Tea, Opium, And Imperialism In Asia.pdfTea, Opium, And Imperialism In Asia

Tea, Opium, And Imperialism In Asia
Throughout many years, imperialism in Asia came from Britain, with a desire for more lands and
power. Although some may argue that the commodities of tea and opium had little to no impact on
the Imperialism in Asia, tea and opium were important to the European powers because it led to
Britain seizing Hong Kong, Indian trade, and the Chinese trade as well. First, Britain seized Hong
Kong from China. The Opium War of 1839–1842 was when China refused to be part of Britain's
free trade of opium, which was illegal and both nations fought each other because of the commodity.
From the text, it states that "By the middle of 1842 British troops had seized Hong Kong... The
Chinese were forced to sign a peace treaty that granted Hong Kong to the British..." (211). With the
superior European weapons, the British seized not only Hong Kong, but also other cities in China.
The Chinese signed a peace treaty that gave Hong Kong, a valuable city, to the British. Opium, the
commodity, allowed imperialism in Asia because it extended Britain's power in China with military
force. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the article, it says, "The opium was produced in Bengal and sold at an annual auction in
Calcutta... The opium was bought by Indian–based "country firms," which were independent trading
organizations that had been granted permission by the company to trade with China" (208–209).
This piece of text mentions that the opium, which had been controlled by the British, was produced
in India. India had been granted permission to trade with China by the East India Company. The
East India Company worked with Britain not only to create the opium drug smuggling operation, but
also to help and improve the payments for the tea. The East India Company, which was formed for
the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia, represented the agent of British imperialism
in
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Reasons for Britain's Relinquishment of Hong Kong
With martial and precision music played, the sovereignty of Hong Kong was returned from Britain
to China officially in a ceremony held on July 1st, 1997. The ceremony symbolized that Hong Kong
moved into a new era that is a dramatic change from capitalist territory to Communist control and in
the meanwhile, the colonial power of Britain in Hong Kong was eventually declared the end. The
purpose of this research paper is to analyze the reasons for the relinquishment of Hong Kong from
three aspects that is historical background, the negotiation between British and Chinese
governments and the results.
Date back to 1800s in China, after the failure of two Opium Wars; Hong Kong entirely became a
colony of Britain according to two unequal treaties that are Treaty of Nanking and Convention of
Peking. As Hong Kong is a colony, it must be resumed over one day. After the foundation of
People's Republic of China, PRC needed to build up diplomatic development and this historical
issue was brought to the table. Although the relinquishment issue was complicated and the
negotiation between British and Chinese governments was back and forth, it was well solved in
1984 by signing Sino–British Joint Declaration. The declaration stated that Hong Kong must be
handed over with effect from July 1st, 1997; moreover, both two countries agreed on "one country,
two systems" this suggestive political principle. On July 1st, 1997, Hong Kong was returned to
China and the success of the relinquishment

The Atlantic And East Asian Colonization
When you think about the resources and animals in our country do you realize that they are mostly
not native to our country. If they 're not native, where do they come from. The answer is the
European colonization. We all know about Christopher Columbus and the Columbian exchange, the
most infamous exploration of the world. But, we must dig deeper. It all first began in Portugal who
wanted a quicker way to access East Asia by going around Africa, but who would know that this
would change the world entirely forever. Bringing animals, a new wave of people, and almost
wiping out entire populations with diseases. It opened the door for the world to communicate
interpersonally. Two fundamentals players in European colonization was the Atlantic ... Show more
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In the Andes, they found out how to purify silver and when Potosi was found the Europeans
colonists were at their peak. However, severe problems with the Spanish colonies and China when
the Spanish tried to sell opium to China. China refuses the trade and the Opium wars begin. In
consequence, Spanish win and China is forced to openly trade with the Europeans. This has affected
our world today especially in the East Asian countries because opium is one of the major drugs used
there. It also has a negative impact in their society such as Thailand and Vietnam because opium
sellers know the land well enough to sneak it into nearby countries without a trace.
Furthermore, political controversy begins because of the Europeans getting to greedy of the
resources and wealth the colonies provide. For example, Brazil had 15 different captains and when
Jesuits (foot soldiers of Christ) come in they kick Brazilians out. Instability between the rulers and
the people arise because they believed that even if the land was their home, they were still required
to pay them which resembled feudalism. They also were a Laissez Faire establishment in which they
developed a hierarchy for the church which determined political and social status. In Haiti, their
government had terrible and brutal rulers in which the subjects only had a three–month life
expectancy on the island. They followed their own rules and

Preserving And Developing A National Identity
Preserving and developing a national identity in China has been and continues to be an ongoing
commitment, most notably since the seventeenth century. A nation is an imagined community
consisting of a so–called myth of common descent, where those who contribute to society share a
common experience. The concept of a "national identity" is crucial in understanding the history of
China as it developed into a nation. Factors that have been established to define identity can consist
of the following: the relation one has to a specific territory; the government system; religions;
ideologies and beliefs; and importantly, in China, the relationship between government and class
social structures. Moreover, the notion of "ethnic identity" surfaces ... Show more content on
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With the conquest of the Manchus over the Ming Empire during the transition from the Ming
Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the loss of ones native identity was on the line. The preservation of
national identity was critical for both the Han and the Manchus. Manchus feared in losing their
national identity in which they ensured to preserve their shamanism: "the notion of having a spiritual
death and rebirth, thus going into a supernatural world where they could then influence events"
(Schoppa, 36). With the Manchus fighting for the recognition and preservation of their national
identity, they would perform their shamanic rituals in the city, such as in the Forbidden City, along
with enforcing tactics that would prevent the Manchus and the Chinese mainlanders to associate
with one another closely. However, at a point, as Schoppa elaborated, the Manchus conformed and "
[bought themselves] into Chinese culture" (Schoppa, 26). By doing so, the political and social
contributers of the empire felt as if their identity was on the line.
Moreover, during the reign of the Qian long Emperor, when China peaked with its wealth and
power, when it was in its prime of commercialization and urbanization, was when it led to more
social development, and an increase in population. This urbanization and social development due to
increasing population was a large contributor to the dissolving national identity of China (Schoppa,
35). During this period, in the

The Role of the British East India Company Essay
British East India Company played a significant yet strange part in the Indian. It was, at its
inception, a commercial venture in the history of The British Empire, which was established in the
year 1600 in the subcontinent. The main reason for entering the subcontinent was trade, making
money and importing spices from South Asia. It was the Portuguese who used all their skills and
their navigational technology to enter this great area first, and start trade in the most profitable
manner they could. East India Company entered as an early and old–fashioned venture, and
conducted a separate business with their private stockholders. Their approach and their trade lasted
for many years until year 1657 (Farrington 5), when they made their base ... Show more content on
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Soon after, the British started their own voyages and the first attempt to start trade with China, under
the Captain Benjamin Wood, was undertaken in 1596. However, the ship did not reach its
destination; instead it was lost without any trace. Forty years later, in 1637, Captain Wendell reached
China successfully and tried to open trade negotiations with Chinese locals but he was resisted and
sent on his way. His ship was destroyed on his journey back home. Ten years after the Dutch East
India Company was expelled from China, English East India Company finally set up a post in
Taiwan, in 1672. By the 1700's this base was shifted to Canton and EIC granted the monopoly of
trade until 1833. Despite the many restrictions on trading by the government, the Chinese trade
flourished, and in the 18th century, the East India Company traded woollens from Britain and
cottons from India in exchange for Chinese tea, silk and porcelain. Out of these, tea became the
largest item to be traded by the British (Robins 18–33). However, as the demand for tea increased,
the items the British were exchanging for it, like the Indian cottons, were not enough to meet these
demands. They started looking for other items to trade instead, to increase their profits, and found
opium to be the best deal. The EIC were already growing opium in India, mainly for medicinal
purposes, and although opium was banned in

