds of patient survival. Due to the rapid and significant decline in a patient's ability to maintain their
respiratory status, ventilation techniques in treating acute respiratory distress syndrome are specific and
unique. Multiple techniques have been studied extensively and a few stand above the rest in changing the
mortality rate. High frequency percussive ventilation and high frequency oscillatory ventilation may be
good options for ventilating some of the most critical patients.
Understanding acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a critical aspect of managing a patients
ventilatory needs. The definition of ARDS is "the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The oscillate trial reported a 35% conventional ventilation mortality rate compared to 41.1% mortality
rate in the Oscar trial. Both trials demonstrated that mortality rates in utilizing HFOV is higher, 47% in
the Oscillate trial and 44.1% in the Oscar trial. The Oscar trial patients who were randomized to the
HFOV had a closer margin of mortality to the conventional group with only a difference of 2% favoring
conventional ventilation, compared to the Oscillate trial which concluded with a difference of 12% also
favoring the conventional ventilation

Acute Respiratory Stress Syndrome Essay
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a medical condition that is capable of affecting a person
of any age, which is usually characterized by the development of a serious condition of health.
Accordingly many of the affected persons are usually admitted to medical facilities when such conditions
develop. For a long time, many believed that the disease is caused by sepsis and shocks. However, ARDS
is defined by an acute onset of hypoxemia, bilateral pulmonary edema of non–cardiogenic origin, and
reduction in respiratory system compliance.1–3 Therefore, ARDS has the characteristics of non–
cardiogenic pulmonary edema and severe hypoxemia.1 This disorder is a rapidly progressive form of
acute respiratory failure.1 During World Wars, many doctors noticed that patients had a condition, which
hosted symptoms such as severe pancreatitis, non–thoracic injuries, massive transfusion, sepsis, and other
conditions that develop respiratory distress, diffuse lung infiltrates.1–3 These symptoms lead to
respiratory failure.1,2 In 1967, Ashbaugh et al. studied many patients who showed the features of ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the AECC, this disease is characterized by severe features of acute lung injury, in a form of
diffuse alveolar injury, bilateral pulmonary infiltrate, and severe hypoxemia with no evidence of
cardiogenic pulmonary edema.1 However, the severity of the hypoxemia conditions is crucial diagnosing
of ARDS. This is because this disorder was defined by the ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen in the
patients' arterial blood (PaO2) to the fraction of oxygen in the inspired air (FIO2).1–6 ARDS is believed
to be the most severe form of acute lung injury (ALI) based on the form of diffuse alveolar injury.
Though, ARDS described based on the PaO2/FIO2 ratio less than 200 while ALI is defined by the ratio of
PaO2/FIO2 less than

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Acute Stress
Abstract
This paper summarizes and explores acute stress responses. This explanation includes the symptoms of
acute stress reactions as well as acute stress disorder. It also emphasizes the differences between acute
stress responses and acute stress disorders. Based on the references found and I examine the different
treatment strategies and examine responses and further delve into how it can a person's life with short
term and long term effects.
Acute Stress Response
Definition
Acute stress response is a response or a collection of responses that occurs when an individual develops
symptoms due to a very stressful situation or event. Stress responses occur every day, but acute stress
responses are due to symptoms that develop quickly and sometimes unexpectedly. In situations where
acute stress is a factor the incidents that occur are normally harsh and seemingly happen unexpectedly.
Symptoms of Acute Stress Reactions
The symptoms of acute stress reactions include psychological symptoms which can include depression,
anxiety, trouble sleeping, lack of concentration, feeling anxious, and feeling as if they just want to be
away from others; alone. Other common symptoms include bad dreams or flashbacks of the traumatic
event, avoiding people, conversations, and situations that remind them about the traumatic event, self–
destructive behaviors, and detached from others. Some of the common physical symptoms include
difficulty breathing, palpitations, nausea, chest

Reducing Acute Hospital Readmissions Through Telehealth...
Reducing Acute Hospital Readmissions through Telehealth Technology
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that utility of telehealth technology (THT) has the ability to
improve patients' health and reduce costly hospital readmissions for those living with chronic diseases in
the United States (US). Nationally, most of our healthcare expenditures are allocated to caring for
patients with chronic conditions. Bunnell et al. (2012) suggested that it cost the US more than 2.5 trillion
dollars to manage and treat chronic disorders. Because of less than optimal management of chronic
diseases in the outpatient setting, these patients are frequently readmitted to the hospital.
THT is a valuable tool that can be deployed to increase ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Else, complications can lead to numerous readmissions and longer length of stays.
Impact of Issue on Quality of Life and Financial Systems
The current workflow my unit employs to educate patients regarding their chronic condition is
inadequate. Because of busy patient assignments, I usually have very little opportunity to ensure that
patients thoroughly comprehend their care needs. Essentially, we use what is referred to as teach back.
This entails the nurse teaching the patient about proper management of his or her health condition. Once
the educational session is complete, nurses ask patients to explain to them what they have learned.
Perhaps this method of teaching might be effective if I had time to perform the actual teaching; however,
I have very little opportunity to do so and there are no signs that this dilemma will change anytime soon.
Instead of spending adequate time with patients and providing a thorough educational experience, I am
inundated with unskilled tasks. Therefore, my patients leave the hospital with very little understanding of
their treatment regimen. Moreover, many of these patients are readmitted to my unit within 30 days.
Consequently, hospitals are penalized by third–party payers when this occurs (See Appendices A).
My unit is already dealing with some very challenging financial issues due to reduced reimbursements
from third–party payers. Regrettably, hospitals with patients readmitted within 30 days of a recent

Acute Panmyelosis With Myelofibrosis ( Apmf )
Acute Panmyelosis with Myelofibrosis (APMF) is a rare type of acute myeloid leukemia that manifests
with a rapidly fibrotic bone marrow and progressive cytopenias. APMF is usually fatal, a consequence of
the disease's ubiquitous pathologic and disease features, rapidly progressive course, and poor response to
traditional treatments. The disease is pathologically recognized for its heavily fibrotic marrow, increased
overall cellularity, immaturity of all cell line lineages, abnormal megakaryocyte population, and lack of
driver mutations that likely contribute to the rapid and progressive disease course. In this chapter, we
focus on how the hematologist and pathologist alike can best identify and manage this disease in light of
these clinical challenges. We discuss the background of this unique and deadly disease and what led to
the identification of this disease from pathologically similar entities. Morphology and recognition of
characteristic disease features, including immunophenotypic findings, cytogenetics and morphology are
discussed. The identification and distinguishing features of this disease are explored in the setting of a
comprehensive differential diagnoses that may mimic this pathologic state. Finally, we address disease
prognosis and suggestions on management in light of the limited studies available regarding
management. Background In 1963, Lewis and Szur described a disorder that they termed 'malignant
myelosclerosis', characterized by an acute clinical

Acute Respiratory Failure Research Paper

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Acute Respiratory Failure Research Paper