6. “The word may be described as the the basic unit
of language
It is composed of one or more morphemes, each
consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their
written representative”
[ Arnold , 1986; 27 ]
A word is the smallest linguistic unit which can
occur on its own in speech or writing.
Thanh
7. The definition of an word is one of the most
difficult in linguistic because word has many
aspects
[ Arnold, 1986:28]
Thanh
8. ion
-It has a sound form
E.g: the sound form of sleep is /sli:p/
-It has its morphological structure
E.g: in sleep- only one free morpheme (free base)
-It may occur in different word forms
E.g: the plain form sleep has four inflected forms:
• sleeps
• sleeping
• slept ( the past simple form)
• slept ( the past participle form)
Thanh
9. - It has different syntatic function and signal
various meanings
E.g: the present participle form “sleeping” can be
used
• A verbal – the part of the finite verb
was sleeping in ‘The child was sleeping soundly’
• An adverbial – the adjunct of manner of stood
in ‘He stood sleeping’
• An adjectival – the pre- nominal modifier of
child in ‘a sleeping child’
Thanh
11. 2. CHARACTERISTICS
2.1. INDIVISIBILITY
Indivisibility: It cannot be cut into without a disturbance of
meaning, one or two other or both of the several parts
remaining as a helpless waif .
For example:
A dog A word group
A white dog, a dead dog, …
Alive A word and indivisible
C. Hướng
12. 2.2. INTERNAL STABILITY and POSITIONAL MOBILITY
2. CHARACTERISTICS
Positional mobility is meant that words are not fixed in
sentences . Can it be moved to a different position in a
sentences.
For example:
The boys drained their teacups noisily
Noisily the boys drained their teacups
Their teacups the boys drained noisily
The – boy – s – noisy – ly – drain – ed – their – tea – cup - s
C. Hướng
13. Internally stable The permutation certain pairs or triples of
morphemes will behave as “ blocks”, not only occurring
always together, but also in the same order relative to one
another.
2.2. INTERNAL STABILITY and POSITIONAL MOBILITY
2. CHARACTERISTICS
(2) The boys drained their teacups noisily
(3) Noisily the boys drained their teacups
(4) Their teacups the boys drained noisily
E.g.
(1) The boys noisily drained their teacups
boys , noisily, and drained are three two-morpheme
words in which the suffixes –s, –ly and –ed must
follow the base.
Sboy, ilynois, lyinois, eddrain, noislyi
C. Hướng
14. 2.2. INTERNAL STABILITY and POSITIONAL MOBILITY
2. CHARACTERISTICS
Unhappily = three morphemes un-, happy, and –ly.
with a rigidly fixed sequential order
Unlyhappy Happyunly lyunhappy
C. Hướng
15. 3.CLASSIFICATION
3.1 THE CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS
ACCORDING TO THEIR STRUCTURE
Have two classification on the basic:
+ The kinds (free vs. bound morphemes)
+ The combination of morphemes (free + free,
or free + bound, or bound + bound).
Hang
16. 3.1.1 SIMPLE WORDS
Simple words consist of a single free base
(= a free morphemes)
Example:
like, long, love, sun, work, etc.
Hang
17. 3.1.2 COMPLEX WORDS
Complex words contain at least one bound
morphemes as an immediate contituent.
They fall into two subclasses:
Complex words - FB( free-base)
Complex words - BB(bound base)
Hang
18. Complex words - FB( free-base)
It have one free morphemes as an IC:
Example:
dis ( do the opposite of) - like = dislike
FM
Hang
20. Complex words - BB(bound base)
It have a bound morphemes for each IC:
tele- " far" -vise " see" = televise
Example:
tele and vise can't be uttered alone with
meaning.
WordBM
Hang
21. ex- "out of, out from" - tract " take,get"
BM
termin- "end" -ate "giving(to sth) a specified
quality"
Hang
BM
22. 3.1.3 COMPOUND WORDS
It's also called COMPOUNDS and have
at least two free bases ( FM ) without
bound morphemes.
Example:
highlight high light
Hang
24. English compounds
may be classified in several ways
such as the word classes or
the semantic relationship
of their components
25. 3.1.3.1 THE FEATURES OF
COMPOUNDS
3.1.3.1.1 The phonological feature:
The elements of a compound word
are stressed.