The Industrial Revolution And Nationalism Shaped European...
Although the Industrial Revolution and nationalism shaped European society in the nineteenth
century, imperialism–the domination by one country or people over another group of people–
dramatically changed the world during the latter half of that century. Imperialism did not begin in
the nineteenth century. From the sixteenth to the early nineteenth century, an era dominated by what
is now termed Old Imperialism, European nations sought trade routes with the Far East, explored
the Ne w World, and established settlements in North and South America as well as in Southeast
Asia. They set up trading posts and gained footholds on the coasts of Africa and China, and worked
closely with the local rulers to ensure the protection of European economic interests. Their
influence, however, was limited. In the Age of New Imperialism that began in the 1870s, European
states established vast empires mainly in Africa, but also in Asia and the Middle East. Empire
building is an old theme in world history. Societies have sought to dominate weaker neighbors as
long ago as ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, all the way through to the present. Motivations have
been similar – to obtain natural resources, to subdue enemies, to accrue wealth, to win power and
glory – but until the rise of the west, most empires have expanded to territories next to their borders.
With the combination of sea power, centralized governments, and industrialized economies,
European nations set out to build empires all over the

First Opium War Research Paper
What caused the First Opium War to take place? From attempts to suppress the Opium trade,
diplomatic relations on China's and Britain's conflicting viewpoints and foreign nationals of justice
for the administration, resulted in the commencement of the First Opium War. Silk, porcelain, and
tea throughout the European market for Chinese goods was placed on high demand throughout the
17th and 18th centuries, creating a trade imbalance as of the virtually non–existent market for
Western goods in China. In the mid–17th century, when the Canton system was established, China
gained large amounts of European silver, in which the trade to Canton confined the sea. The British
East India Company (EIC) had an extremely identical or similar trade to the British. In the
increasing exchange for silver, opium grown in India by the EIC was undertaken by auctioning off
the opium to foreign independent traders. To middlemen on the China coast, the drug was
transported then retailed inside China. From India to China throughout the 18th century, the British
illegally exported opium, resulting in economic and serious social disruption as of the widespread
addiction to the drug. With the act of confiscating and destroying 20,000 opium chests in 1839
throughout March, the Chinese government, which led to being warehoused ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In the mid–19th century, two armed conflicts resulted in the commencement of the First Opium War
between the Qing dynasty, from 1644 to 1911/12 to which ruled China and bringing the closure to
the imperial dynasties and the forces of Western countries. The first Opium War was fought between
China, being the largest country throughout the world with the most immense population growth out
of all Asian countries, and Britain, a country containing England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, off
the mainland of Europe in the northwestern coast. The war came into existence with a time period
from 1839 to

The First Opium War
As a result, this devastated Britain. Finally, the British handed over the last of the year's crop of
opium. Lin Zexu had trenches dug to destroy the opium. He had the opium drenched in water, salt,
and lime juice, making it unusable. Britain was enraged after seeing the result of their precious
opium. They demanded that China pay millions in compensation. When the Chinese refused, Britain
forced China into open trade. Furthermore, Great Britain sent a large fleet of ships to attack China.
The ships arrived June of 1840. Britain took over cities and towns one by one. Guang Zhou,
Dinghai, Zhejiang, and Beijing are some of the cities they either took over or destroyed. When the
emperor found out about what was happening, he blamed scholar official Lin Zexu, ... Show more
Even so, the Chinese were delaying their part of the treaty. In all actuality, I think that they were
trying to avoid dealing with the treaty at all costs. At this point in time, Great Britain was growing
impatient with all of the delays and excuses being given. In 1856, the British decided to ally with
France to teach China another "lesson". Thus, the second opium war began. With all things
considered, nothing relatively important happened during this war. Just a few squabbles here and
there. But that is beside the point. By the end of the war, Britain and France pretty much had China
Under its thumb. But how did the two little countries take over China? They took over Beijing, the
imperial capitol. This is where the convention of Beijing was held. (given the name, kind of
obvious, huh?) In all actuality, this little document just legalized the trade of opium. The document
was signed October 24, 1860, thus ending the second and all future opium wars. After this entire
fiasco, China finally opened up to global trade. The problem with that was outside powers had more
influence on China than it had on itself. Their economy was suffering

How Did The Opium Wars Affect The Chinese Market?
For western nations, the Chinese market may be seen as a potential source of wealth. Two Opium
wars took place, first in 1839 – 1842, then the second in 1856 –1860. Both wars ended with unequal
treaties to distribute China's port to western powers. The Opium War was perceived as a strategy for
the western powers to increase Chinese trade, forcefully opening up the Chinese market. However,
there were evidences showing that the outcome of Opium War was not solely trade related. We will
first examine these evidences, and then discuss whether foreign powers successfully penetrated the
Chinese markets after the Opium War through examining the Treaty Ports and the impact on trade.
Before the Opium Wars, Chinese merchants operating under the Canton ... Show more content on
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The treaty terms focused on four main points: It allowed the four foreign nations to set up foreign
legations in Beijing, which at that time was a closed city. It opened ten more ports to foreign trading
(Nanking, Newchwang, Tengchow, Hankow, KiuKiang, ChinKiang, Taiwanfu, Tamsui, Swatow,
Kiungchow). Foreign ships were granted permission to navigate freely along Yangtze River. Lastly,
foreigners were also allowed to travel freely within the territory of China that was previously not
allowed. With these terms, foreigners gained access to trade in ports along the Yangtze River, this
overcome the trade problem previously faced in Shanghai.
This time China failed to honor the terms of the Treaty of Tientsin as they attempted to refuse the
entry of diplomats into Beijing. This enraged the British and French, they were determined to
enforce the new treaty terms, resulted in an attack in 1860, British and French troops burnt down
"Yuan Ming Yuan" the imperial summer palace. China was forced to sign the Conventions of
Beijing; the content included conforming to the terms of the Treaty of Tientsin and opening Tientsin
as a trading

China And The Western Struggle
China and the Western Struggle
China, the creator of tea and silk went through a period where they had troubles with the west. This
took place in the early nineteenth century. During this time china still thinks that they are the middle
Kingdom (The center of the world). Great Britain has wanted to expand for years and get trade from
other countries. China has not wanted to trade with Britain. China has not wanted to trade because
of they are self sufficiece. China has been living by Confucian principles for the last thousand years,
and does not want to change their way of life. The west really wanted China 's tea and silk so they
kept trying to trade with china, but the problem was that great britain had nothing china wanted.
Then one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
China was harmed politically by the western countries because the treaty of Nanking caused China
to lose control over their territory and ports. In the Treaty Of Nanking China lost the island of Hong
Kong over to British Control. In the article China meets the west, Opium war and Treaty of Nanking
it says "Treaty also gave the British the island of Hong Kong." This is bad for china because there is
the loss of cultural effect and the Chinese government will no longer be there. Without the Chinese
culture the island will be forced to give the original Confucian Principles that they grew up on. The
government will no longer be Chinese, they will be a colony of great britain. That means that every
one living on the island will become a citizen of great britain. They would most likely have to
change religions to christian and give up family traditions and such. When the treaty was signed it
also gave the right for British merchants to put their ship at port anywhere they want. From the
article China meets the west, Opium war and Treaty of Nanking it says "Establish at all ports which
are by the 2nd article of the treaty to be thrown open for the rest of the British merchants." Any ship
from great Britain is welcome to take port anywhere they want in china. That is giving the British
the upper hand. In the long run this could work

Wuoyi Opium History
On December 12, 1773 Samuel Adams led a group of 116 men who paddled small boats out into the
darkness of the Boston Harbor. They were from all walks of life and several different ethnic groups
known as the "Sons of Liberty." They dressed up like the local Narragansett Indians, boarded three
different ships and dumped 340 chests of tea into the frigid water of the Boston Harbor. It was
approximately 92,000 pounds of tea which equal over $1,000,000 in dollars. There was so much tea
dumped in the harbor they say it smelled bad for many days. Not one person was hurt and there was
minimal property damage to the ships. The ships were owned by Americans companies, but the
cargo was owned by the British government. The tea was from Wuyi ... Show more content on
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But in reality was England had their own addiction problems Chinese tea. Great Britain's ever
demanding love of the hot brew was partially responsible for the opium problem. By 1838 the
Emperor Tao Kuang decided to enforce a ban on opium that was initiated 50 years earlier.
Warehouses were burned and a fleet of ships waiting for unloading offshore where burned and sunk.
The chests of opium were thrown into the bay. The 1st opium war was between1839–1842. The
Chinese were no match for the British and their advanced warfare. In 1842 the Chinese sign the
treaty and ended the conflict. Part of the settlement China had to pay back the cost of the opium that
was dumped in the bay and relinquish the island of Hong Kong. The island of Hong Kong became a
British territory and they also had to open additional ports for trade. Fourteen years later the second
war broke out (1856–1858) once again the British defeated the inferior Chinese army in the opium
trade became legal again. The opium trade reached its peak of 11.6 billion pounds per year in 1879.
The Chinese were shipping 100,000,000 pounds of tea per year back to England. (2002, Hanes, T &
Sanello, F) During this time the Chinese were experimenting with growing poppies and cultivating
their own crops. By the turn of century opium trade between Britain and China dropped
considerably. By 1906 the new Emperor called for prohibition and gradual eliminating opium

The Chinese Narrative Of The Opium War
In China the conflicts, the first between it and a western nation, are a national wound. The start of a
western conspiracy to destroy China with drugs and gun boats. In Britain the wars barely seem to
register in public memory. "In the Chinese narrative of the Opium War, you might expect the line
between heroes and villains to be a clear one: honourable resisting servants of the Chinese empire
on the one hand, wicked British on the other..." (119). In the cause of the Opium War and further
examination of the Chinese, Lovell notes how split the court was on the question of an anti–opium
crackdown. How chaotic and absent minded the Qing's military and diplomatic response was, and
how politically complex ordinary Chinese reactions were to Britain

The Effects Of The First Opium Trade
Introduction
The East India Company was established by the British and then monopolized the trades towards the
China. As the trades could not fulfil the ambition of the British, they requested for more benefits.
However, the Qing court rejected and the relationship between the two countries came to a rapid
deterioration. Unfortunately, after the out broke of the war, China became weaker than before.
The following will discuss the relationship between Britain and China by how opium trade appeared
and the effects of opium trade. Moreover, the consequences of the First opium war and how it
shaped the relationship of Anglo–China will be mentioned.
Main body
The Qing dynasty forbidden sea trade until the emperor Kangxi unified China from the Ming
dynasty in 1684. He then set up eleven ports for trading, including in Guangzhou, Macau, Ningbo,
Xiamen, Shanghai, Fuzhou, Chongqing, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the importation of opium was hard to avoid as the profit was huge. "In 1767, 1,000 chests
of opium were imported. At 1780, one chest opium valued 500 to 600 Spanish dollars." Sometimes,
one chests of opium valued 2,000 Spanish dollars in 1837. In 1837, there were over 30,000 chests of
opium exported to China.
In 1730s, the British discovered that the trade deficit of tea was in a large amount. From below one
million pounds, to the late 18 century reached to 20 million pounds. The Qing court members were
bribed to let the company sell opium and the outflow of silver taels caused as the price of opium was
expensive. The opium trade could offset the trade deficit, so the British traders could convey the
surplus profit back to England. The Britain was fulfilled by the huge profit making and wanted to
get more from China the conservatives did not agree to fully prohibit opium as to maintain a
peaceful relationship with

Opium Essay
Opium Opium– an addictive drug originally used as a painkiller. It is obtained from the unripe seeds
of the opium poppy and can be made into substances that a person can smoke causing relaxation,
alleviated anxiety, and a state of euphoria. Continued use of the drug also induces deterioration to
the mind and body of a person eventually causing death. The substance was therefore stated illegal
in China during the late 18th Century yet consistently smuggled into the country via British
merchant ships. As the Chinese placed more restrictions on trade in an effort to abolish the
importation of opium, the battle against the drug raged on until war was unavoidable between
England and China. It is this war that lasted from 1839–1842 ... Show more content on
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It was such threats that prompted Palmerston of England to dispatch a warship to China to protect
British property in 1837. Despite this, China still raged on against the narcotic and in March of 1839
convinced the head of the British trade commission at Canton, Captain Charles Elliot, to hand over
more than 20,000 chests of opium. However, after the killing of a Chinese by drunken seamen and
the lack of punishment put forth on them by the British, Lin suppressed all trade with England and
proceeded with other measures as well. Lin ordered that delivery of all rice, tea, meat and fresh
vegetables to the anchored ships at Macao to be intercepted and cut off. Freshwater springs that
were known to be used by the British at various points along the coast were poisoned. Large banners
were posted to warn Chinese villagers not to drink from the streams. Lin then pressured the
Portuguese authorities at Macao to evict the British from their harbor, under penalty of severe trade
restrictions. These drastic measures forced all of the British ships to retreat from Macao to Hong
Kong by the middle of August. However, such trade limitations would not go well with England and
a severe response was in order. On August 31, Commissioner Lin learned that the merchant ships
anchored off Hong Kong had been joined by a twenty–eight gun British frigate. Although this news
was not good, Lin, who had the use of a fleet of Chinese war