Compounds differentiated
grammatical structure
their patterns of stressHang
26. Example:
The primary- secondary pattern enables us to contrast compound nouns
bluebell
redcoat
greenhouse
blue bell
red coat
green house
27. Modifier Head Compound
noun noun wall paper
adjective noun black board
Verb noun break water
preposition noun under world
noun adjective snow white
adjective adjective blue- green
verb adjective tumbledown
adjective verb highlight
verb preposition take out
28. 3.1.3.1.2 THE SYNTACTIC FEATURE
Order : the arrangement of the elements
in a compound may differ from that of a
grammatical structure in order
Example:
set up
upset
Verbs+Adverbial
Particles
Compounds
Hang
29. Upset = a state
of being unhappy
Set up = arrange
Hang
30. Indivisibility:
Compound words are considered as solid
blocks. They can't divided by the insertion
of any other elements.But grammatical
structures can be so divided.
She is sweetheart
She has a sweet heart
a compound noun
a grammatical
structure
31. 3.1.3.1.3 THE SEMANTIC FEATURE
Compound words have specialised
meaning. Therefore, knowing the meaning
of each element of a compound word does
not make it possible to figure out the
meaning of the whole combination. It is said
the compound words have idiomatic status.
Hang
32. GV: Lê Thị Xuân Huyền
The type of compounds
Compounds have two types. There are derivational
compounds and repetitive compounds.
1. Derivational compounds
are the compounds in which the derivational suffix
is attached to the combination as a whole, not to
one of its elements.
E.g: kind-hearted, old-timer,…
tính
33. GV: Lê Thị Xuân Huyền
1. Derivational compounds
Coin derivational compounds, we are apply one of
the following patterns:
Noun base + noun base + -er
E.g: footballer ‘one who plays football’, mill-owner
‘one who owns a mill’, left-hander ‘left-handed person
or blow’…
Adjective base + noun base + -ed
E.g: absent-minded, light-hearted, black-haired, blue
eyed…
tính
34. GV: Lê Thị Xuân Huyền
1. Derivational compounds
Noun base + noun base + ed
E.g: bow-legged, war-minded, heart-shaped,
moon-shaped…
Number base + noun base + -ed
E.g: five-coloured, two-headed, one-eyed,
three-fingered…
tính
35. GV: Lê Thị Xuân Huyền
2. Repetitive compounds
Repetitive compounds can be subcategorized
into:
Reduplicative compounds are the compounds
in which the second element is the proper
repetition of the first element with intensifying
effect. They are usually, but not always,
onomatopoeic words.
tính
36. GV: Lê Thị Xuân Huyền
2. Repetitive compounds
E.g: drip-drip
hush-hush
fifty-fifty
pooh-pooh
pretty-pretty
never-never
sound of rain drops driping down from a tree,
the root of the house
very secret of confidential
shared or sharing between two equally
sound to express contempt
affectedly pretty
a hire-purchase system in which the consumer
may never be able to become the owner of the
thing purchased
tính
37. GV: Lê Thị Xuân Huyền
2. Repetitive compounds
E.g1: Should he give them half a minute of blah-blah
or tell them what has been passing through his mind?
E.g2: Jim: They’ve got a smashing telly, a fridge and
another set of bedroom furniture in silver-grey.
Alice: All on the never-never, what’ll happen if
he loses his jobs?
tính
38. GV: Lê Thị Xuân Huyền
2. Ablaut compounds
Are twin forms consisting of one basic morpheme(usually
the second), sometimes a pseudo-morpheme which is
repeated in the other constituent with a different vowel. The
typical changes are:
[I] – [æ]: chit-chat (n) [U] (infml) chat, gossip,
easy familiar talk
tittle-tattle (n) [C] (infml) silly or trivial
talk, petty gossip
(v) [I] gossip, talk about
unimportant things
tính
39. GV: Lê Thị Xuân Huyền
2. Ablaut compounds
Shilly-shally (n) [I] hestitate, unable to make up
one’s mind
Dilly-dally (v) [I] waste time,dawble
[I] – [ɒ]: tip-top (adj) (infml) excellent, first rate
Ping-pong (n) [U] table-tennis
See-saw (n) [sing] up or down or to-and-pro
motion
(v) [I] move up-and-down
or to-and-pro
tính
40. GV: Lê Thị Xuân Huyền
Rhyme compounds are twin forms consisting of two
elements(most often two pseudo-morphemes), which are
conjoined to rhyme.