How Did The Opium War Affect China
China has 5000 years of history which experienced wars, collapses, failures and successes. The
Opium War in the year 1839 and 1856 marked the changing point of China's trade policy with
foreigners, especially with British in opium and tea. China changed from getting tributes to being
forced to sign the Nanjing Treaty and Tianjing Treaty with British and French. Due to China's over
confidence and unwelcome attitude toward foreigners and opium, it caused the British to declare the
Opium War to China which made Chinese suffer for many years, but at the same time it also forced
China to open its doors to the foreigners.
Opium is dangerous, and it will ruin people's life once people get addicted to it. Smoking opium
made most of the Chinese ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fay states,
"This was the routine of the old China trade. These were the commodities traditionally brought to
China and traditionally carried away. And at the heart of the trade was tea. It came from no other
place. India did not then produce any, nor Ceylon, Java, or Formosa; Japan was inaccessible; the
world perforce drank China teas. Above all, the English drank them" (17).
English needed the tea from China which was one reason caused British to negotiate with the
Chinese to open more trade opportunity to the outsiders, and the denial of exporting tea to the
British caused the later Opium War.
Qianlong emperor's reaction to Macartney's mission angered the British as well. Qianlong emperor's
over confidence was shown in the court when he met the British ambassador Macartney. He
required Macartney to wear Chinese clothes and practice Chinese kowtow. "But Macartney was not
going to obligate, or rather he would perform the three–times–three only if some mandarin also
kowtowed before his own sovereign George III, a portrait of whom he had thoughtfully included in
his baggage" (32). Even though China had a great power during that time, Macartney did not
considered himself as who came from a weaker country. China did not think it needed products from
foreign countries. "Chinese needed nothing and traded a little with tribute–bearing barbarians only
out of affectionate

Late Quing Perceptions Of Native Opium Summary
The article "Late Quing Perceptions of Native Opium" was written by Lin, Man–Houng. The
author's academic credentials include graduating from Harvard and acquiring her Ph.D in History
and East Asian Languages. Man–Houng was a Senior Research Fellow at the Academia Historica in
Taiwan, later becoming the first woman to serve as president of the institute (SOAS). The journal
article was published January 1, 2004 within the "Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Vol. 64", which
is a semi–annual publication consisting of research and reviews from accredited professionals on the
humanities of Asia (Howell). The intended audience for the article consists of a compilation of
HJAS members inclusive of Researchers, Historians, Professors and Scholars analyzing the history
of Asian studies. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Originally Zexu felt it would be a good economic stimulus for China. Later Zexu felt there would be
barely any soldiers to fight an army and question arose whether the British government was
attempting to weaken them. Additionally it also became perceived as a health threat, like poison.
There was a fear as well that native opium growing would take away pivotal land needed for grain
cultivation, which was needed for food supply as well ass threaten political instability. In Fijian, fear
ensued as land scarcity made it necessary for food importation from Taiwan. Commoners and
officials wanted prohibition to protect food supply demands.
The dichotomy exists throughout the article, which were the benefits vs. the threat of opium. For
example, traditional Chinese doctors supported the medicinal effects, however did warn of potential
overdose. Note should be taken the "the opinions of these Chinese medicine practitioners, however,
seem to have had little or no effect on official policy debates" (Lin, pg

A Taste Of Empire And Brewing Up A Storm'
When one thinks of British breakfast, an English office work break, or London afternoon tea, the
fundamental component of each is tea. As a result, it comes as no surprise that there is so much
scholarly research available on the origin of this key element of daily British life. In this essay, I am
going to compare and contrast two readings: A Taste of Empire, 1600–1800 by James Walvin and
Brewing Up a Storm by Kenneth Pomeranz and others.
Pomeranz emphasizes the economic interrelation between Britain and other countries that eventually
leads to Britain's decision to export Opium to China. Walvin focuses more on the growing British
taste for sweet tea across various social classes.
According to Pomeranz, the booming transcontinental trade that lasted up to the Industrial Age was
the popularity of "drug foods" such as "coffee, tea, sugar, chocolate, tobacco, and later opium" (77–
78). Out of all the drug ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He particularly focuses on the birth of tea culture itself, explaining the British predilection to tea,
which gradually grew from medicinal use to "sweetened bitter tea" (Walvin 13). He also goes into
detail regarding the origin of the "British sweet tooth [, which was] developed because of the
Atlantic slave system for sugar production" (Walvin 13).
Walvin also explains the role of British social dynamics in Britain's exploding tea culture: as Jonas
Hanway says, "the labourer and mechanic will ape the lord" (qtd. in Walvin 13). He also deeply
analyzes the figure, Ignatius Sancho –– a black shopkeeper ––, and his ironic role "making a
livelihood by selling slave–grown produce to British customers" (Walvin 13). In the end, he
concluded that colonized will eventually "become accustomed to acquiring and enjoying imported
[colonizer's] goods" (Walvin

First Opium War Essay
Date Description of event
March 18, 1839 "First Opium War Begins
Conflict between China and Great Britain over the growing opium trade. It grew from the port of
Canton and ended soon after the British captured Nanjing."
August 29, 1842 "Treaty of Nanjing
This treaty ended the First Opium War. It granted Britain more access to trading ports and ceded the
island of Hong Kong to Great Britain. "
July 1, 1898 "Second Convention of Peking
This convention granted the island of Hong Kong to Great Britain (along with the New Territories
and 235 islands) for a further 99 years from July 1, 1898."
December 18, 1941 "Japan invades Hong Kong
British forces were quickly overwhelmed by Oriental Blitzkrieg and the island of Hong Kong was
surrendered to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This resulted in the closures of schools, banks and some companies. Tear gas is used to control the
crowd."
October 3, 2014 Pro–Beijing groups clash with 'Occupy Central'
October 21, 2014 "Televised Debate
This took place between Student protest leaders and Government officials. They attempted to reach
a compromise on democracy."
December 3, 2014 "Occupy organisers turn themselves in
The leaders of Occupy Central turn themselves in to a police station. However, no charges were
filed. It was a symbol of the end of the revolution."
June 18, 2015 Hong Kong government formally announces new voting

What Was The Result Of The Opium War
"The Treaty of Nanjing, signed in 1842 at the end of the Opium War, opened China to foreign
trade." ('Nanjing') The Opium War is still relevant till this day, because of the opening of 5
International Trade ports. (China's trade) This was not the only result of the Opium War, but I
believe it to be the most relevant till this day and has brought China prosperity. Other results of the
Opium War, as we discussed in class, include the cession of Hong Kong to the British, over 25
million in silver, fixed tariff by the British, extraterritoriality for the British (and later on,
Americans) , and "Most favored nation" states. Britain's experiences also encouraged America to
make certain agreements alongside China, so they also could be able to continue ... Show more
You may be asking yourself, why did opium even become an object of trade? Well, Opium
originally started becoming an object of trade when, "Western traders, including those from the
United States, had long sought a variety of Chinese products (including furniture, silk and tea), but
found there were few products that China wanted from the West."(The Opening to China Part I: the
First Opium War, the United States, and the Treaty of Wangxia, 1839–1844) Before the war, Opium
was very highly used in trade, because the British couldn't find any other values which China
wanted from them. The opium started to become addictive to the Chinese creating a greater
connection between Canton and Guangxi Guangdong region. But Opium soon became unwanted in
China because of the addictions, a majority of the population, was just lethargic and also all of the
silver in China was being poured into the British banks through the Opium trade. "The sums of
money circulating in the southeast because of the opium trade and the stock piling of silks and teas
for export in turn brought heightened official corruption and a rise in state revenues from transit
dues and from taxation of legitimate foreign trade". (Spencer