E.g: boogie-woogie ‘type of blues music
hoity-toity ‘snobbish’
humdrum ‘bored’
hurry-scurry ‘great hurry’
hurdy-gurdy ‘a small organ’
hurly-hurly ‘noisy and energetic activity’
3. Rhyme compounds
tính
42. COINAGE is the creation of totally news words
by:
E.g: Googol
Pooch
Nylon…
Inventing names for new products:
Using specific brand names such as Vaseline or
Frigidaire as the generic name for different brands
of these types of products.
Tuyết
43. Changing proper names of individuals or places
to common nouns:
A. People
Jack Lumberjack, Jack of all trades
Tom Tomcat, Tomboy, Peeping Tom
B. Real people
Earl of Sandwich, teddy bear, Marquis de Sade
Tuyết
44. C. Places
Hamburger, marathon, bikini, Shanghai,
champagne, cognac.
D. Mythology
Tantalus tantalize
Eros erotic
Narcissus narcissistic
Mars martial
Psyche, panic, Echo
E. Brand names
Band - aid, Zipper, Xerox, Coke, Scotch tape,
Kleenex, Vaseline,Tuyết
45. BORROWING is the process by which words in
language are borrowed form another.
A. Loan translation
Hot dog 熱狗
Superman 超人
B. Transliteration
Cool 酷
Dink 頂客
Yuppie 雅痞
Tuyết
46. BLENDING is the fusion of two words into one,
usually the first part of one words with the last
part of another
Example: brunch (breakfast+ lunch)
smog (smoke+ fog)
motel (motor+ hotel)
newscast (news + broadcast)
perma-press (permanent press)
Some other blends also called blending,
fusion or portmanteau words
Tuyết
47. “Blends, although not very numerous altogether,
seem to be on the rise, especially in terminology
and also in trade advertisements” ( Arnold, 1986:
142)
Tuyết
48. 3.2.4/ CLIPPING is the process of cutting off the
beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving a part
to stand for the whole ( the full form).
+ Influenza and refrigerator have been clipped at both
ends, producing flu and fridge ( with a slight change of
spelling in the latter example).
+ The end of the word is deleted in exam ( from
examination), ad or advert ( from advertisement ), fan
( from fanatic ), lab ( from laboratory), etc.
+ The beginning part of the word is removed in bus ( from
omnibus ), plane ( from airplane ), phone ( from
telephone), etc.
N.MÃI
49. Clipping (Clipped forms): part of a free
morpheme is cut off (i.e., shortening
a polysyllabic word); often in casual speech
e.g.
• prof. ( professor ) (also in names)
• lab ( laboratory ) + Liz ( Elizabeth)
• ad ( advertisement) + Kathy ( Katherine or
Catherine)
• poli-sci ( political – science)
• doc ( document) + Ron ( Ronald)
• auto ( automatic) +Lyn ( Evelyn or
Carolyn)
• bike ( bicycle)
• sub ( submarine)
N.MÃI
50. The clipping may not be used in the same
contexts as the longer word.
For example:
The word exam is mostly used to refer to academic
examinations or tests, not to medical examinations or
check-ups.
N.MÃI
51. 3.2.5/ ACRONYMY is the process whereby
a word is formed from the initials or beginning
segments of a succession of words.
Acronyms: abbreviate a longer term by taking
the initial letters.
A. follow the pronunciation patterns of Eng
+ NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).
+ TOEFL (Test of Eng. as a Foreign Language).
+ AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
+ NASA (National Aeronautics & Space
Administration). N.MÃI
52. Acronyms:
B. If unpronounceable each letter is
sounded out separately
+ ATM (automatic teller machine)
+ I.Q. (intelligence quotient)
+ MRT (Mass Rapid Transit)
+ MTV (music television)
+ TVBS (television broadcasting service)
+ VCR (video cassette recorder)
N.MÃI
53. Acronyms:
C. Customary to sound out each letter
even if the combined initials can be
pronounced.
+ AIT (American Institute in Taiwan)
+ UCLA (Univ. of California at Los Angeles)
N.MÃI
54. In other cases, we have what looks like a
common noun
+ laser ( light amplification by stimulated emission
of radiation)
+ scuba ( self – contained underwater breathing
apparatus)
+ radar ( radio detecting and ranging)
+ snafu ( situation normal; all fucked up)
N.MÃI
55. In fact, some acronyms are not often as a
sequence of letters but preferably as the
words they stand for.
For example:
e.g. is read for example; i.e. is read that is,
namely; c/o is read ( in ) care of; and so on.
N.MÃI
56. CONVERSION
TRUNG
Definition:
In linguistics, conversion, also called zero derivation,
is a kind of word formation, it is the creation of a
word (of a new word class) from an existing word (of
a different word class) without any change in form.
E.g. the noun “green in golf” (referring to a putting-
green) is derived ultimately from the adjective
“green”.
COMPLETE CONVERSION
APPROXIMATE CONVERSION
57. COMPLETE CONVERSION
Complete conversion is the process of shifting a
word from one word class to another without
adding an affix.
Major categories of complete conversion:
LexicalVerb → noun:
- ‘State’ (from stative verbs to nouns): fear, love
- ‘Event/ activity’ (from dynamic verbs to nouns):
laugh, walk, attack
- ‘Object of V’: answer (‘that would be answered’),
catch, buy
TRUNG
58. Major categories of complete
conversion
LexicalVerb → noun
- ‘Subject of V’: clone (‘the living being that is
cloned’), cheat, bore
- ‘Instrument of V’: cover (‘something that covers
things’), wrap, start
- ‘Manner of V-ing’: throw, walk
- ‘Place ofV’: retreat, turn
E.g. buy n [C] act of buying; thing bought: Best buys
of the week are carrots and cabbages, which are
plentiful and cheap.
TRUNG
59. Major categories of complete
conversion
Mainly happens in
well-established patterns of adjective + noun phrase.
Nominalisation occurs when the noun is ellipted and
the adjective is widely used as a synonym of an
existing set pattern.
Adjective → noun
E.g. Young adj immature, unseasoned: young
man, young people.
Young n [C] any immature animal
TRUNG
60. Major categories of complete
conversion
Noun → lexical verb
- ‘Put in/on N’: bottle, corner
- ‘Deprive of N’: peel (‘remove the peel from’), skin
- ‘To … with N as instrument’: brake, knife (stab with a
knife), campaign
- ‘Be/ Act as N with respect to …’: nurse, referee
- ‘Make/ change … into N’: cash, cripple, silence
- ‘(a) Send/ (b) Go by N’: (a) mail, ship; (b) bicycle, motor
- ‘Give N, to provide N with’: coat (give a coat of paint,
etc to’), mask, carpet
TRUNG
61. Major categories of complete
conversion
Adjective → lexical verb
-Transitive verbs meaning ‘make (more) Adj’: calm,
dirty, wet
- Intransitive verbs meaning ‘become Adj’: dry, empty
E.g. wet adj covered, soaked: wet roads, grass,
clothes, etc.
wet v make (sth) wet: Wet the clay a bit
more before you start to mould it.
Adjective → lexical verb
Sometimes a phrasal verb is derived from an
adjective by the addition of a particle:
E.g. He calmed himself down (‘made himself calm’).
He calmed down (‘became calm’).
TRUNG
62. Minor categories of complete
conversion
AuxiliaryVerb → noun:
E.g. need n demand or a condition requiring
relief, etc : There’s a great need
for a new book on the subject.
Phrase → noun: When I gamble, my horse is one
of the also-rans (i.e. one of the horses which ‘also
ran’ but was not among the winners).
TRUNG
63. Minor categories of complete
conversion
Phrase → adjective: I feel very under-the-
weather (i.e. indisposed), Have you ever
experienced such an under-the weather feeling?
Affix → noun:
Ism [noun-forming suffix → countable noun]
theory, doctrine, movement:
Patriotism and any other isms you’d like to name.
TRUNG
64. Minor categories of complete
conversion
Non-count noun → count noun:
- ‘A unit of N’: two coffees (‘cups of coffee’)
- ‘A kind of N’: Some paints are more lasting than others
- ‘A instance of N’ (with abstract nouns): a difficulty
Count noun → non-count noun:
‘N viewed in terms of a measurable extent’ (normally only
after expressions of amount): a few square feet of floor.
floor n [C, usu singular] surface of a room on
which one stands, walks, etc: The bare
concrete floor was cold on my feet.
floor n [U] extent, range, area, length TRUNG
65. Minor categories of complete
conversion
Proper noun → common noun
- ‘A member of the class typified by N’: a Jeremiah
(a gloomy prophet)
- ‘A person or place called N’: There are several
Cambridges (‘places called Cambridge’) in the world.