The Importance Of The First Opium War In China
When India brought opium to China, India was put into a whole lot of trouble. Since opium is very
addictive, it was hard to stop using this product– just the same as using marijuana or tobacco. The
Chinese Emperor was furious with the British for getting a majority of the Chinese people hooked
onto opium, so this resulted in the Opium Wars. These wars were fought against Britain and China,
and became a big problem for the Chinese. The trade of opium was just as big as the tea trade– the
estimated amount of addicts was about 10 million. Foreign merchants were confronted and forced to
surrender because of these sales, but China could not keep the British out. Regardless of any rules
that were passed, people would still continue to buy and sell opium. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Since China's ships were very outdated, Britain had a new advance in technology with gunboats.
The Daoguang Emperor attempted to stop these sales, but suffered greatly from this. The Chinese
got demolished by the British– and because of this, and this loss led to the signing of the Treaty of
Nanjing.
This peace treaty was signed years after the first war took place. It stated that China had to give
away the island of Hong Kong. Now, keep in mind, the Chinese are already drastically failing. They
are hooked on opium and destroyed. Foreign rulers began to use this to their advantage, and claim
ports of their own. The British continued to take more and more land away from China, leaving
them broken and ashamed of what they have become. A decade later, the US Navy frightened the
Japanese by saying if they did not negotiate with them, then the same thing will happen in Japan that
happened in

Western Imperialism and Modern East Asia Essay example
Western imperialism in East Asia caused many tribulations for China, Japan, and Korea but also
helped them to become contemporary nations. The East Asian countries were tremendously affected
by unequal treaties, extraterritoriality, and above all, technology. Great Britain encroached upon
China their greed for open trade with the Chinese empire resulting in the deterioration of the
Chinese culture, which led to the emergence of a modernized civilization. Japan was co–subjugated
by Russia and the United States so that the trade routes of these western countries could extend into
the east, which resulted in the foundation of industrialization in Modern East Asia. Finally, the
spread of western Christianity and influential neighbors, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
McGuire 2
Chinese traders began exchanging tea and silver to The East India Company for a return of Bengali
opium imports. Consequently, as the opium addicts rose, so did the supply and demand of exports
from Great Britain to China. The ensuing drug trafficking accordingly corrupted many Chinese
officials. The opium cartel held by The East India Company made other British agents unhappy, as
they too wanted trading monopolies with China in areas such as industrialized textiles. By 1834,
Great Britain directed Lord Napier to bypass the commerce authority in China, the Cohong, and
negotiate matters of trade with China's governor–general who declined any business agreements for
the reason that the Chinese 'saw no reason to sully their dignity by dealing with barbarians'. (pp.
298) Hence, in 1839, when Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu arrived in the Chinese trading port of
Guangzhou to suppress the opium transfer, war broke out between Great Britain and China.
Commissioner Zexu was successful in eradicating the opium from the port, yet the Opium War was
a defeat for the Chinese and their morality. Queen Victoria of Great Britain quickly retaliated on
China and gained British compensation to their exported commodities and an agreement from China
for the repayment to British peddlers for their destroyed property. Chinese officials were also forced
to not only expand Western trade giving British merchants direct access to the Qing court

Trade Imbalance Between China And China
In the 18th century, Chinese goods such as silk and porcelain were much desired by European and
had a huge demand in the Western market. In England, tea was the most desired Chinese good and
trade in tea was very lucrative. However, this created a trade imbalance because Western goods had
no market in China. China was a self–sustaining country and that make it harder for Western
merchant to trade with them. Apart from that, the merchants had a hard time getting into Chinese
market and had to deal through Chinese middlemen in Canton. At this point, the British money had
moved on from silver, but the Chinese were still using silver currency. In order to trade with the
Chinese, the British first had to buy silver for other countries and then ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Several debates on opium legalization were carried out. Advocates of legalization suggest that
opium should be tax and it will reduce the outflow of Chinese silver. At the end of the debates,
Emperor Daoguang of the Qing dynasty instructed Lin Zexu, a governor–general, to abolish the
opium trade. Zexu was sent to Canton and he made some quick changes. He declared death penalty
for anyone found importing or in possession of opium. Zexu arrested over a thousand Chinese
opium dealer and confiscate approximately seventy thousands of opium pipes, in a matter of
months. The tipping point though was in March of 1839, when Zexu confiscated and destroyed over
twenty thousands of opium chest.
The British merchants were enraged by Zexu's action and demanded compensation for their seized
good. Initially, Superintendent Charles Elliot assured the merchant traders the British government
would be providing compensation for the seized good. The British government, however, held the
Chinese government responsible for the seized opium. The British soon sent a fleet to China, with a
list of demands. The demands include compensation for the seized goods, right to trade without
middlemen, and an island to use as a base. Initially, the Chinese showed some resistance and the
British began their blockage. The British defeated most of the Chinese resistance relatively easy and
caused the Chinese life. The British moved north and defeated more Chinese forces in

First Opium War Research Paper
Good morning class and Mrs Bennett. The Hypothesis for this topic is that the First Opium War
caused problems in society because the criminal rate increased, as well as the local consumption of
the drug. This presentation will be discussing mainly what opium is, what the first opium war was,
and why it started. The Opium War was a battle in China that occurred during the mid 19th century.
This war was between western countries, such as Britain, and the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China
between 1644 and 1911.
The First Opium War was conducted from 1839 to 1842, and was between China and Britain. The
reasoning for the war occurring was caused by China's attempts to withhold the Opium trade. It was
over diplomatic relations, trade, and the administration of foreign nationals in China. Opium was
illegally being imported into China, through India, by the British. They grew the opium on their
plantations in India. At first, the British were addicted to stimulating Chinese tea. Trade imbalance
occurred due to the Chinese buying few European products and demanding Gold or Silver in return.
The reverse flow of Silver and the increasing number of opium addicts alarmed Chinese officials,
and resulted in over 20,000 chests of opium to be confiscated. As opium was being imported into
china, it caused unrest in society, the local consumption to increase, and the decrease in the price of
the drug. Being a stimulant drug, Opium spread throughout the country, badly affecting its nation. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first opium war was between Britain and China, which at the time was under the influence of
the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China from 1644 to 1911. Opium was being illegally exported into
China via corrupt Chinese officers and traders that were payed off by the

European Imperialism In China
Imperialism is the act of creating an empire, through extending a country's power by force or
forming international relations. In many cases, the imperializing country reaps the financial benefits
and extracts resources/raw materials from the country that is colonized, leaving the natives with
little to no resources and without the ability to advance or develop. When, one country enters
another and takes over, it silences the people living there, and takes away their right of saying how
their country should be governed. This lack of listening by the colonizers usually has disastrous
results: destroyed economies, lives lost, and broken alliances, like the relationship between the
British and the Chinese from the early 1700s until around 1912. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The British citizens had started buying lots of Chinese tea, which the British government needed to
find a way to balance because they were buying more resources than selling. To solve their deficit,
Britain, attempted trading with China, however the Chinese were very cautious about trading with
Western Countries. The Emperor felt that trading with the British could be destabilizing to the
country, so he set aside certain ports for foreign trade only. At the time, China had a self–sustaining
economy and did not need to trade with other countries, however, Britain did have one thing that the
Chinese people wanted, opium. The demand for opium in China began to increase and so did the
piracy and smuggling, so the Emperor prohibited opium in 1729. These restrictions angered the
British and they demanded that they were changed, however, the Emperor stood firm. To get around
the restrictions the British began selling opium in Calcutta, India, which is the closest part of India
to China. The opium proved to be very good quality, so it was very high in demand and most people
bought it. The use of opium among Chinese people had become very common and many people
became addicts even though it was still illegal. In 1839, 5.639 million lbs./year of opium was being
imported in, the Emperor order Commissioner Lin Zexu, to end the opium trade. Commissioner
Zexu was very successful and retrieved 3 million lbs. Of opium, which took about 23 days to
destroy. The British government was outraged by Commissioner Zexu's actions and immediately
sent in military

How Did The First Opium War Affect China
The First Opium War was one of the occurrences that molded China, a great trading center during
that certain time period, into that they were in the year of 1842. And though there may be the
possibility that the changes in opium use may not have had a truly impactful effect on China's social,
economic and political situations during the First Opium War, it is still evident that the changes in
the use of opium did in fact morph China in many ways. And for that reason, a question arose – to
what extent did the opium brought in by the British affect the social, economic, and political
conflicts that were present in China during the First Opium War? This research question is definitely
worthy of investigation especially since opium had a profound ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Eventually, the "Daoguang Emperor became alarmed by the millions of drug addicts" (Roblin) who
were affected by "the ravaging effects of addiction" (Coburn), the newly appointed Imperial
Commissioner, Lin Ze–Xu, created and enforced the opium ban, but many of the Chinese opium
addicts would continue to smoke opium rather than quitting. This is simply because of the fact that
"their bodies would go through painful withdrawals due to not having the drugs in their system"
(Coburn). Some of these side effects are anxiety, pain, nausea, diarrhea, and flu–like symptoms.
Since most users end up addicted to this narcotic after only a few days of usage, because of the
euphoric disorientation and satisfaction, this instantaneously took a hold of China. For example,
there were intense spikes in violence and criminal activities, such as pirating and stealing
specifically for opium. Also, many of those who are affected either directly or indirectly by this
narcotic, either wouldn't or couldn't work simply because of the fact that they were under the
influence of opium. Ultimately, because of these effects, China became inefficient and less–reliable
with their

How Did The First Opium War Affect China
The First Opium War
The First Opium War was a pivotal event important to Chinese history as it impacted China's
economy, exposed Chinese diplomacy and politics, and led to Chinese inferiority. China's defeat in
the Opium War not only heavily damaged its reputation and prestige, but also revealed its many
flaws in diplomatic relations, military technology, and economic policies. The unfair negotiations of
the Treaty of Nanjing marked a turning point in Chinese history, as European powers exerted foreign
dominance over the country, which impacted China economic and political history.
Chinese history was significantly affected after the First Opium War, since the Treaty of Nanjing had
a huge economic impact to China's ideas of commerce and trade. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The British negotiated with the Chinese to implement the most–favored nation clause, so any
privileges or immunities granted to other countries would apply to Britain (Lai and Brown 202). The
Chinese government hoped to relieve diplomatic tension, but instead it negatively impacted their
relations with other European powers. Later on, various European and Western powers signed
similar treaties that received similar privileges and reinforced each other. These detrimental
diplomatic and political policies caused China to loose it's "judicial and tariff autonomy and other
crucial parts of its national sovereignty" (Xu); hence foreign powers were able to gain substantial
influence to develop capitalism in to China. The First Opium War was of great importance to
Chinese history because it revealed China's ineffective diplomatic strategies and political policies.
Western powers were able to capitalize on this fact, and exploit China's national sovereignty through
negotiating unfair treaties that illustrated China's position of weakness and inferiority, as well as
giving foreign powers an absurd amount of power and influence. The Treaty of Nanjing was merely
one example demonstrating how ineffective, unsuccessful, and weak China's foreign policies and
diplomatic relations with foreign powers were. The First Opium War was not only important to
history because it revealed China's diplomatic policies, but also placed China in a position of

Effects Of New Imperialism In China
New Imperialism started China's downward spiral. Europeans, British, and Americans made a mad
dash to claim new territories. The main goals of these countries were to supply their countries with
raw materials to fuel their economic growth. Benefits to occupied countries were determined by
which country and what faction of that country occupied the territory.
During this time period Britain took over India. They began growing opium and tea. Tea happened
to be a major export of China. India would eventually replaced China as the main exporter of tea.
Japan would also eventually start competing with China for the silk and tea industry. This lead to a
weakening of the Chinese economy. Opium that was grown legally in India was now being
smuggled, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To combat the foreign powers pushing into the country and demanding a more modern system of
trade, The Chinese government dispatched Lin Zexu. He was a leading Chinese scholar and official
of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty. Zexu lead the First Opium Wars against the British. He banish the
British with the Help of the Portuguese from Macao. The British settled in Hong Kong, which gave
them great positioning for further attacks on China. While China spent time and money fighting this
war countries like India, that had been more accepting of westernization, benefited from
infrastructure and education.
When the British wanted to re–open trade with China, and they wanted a european style diplomatic
relationship. Using India's ships, that the British controlled, they shut down Chinas trade ports and
forced China to negotiate.
After this war China was forced into signing a treaty and trade agreements. China being displeased
with the treaty, refused to have Foreign Diplomates in the capital and the expansion of trade fell
short of the western expectations. In 1856–1860. Thousands of foreign troop occupied the capital
and burned down the emperors summer palace. This lead to more trade ports leased in perpetuity to
foreign