- ‘A product of N or a sample or collection of N’s
work’: a Rolls Royce (a car manufactured by Rolls
Royce), a Sony, a complete Shakespeare
- ‘Something associate with N’: Wellingtons
TRUNG
66. Minor categories of complete
conversion
Stative noun → dynamic noun
fool n [stative] person who lack in good
sense or judgement; idiot: Remember
that she’s not a fool.
fool n [dynamic] (formerly) man employed
by a king, noble, etc. to amuse others
with jokes and tricks; clown or jester:
He’s being a fool. (‘He’s behaving like a
fool.’)
TRUNG
67. Minor categories of complete
conversion
What are transitive verbs?
Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object
to receive that action.
E.g. I baked some cookies.
What are intransitive verbs?
Intransitive verbs are action verbs but unlike
transitive verbs, they do not have an object
receiving the action.
E.g. I cried. TRUNG
68. Minor categories of complete
conversion
IntransitiveVerb → transitive verb
run v [I] move at a speed faster than a walk :
She ran out of the house to see what was
happening.
run v [Tn] ‘cause toV’: LondonTransport run
extra trains during the rush-hour.
TransitiveVerb → intransitive verb
- ‘Can beV-ed’ (often followed by an adverb such as
well or badly): Your book reads well.
- ‘V oneself’: Have you washed yet? (washed yourself’)
- ‘V someone/something/etc’: We have eaten already.
- ‘BeV-ed’: The door opened.
69. Minor categories of complete
conversion
Adverb or a preposition → verb
up prep to or in a higher position: She
ran up the stairs.
up adv to or in an upright position; to
or in an higher place, position,
condition, etc.: Stand up! Lift
your head up!
up v [I] (infml) get or jump up; rouse
oneself: She upped and left without
a word.
up v [Tn] (infml) increase (sth): They
upped the price.
70. APPROXIMATE COVERSION
Approximate conversion is the process by which
a word, in the course of changing its grammatical
function, may undergo a slight change of
pronunciation or spelling
-Voicing of final consonants (noun → verb):
advice → advise ( ədˈvaɪs → ədˈvaɪz )
thief → thieve ( θiːf → θiːv )
sheath → sheathe ( ʃiːθ → ʃiːð )
and (not shown in spelling) house → house.
- Shift of stress: when verbs of two syllables are
converted into nouns, the stress is sometimes
shifted from the second to the first syllable:
conduct, conflict, contrast, convert, convict,
export, extract, import, insult, permit, present,
produce, rebel, record. TRUNG
73. Niềm
PREFIXATION
DEFINITION
The addition of a prefix in front of a
base.
Example :
Disagree, unhappily, overcoat
Below are a number of prefixes , including
some initial combining forms and initial
segment.
74. PREFIXATION
Niềm
Meanings of Some Commonly Used Prefixes:Prefix Meaning Word Examples
Bi- Two; twice; double Biannual, bilingual
De- away from, down
undoing
deport
Im- in or into immobile, impossible
Ab- away from absent
Co- Together with Coexist
75. PREFIXATION
Niềm
il- is used before l
logical illogical legitimate illegitimate
Ir- is used before r
regular irregular relevant irrelevant
Note: un-, il-, in-, ir-, non-, mis-, dis-, de-,
mean “not” or “opposite of” in English.
76. PREFIXATION
Niềm
Im- is placed before bilabial sounds /p, b,
m/
balance imbalance possible impossible
In- is used before alveolar and velar sounds
/d, k, s/ and the labio-dental fricative /v/
visible invisible definite indefinite
77. SUFFIXATION
The addition of a suffix at the end of a base.
DEFINITION :
Example
Careful, drawing, freedom
Below are suffixes that continue to be productive
in english
Niềm
78. SUFFIXATION
Niềm
Suffixes are important in determining the
meanings of words in English.
They change the grammatical class of words.
Inflectional Suffix/Morpheme
Play plays playing played
Derivational Suffixes:
gentle (adj) gentleness (noun) gently (adverb)
Class-Maintaining Derivational Suffixes
E.g. (–age, -ful, -ship, -ate, - dom, -ism, - eer..)
house houseful , grant grantee
79. Class-Changing Derivational Suffixes:
Under the suffixes that can change word from
one grammatical class to another, we have
basically four groups.