How Far Do You Agree That the Qing Dynasty Fell Mainly...
How far do you agree that the Qing Dynasty fell mainly because of the humiliation of China at the
hands of foreigners?
The Qing Dynasty fell apart in the 19th after flourishing throughout the 18th century. Like many
complicated systems, it grew brittle and inflexible. It could not adjust as new problems arose. Bad
harvests, warfare, rebellions, overpopulation, economic disasters, and foreign imperialism
contributed to the dynasty's collapse. The qing rulers were themselves foreign as they were not
Chinese but Manchu so in a way its downfall was due to foreigner as it was the governments failure
that helped cause the collapse of the qing dynasty. another theory is that like all Chinese dynasties it
fell because of corruption.
Ever since ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Qing Dynasty had experience a very prosperous period. But at the middle of the Chien Lung
years, there were both internal problems and external invasion. And let's see how these problems
became the symptoms of decline of this former great country. The administrative inefficiency was a
serious problem causing the Qing government to collapse. Since the emperor of the Qing
government held a suspicion feeling on the officials, so he set up many restrictions, checks and
regulations on them. Gradually the officials thought the less responsibility the less risk they will
face. This really hinders the administration of the government. And there was nobody wants to take
charge on important matters. So the decision had to be maked up by the emperor himself. But after
Chien Lung there was no great emperor. At this point you are probably wondering how on Earth the
Qing Dynasty lasted this long after all the wars and rebellions. And by this time it seemed as if
China did not have much say in what went on in its own territories. Communism was clearly not
working for China. Sun Yat–Sen realized this and he attempted to do something about it. He came
close to death to try and make his dream of China becoming a Republic a reality. In the 1890's he
formed a secret, anti–Qing society and by 1895 there was a price for his head in China forcing him
to have to leave the country. His dream was to see China become a Republic and to make this
happen he

Assess the Aftermath and Impact That the First Opium War...
Question: Assess the aftermath and impact that the first Opium War had on China
Essay:
The First Opium War fought between Britain and China from 1839–1842 was a clash between two
vastly different cultures, one struggling to control trade rights, and the other desperate to limit the
impact of foreign trade upon the local population. The war changed the way China acted towards its
foreign counterparts, exposed the weaknesses of the Chinese feudal system and forcefully opened–
up China to the rest of the world. There were severe economic, social and political consequences
that the war had on China.
Prior to the war China had believed that the Chinese empire was the 'Heavenly Middle Kingdom'
and superior to all other civilisations. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Western capitalism greatly changed and influenced the Chinese economy as on one hand, the
opening of China damaged the basis of China's self–sufficient economy, the urban handicraft and
rural homestead industries. But on the other hand, it greatly enhanced the development of China's
urban market economy. After China's disastrous defeat in the Opium War, the Chinese realized that
they were no longer the "Heavenly Middle Kingdom". Having lost at the hands of the "barbarians",
Chinese intellectuals recognized that in order to deal with the strangers from the West, they must
understand the Westerners and the place they came from. Before the Opium War, the Chinese
concept of European countries was very vague and in some cases, even ridiculous. After the Opium
War, China intellectually discovered the West as Western political ideas, social structures, and in
some areas, new technologies were introduced. Western ideas of parliamentary democracy and
capitalism were vaguely made known and international alliances became a concept. One of the
writers, Wei Yuan, first proposed that in order to fight the West, China must learn from the West.
Wei's proposal received many positive responses as it was after all that China lost to the Westerner's
"strong ships and sharp weapons". So, China for the first time established something on the
equivalent of a foreign ministry which was mainly occupied with the study of Western technology,
modernization of

The Rise Of Pollution Levels
There I was in Shanghai, China, staring at the sun as if I were trying to look at a lamp behind a
curtain. The rise of pollution levels in China has intrigued the minds of people who never even cared
about the environment before. The People's Republic of China is now the largest emitter of CO2 in
the world. But of course, this a global phenomenon: a global phenomenon that in no way started
with China as Alanna Mitchell would agree to. By the end of the 19th century, the powerful duo that
was industrialization and imperialism spread industrial growth from Great Britain to Southeast Asia.
From the opium wars in the mid 19th century to the economic reforms of 1970s, China has been
incorporated into the global economy as the world's manufacturer. And as we know, modern
manufacturing is heavily reliant on fossil fuels. This has put an immense amount of international
pressure on the Chinese to improve their environmental footprint. But sustainable development
needs to start not just with China, but with all major players in the global economy. Mitchell's
statement, "the idea that the planet's future might come down to China's choices is hard for the West
to fathom"(102) is not only ironic, but a dangerous idea to accept. An historical context of China's
industrialization and urbanization will show you that Western interests in China led to its massive
carbon emission. Further, the root of the problem must be solved the way it started, with help from
the West.

Essay on The Downfall of China
The Downfall of China
China is the perfect example of what happens when one leader is given to much
power. The leaders of China were each very afraid of social reform, and the
consequences that outside influence may have on their customs. As a means of initiating
reform, they shut the entire Western world out almost completely. At the time it was a
move that served China well but in the long run it was the downfall of China. While
blindfolded, the Chinese were unable to see the great advancements of the Western
world. With an egocentric government, the Chinese citizens were neglected outside of the
palace walls and the country fell to shambles. Instead of stimulating economic growth the
government ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The people
of China had no idea what was happening. When the doors had been shut from the
outside world Europe was not as highly advanced as China. Europeans lived in crowded
cities with rodents and foul odors. The Chinese for a period of time lived with the fresh
scent of flowers and tea. As China internally decayed the citizens had nothing to compare
it to for they had always been ahead of Europe in almost everything for so many
centuries.
After the thirteenth century Western civilization flourished. In Western Europe the

governments encouraged industrial growth and individual commerce as a means of
keeping ahead of the competition. With each distinct country competing with each other a
variety of individual trades were created eventually sparking the Industrial Revolution.
As a result of heavily trading around the world, each country became very wealthy, and
as such their internal economies grew. In Great Britain without government suppression
on individual companies they were able to build the most powerful navy in the world, and
colonize in many different countries. As China was suffering from economic rot, they
paid no attention to the world around them. They did not realize that the rest of the world
was waiting to conquer China and divide the winnings. When Chinese officials refused to
continue trading with the British they initiated the Opium Wars. The final result of the
Opium War was

The First Opium War And Its Effects On China
Throughout Chinese history, political and economic events have almost always led to drastic
changes in China itself. Many of these events have been internal struggles with China. Some events
have been external, such as the First Opium War. The First Opium war, which lasted from 1839 to
1842, led to several economic and political changes in China. The Opium War is considered more
that just a war, the results created a deep impact on China and the Western World. For hundreds of
years, China had isolated themselves from the world and from foreign trade, but a single dispute
over trading rights led to a huge war, which dictated the future of China. The first Opium War was
because of the trade imbalance between England and China. This paper will discuss what caused the
first Opium War and its after effects on China.
China had long been aware of opium as a medicine, and its addictive qualities had also been known.
In 1723, its sale and consumption within China had been made illegal. With a rapid growth in
population, the demand for opium was high. The British were users of opium, and sold it across
many apothecary shops in London. They did not see opium addiction as a problem. British
merchants violated the Chinese opium ban and bribed Chinese officials to begin importing opium
into the country. The British had "been illegally exporting opium mainly from India to China since
the 18th century, but the trade grew dramatically from about 1820." (Opium Wars, Kenneth Pletcher,

China has 5000 years of history which experienced wars,...
China has 5000 years of history which experienced wars, collapses, failures and successes. The
Opium War in the year 1839 and 1856 marked the changing point of China's trade policy with
foreigners, especially with British in opium and tea. China changed from getting tributes to being
forced to sign the Nanjing Treaty and Tianjing Treaty with British and French. Due to China's over
confidence and unwelcome attitude toward foreigners and opium, it caused the British to declare the
Opium War to China which made Chinese suffered for many years, but at the same time it also
forced China to open its door to the foreigners.
Opium is dangerous, and it will ruin people's life once people get addicted to it. Smoking opium
made most of the Chinese ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And at the heart of the trade was tea. It came from no other place. India did not then produce any,
nor Ceylon, Java, or Formosa; Japan was inaccessible; the world perforce drank China teas. Above
all, the English drank them" (17).
English needed the tea from China which was one reason caused British to negotiate with the
Chinese to open more trade opportunity to the outsiders, and the denial of exporting tea to the
British caused the later Opium War.
Qianlong emperor's reaction to Macartney's mission angered the British as well. Qianlong emperor's
over confidence was shown in the court when he met the British ambassador Macartney. He
required Macartney to wear Chinese clothes and practice Chinese kowtow. "But Macartney was not
going to obligate, or rather he would perform the three–times–three only if some mandarin also
kowtowed before his own sovereign George III, a portrait of whom he had thoughtfully included in
his baggage" (32). Even though China had a great power during that time, Macartney did not
considered himself as who came from a weaker country. China did not think it needed products from
foreign countries. "Chinese needed nothing and traded a little with tribute–bearing barbarians only
out of affectionate condescension. Let Macartney go quietly away! Let King George, his master,
display the proper respect and devotion by refraining in the future from importunate embassies!"
(32). All they care about was the Confucius culture of paying ritual.

Discuss The Long Term Effects Of The British Trade During...
The long–term effects of British trade on China during the Qing dynasty were economically harmful
to the Chinese people from 1750 – 1900. The Chinese Imperial government responses to British
trade were political. The long–term effects were economically harmful because they took a great toll
on the Chinese economy with the amount of money that was lost, and the government responses
were political as they attempted to use politics to get the British out of China. A document written
by a Chinese citizen during this time period would have helped me to better answer the question.
The long–term effects of the opium trade were economically harmful to the Chinese. In "An
Argument for Legalization," senior official and advisor to Emperor Daoguang, ... Show more
Lin Zexu is biased against the British merchants as he refers to them as "barbarians," and goes on to
say that disposing of them is a favor to mankind.
A picture of the Chinese naval fleet being destroyed shows us that the Chinese chose to go to war
due to the opium trade with England. Depending on who made the picture, either the British were
trying to show their naval power or the Chinese were attempting to show how much damage Britain
was inflicting on their country. Imperial China's government responded violently and politically to
British trade, doing everything they could to get the merchants out of their country.
British trade with China during the Qing dynasty from 1750 – 1900 was economically harmful for
the Chinese, and the Chinese Imperial government responses were political. A document showing a
Chinese citizen's view on the events and how they played out would have helped me to better
understand how it affected the people of China's

Chinese Americans And Filipino Americans
With all the discord going on around the word today, it is quite easy for us to forget that at the end of
the day, we are very much similar to each other. When we hear of the Chinese Americans and
Filipino Americans living in America today, not often do we see a connection between the two
except for the fact that they come from Asia or have descendants from Asia. If we dive deeper into
history, we will see that when the Chinese and the Filipinos first came to America, they had very
similar purposes and goals in mind; one of them being make money and go back home. They were
both determined to work hard for a country quite foreign to them but both were also targeted as the
"other side" and a majority of them suffered from ill treatments like assault and blatant
discrimination.
Before the Chinese began to immigrate to America, China had previously lived in isolation from the
rest of the world for a while after Zheng He's voyages in the 15th century allowed the Chinese to
receive confirmation that they were much more advanced than any other group at that time.
However, China still participated in the Manila Galleon Trade with Mexico until the 1800s in which
Chinese goods such as silk, ivory and porcelain were exchanged for silver. In the late 1700s the first
ship from the United States with the name Empress of China sailed for China with intentions to start
a trade relationship between the two countries. The trip proved to be successful and led to investors
being encouraged to

The West Moves into Other Coutries
When the West first made contact with the non–Western world, this was on a basis of trading. As
Europeans became further embroiled into the non–West politics, it made trading all the more harder.
To keep the flow of trade going, in an easier way, the European countries then began to take over
parts of countries, India for example. With China, they made spheres of influence, which,
technically was not their colonies, but the European powers still ruled over them. In Africa, many of
the European Empires almost literally carved out their colonies, using the Africans to do so–
although slavery was seen as immoral and illegal in many of the Empires.
The Far East reacted both positively and negatively to the West encroaching onto their lands. Japan
was one of the countries that, in the beginning, reacted positively. The Japanese leaders either sent
people, or went themselves to study Western cultures and technology, ending the country's isolation.
This helped make Japan a more modernized and industrial country compared to other countries in
the Far East.
China was one of the countries that reacted negatively to the Western presence. This began when the
Western world first began to trade with countries in the Far East. China saw itself as superior to the
European powers, and the European countries felt the same way towards China. Then, the British
began to trade opium–which came from India, but was illegal in Great Britain–for China tea. This
caused massive addiction to the drug in

Brief Information on Different Topics: Opium War, Taiping...
1. Muhammad Ali.
2. Tanzimat Reformsy.
3. Opium War
4. Treaty of Nanjing/Nanking
5. Taiping Rebellion
6. British Raj
7. Sepoy Rebellion
8. Indian National Congress
9. Clipper Ship
1. Muhammad Ali. (1769–1849) Muhammad Ali was the founder of a dynasty that ruled Egypt in
the beginning of 19th century to the middle of the 20th century. He encouraged the emergence of the
modern Egyptian state. In 1798, Egypt was controlled by the Ottoman Empire, and occupied by
French force under Napoleon Bonaparte. The three–year French occupation (1798–1801) had
disrupted the country's traditional political and economic structure. Ali arrived there in 1801 as a
commander of a 300 men Albanian regiment sent b the Ottoman ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
3. Opium War (1839–1842) and (1856–1860) The British traded tea with China, in return, they had
little to offer expect for Opium which grew mostly in India. However, the Chinese outlawed Opium
and wanted little to do with trade between the British. The British didn't want to lose control of trade
with China, so war was declared to force the Chinese to allow trade. The British won due to their
superior navy, and the trading system continued between the two. As a result of such strong British
power with China, they gained the island of Hong Kong, which was turned into a major port and
center of South China shipping. It is a significant event for the British showing imperialist powers in
foreign affairs and humiliating the powerful Chinese empire.
4. Treaty of Nanjing/Nanking The Treat of Nanking was established in 1842 to end the first Opium
War between Britain and China. This affected the Chinese by forcing them to open up more trade to
other countries and lowered tariffs. This was considered the "unequal treaty" by the Chinese as they
lost the war.
5. Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) The Taiping Rebellion resulted in a lot of damage in political
power that caused weakness within the Qing dynasty in China. However, the uproar lasted 14 years
before it was suppressed with the help of European descendant which manifested into a Western
trained and

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