• Noun Suffixes
• Verb suffixes
• Adjective Suffixes
• Adverb Suffixes
SUFFIXATION
Niềm
84. BACK - FORMATION
Backformation is the process of deriving words
by removing what is thought to be a suffix from
an existing word.
1. From Nouns:
peddle: from peddler
burgle: from burglar
beg: from beggar
orate: from orator
N.Minh
85. auth: from author
emote: from emotion
caretake: from caretaker
free-associate: from free-association
enthuse: from enthusiasm
BACK - FORMATION
N.Minh
86. BACK - FORMATION
2. From Adjective:
peeve: from peevish
gloom: from gloomy
frivol: from frivolous
cose or coze: from cosy
laze: from lazy
greed: from greedy
grue: from gruesome
N.Minh
87. TWO MAJOR SOURCES OF
BACKFORMATION
1. Abstract Nouns:
diagnose=diagnosis -is
donate=donation– ion
enthuse=enthusiasm- iasm
gloom=gloomy- y
greed=greedy- y
2. Human nouns:
loaf=loafer– er
sculpt=sculptor– or
burgle=burglar- ar
beg=beggar- ar
3. Compound nouns and others:
eavesdrop=eavesdropping– ing
merrymake=merrymaking– ing
babysit=babysitter- er
N.Minh
89. Compounds contrast with phrases, which
consist of two or more words that that are
grammatically related.
E.g :
- A large card.
- Beautiful pictures.
- A tweenty years.
- Too far.
Tú
90. Compounds are found in all word
classes :
Nouns :
Adjectives :
Verbs :
Adverbs :
Pronouns :
Numerals :
Prepositions :
Semi-
auxiliaries :
Conjunctions :
pop group, whistle-blower, date-rape
class-ridden, heart-breaking,
homesick
cold-shoulder, highlight, babysit
good-naturedly, however, nowadays
anyone, everything, nobody
sixty-three, nine-tenths
as for, because of, next to
be going to, had better, have got to
except that, rather than, whenever
91. Compound verbs are derived chiefly from nouns.
- May be derived by conversion, simply a
shift in word class from a compound noun
without any other change : black-mail,
cold-shoulder,daydream..
- May be derived by back-formation,
the removal of a suffix: babysit,
double-park, shoplift..
93. Compound Nouns
A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or
more words. A compound noun is usually [noun + noun]
or [adjective + noun], but there are other combinations
(see below). It is important to understand and recognize
compound nouns. Each compound noun acts as a single
unit and can be modified by adjectives and other nouns.
- open or spaced - space between words (tennis shoe)
- hyphenated - hyphen between words (six-pack)
- closed or solid - no space or hyphen between words
(bedroom)
There are three forms for compound nouns:
94. Here are some examples of compound nouns:
Noun + Noun : bus stop Is this the bus
stop for the number
12 bus?
football Shall we play football
today?
Adjective + Noun : full moon I always feel crazy
at full moon.
software I can't install this
software on my
PC.
95. Verb(-ing) + Noun : breakfast
We always eat
breakfast at
8am.
washing
machine
Put the clothes in
the red washing
machine.
Noun + Verb(-ing) : sunrise
I like to get up at
sunrise.
train-
spotting
His hobby is train-
spotting.
96. Verb + Preposition check-out
Please remember
that check-out is
at 12 noon.
Noun + Prepositional
phrase
mother-in-law
My mother-
in-law lives
with us.
97. Preposition + Noun : underworld
Do you think the
police accept
money from the
underworld?
Noun + Adjective : truckful
We need 10
truckfuls of
bricks.
98. Compound Adjectives
Compound adjectives are adjectives that are made
up of two or more words usually with hyphens (-)
between them.
Examples:
• An English-speaking country.
• A time-saving gadget.
• A thirty-floor building.
99. Compound adjectives can be formed as follows:
a well-known writer
a brightly-lit room
deeply-rooted traditions
a well-mannered girl
• Adverb-past participle / noun + ed
• Adjective-present participle (verb + ing)
a good-looking boy
a free-standing tower
102. Exercises:
1. Classify the following items with these symbols:
S Simple
C-BB Complex with two bound forms as IC’s
C-FB Complex with one free form as an IC
Comp Compound
GS Grammatical structure
With three classes C-BB, C-FB, and Comp, make the
first IC cut.
Complete the table given below:
103. 1 Comp sharpshooter
(one who is killed at a
shooting with a gun)
sharp |shooter
2 GS a sharp shooter (one
who shoots sharply)
3 S act
4 C-FB react re– | act
5 Comp storekeeper (the keeper
of a store)
store | keeper
104. 6 C-FB Highlander (one who
lives in the Highland)
Highland | –er
7 S apparatus
8 C-BB contain con– | –tain
9 C-BB recur re– | –cur
10 C-BB current cur(r)– | –ent
105. 2. Give the original words from which these clipped
words were formed. Complete the table given
below:
1 ad ← advertisement
2 gas ← gasoline
3 taxi ← taximeter
4 cab ← cabriolet
5 frat ← fraternity
6 photo ← photograph
107. 3. Give the original of each of the following
blends. Complete the table given below:
1 Smog ← smoke + fog
2 Telecast ← television + broadcast
3 Electrocute ← electricity + execute
4 Splatter ← splash + spatter
5 Amerindian ← American + Indian
6 Eurasian ← European + Asian
7 Newsboy ← newspaper boy
8 medicare ← medical care
108. 4. Pronounce these acronyms and give their
originals. Complete the table given below:
1 UN /,ju: ‘en/ United Nations
2 MC /,e m ‘si:/ Master of Ceremonies
3 BBC /,bi: bi: ‘si:/ British Broadcasting
Corporation
4 AD /,e 1 ‘di:/ (from Latin ‘anno
domini’) in the year of
Our
Lord, of the Christian era
5 BC /,bi: ‘si:/ before Christ
109. 6 TESL /,ti: i: es ‘el/
or /‘tesl
Teaching English as a
Second Language
7 EFL /,i: ef ‘el/ English as a Foreign
Language
8 VIP /,vi: a 1 ‘pi:/ very important person
9 FIFA /‘fi: f 6 / Federation of
International Football
Associations
10 NAM /,en e 1 ‘em/ National Association of
Manufacturers
110. 1 bootleg ← bootlegger
2 typewrite ← typewriter
3 coronate ← coronation
4 resurrect ← resurrection
5 baby-sit ← baby-sitter
6 advance-register ← advance-registration
7 laze ← lazy
8 jell ← jelly
5. These verbs are back-formations. Write the words
from which they are formed. Complete the table
given below:
111. EXERCISE 6: Indicate the meaning relation between the
parts of the following English compounds. Complete the table
given below:
1) chessboard = board for playing chess on
2) flycatcher = bird that catches flies for food
3) Sunlight =
4) Daybreak =
5) frostbite = bite from frost
6) Driftwood =
7) Popcorn =
8) Handshake =
9) brainwashing (fig) =
10) match maker=
112. 11) mince-meat =
12) drinking-water =
13) typing-paper =
14) sleepwalking = walking in one’s sleep
15)Sunbather =
16) Homework =
17)Workbench =
18) motorcycle = cycle powered by a motor
19)Silkworm =
20)Sawdust =
113. EXERCISE 6: Indicate the meaning relation between the
parts of the following English compounds. Complete the table
given below:
1) chessboard = board for playing chess on
2) flycatcher = bird that catches flies for food
3) Sunlight = light given by the sun
4) Daybreak = break of the day
5) frostbite = bite from frost
6) Driftwood = wood that drifts
7) Popcorn = corn that has popped
8) Handshake = shake by the hand
9) brainwashing (fig) = washing of the brain
10) match maker= one who makes matches
114. 11) mince-meat = meat that has been minced
12) drinking-water = water for drinking
13) typing-paper = paper for typing on
14) sleepwalking = walking in one’s sleep
15)Sunbather = one who bathes in the sun
16) Homework = work done at home
17)Workbench = bench for working at
18) motorcycle = cycle powered by a motor
19)Silkworm = worm that produces silk
20)Sawdust = dust produced by sawing
115. EXERCISE 7: Match each expression under A with
the one statement under B that characterizes it.
A B
a. noisy crow 1. compound noun
b. eat crow 2. base morpheme plus derivational prefix
c. scarecrow 3. phrase consisting of adjective plus
noun
d. the crow 4. base morpheme plus inflectional suffix
e. crow-like 5. base morpheme plus derivational
suffix
f. crows 6. idiom
7. grammatical morpheme followed by
lexical morpheme
a-3 b-6 c-1 d-7 e-5 f-4
Editor's Notes
can it be moved to a different position in a sentence
