Issue Of Food Waste

Issue of Food Waste
Food waste is an issue that needs to be addressed right away. It is a continuing problem which plays a major role in harming the economy and the
environment. The amount of food waste in America has increased by fifty percent in the last forty years. There has been minor effort: buying only the
amount of food that will be eaten and feeding animals with unwanted food. These efforts, however, cannot affect America on a scale that the
government can. The government should take actions and levy tax on food waste produced by Americans. Tax regulations will result in reduced
amount of waste, and the government can spend more on feeding those who are starving all over the world. Putting tax on food waste will minimize
food waste, benefiting the U.S. economy and the environment. So, what is food waste? Food waste is a deliberate disposal of edible items. The
excessive amount of food waste has a negative impact on the U.S. economy and the environment. Annually, theUnited States throws away 25% of all
produced food in landfills. Food waste costs America 43 billion dollars, a quarter of U.S. water consumption, and 300 barrels of oil production each
year. With 43 billion dollars, two billion people can be fed, and the wasted water can provide for nine billion people. Decreased amount of food waste
can result in eliminating world hunger. Aside from the economic damages, food waste also has a horrifying effect on the environment. Food waste
produced methane. Methane is a greenhouse
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Food Waste A National Issue
Beatriz Lorenzo
Mrs. Nadine Gordon
ENG 112–85
3 December 2015
Food waste a national issue
At some point during the day in the United States, countless people are throwing out some food in the garbage, either because it's not good to eat or
because they serve a lot when eating. Otherwise maybe because the food does not look fresh or simply the date that is seen on the packages indicate that
the food is no longer safe to eat. Everyday American consumers and food businesses are throwing away tons of edible food into the trash without any
concern about the irreversible consequences being done to the environment. The consumers need to understand the differences between food quality
and food safety, because of this misunderstanding consumers are unconsciously contributing to the statistics of food waste, and squandering the
precious natural resources used to produce food that no one eats. Every year the volume of food waste is growing day–to–day and endangering the
environment. Furthermore, the uncontrolled loss of products as a result of inefficiencies in the supply chain for instance: the loss of products during
the harvest, storage, transport, or perhaps because the final product doesn't meet the standard requirements from the buyer. Therefore, it's crucial to start
creating new solutions to address the problem of food waste in the United States, and to minimize the consequences of this huge problem.
First of all, food waste produces numerous negative effects in many sectors of

A Study On Transportation Fuel Production
A study, Bismethane Transportation Fuel Production Powering the Solid Waste Sector Community
–Scale Distribute Transportation Fuel Production
Facility has addressed one of the mothed about recycling on organic wastes, and using the organic wastes to produce renewable natural gas. The study
on a project of the anaerobic Digestion, a biological mothed that decompose organic wastes into other useful methane. There are several components be
considering in this type of project; fully permitted, a reliable feedstock supply, a reliable demand for the fuel in line with storage capacity, the ability to
deliver the fuel to user, and financing situation. the bigger concern about the project should beget. The author addressed the cost and benefit on ... Show
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Their costs are varies, the anaerobic facility cost $20 million, $9 million on compost facility, and cost of the equipment. Additional, the tip fee is $1.25
million, compost price be $0.4 million, and anaerobic facility's operation cost be $2 million, compost facility operation cost be $0.9 million. The study
Bismethane Transportation Fuel Production Powering the Solid Waste Sector Community–Scale Distribute Transportation Fuel Production Facility,
mentioned the city of Napa have considered and support a 25000 ton–per–year anaerobic digesting facility project, and the city get award $3 million
funding. They intend to have the facility co–located with a compost facility with 20000 ton–per–year. The initial capital cost estimate for the facility is
$15.5 million, which include most of equipment.; however, it does not include the infrastructure cost. The benefit from the project of anaerobic
facilities. There are 100 anaerobic digestion facilities, each of facility can digest about 25000 ton–per–year of organic wastes. The project can reduce
landfill with 2500000 ton–per–year of organic wastes. Also, that reduce air pollution, the calculation on avoided emission, one of 25000 ton–per–year
anaerobic digestion facility, that can reduce approximately 17,307 MTCO2e every year; Likewise, there are 99 more of the anaerobic digestion
facility. Instead, the anaerobic digestion facility could produce natural fuel,

Environmental Assessment Of A Landfill And The Dulverton...
Assessment Task–3 Environmental Assessment
Introduction
This report has been prepared to detail the operations and environmental compliance at the Dulverton Landfill and the Dulverton Compost Facility
based on our visit on 28th April 2016. This report also covers the requirements of the six (6) "environmental issues of primary concern" listed in Section
1.2.2 of the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment publicationLandfill Sustainability Guide 2004.
Proponent
Dulverton Regional Waste Management Authority, now trading as Dulverton Waste Management was established for the management and disposal of
waste generated predominately by its owners ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Land operations
Weighbridge and boom gate Site office and lunch room
Two lined leachate storage dams for collection of leachate from landfill
Two unlined stormwater collection ponds
Bulldozer for spreading and compacting waste
Fire fighting pump and stormwater storage dam
Pump to transfer leachate through pipeline to Latrobe sewerage system plant
Leachate pipeline from site to Latrobe sewerage system
Compactor for compacting waste
Vehicles for moving personnel around site
Pollution discharges and Waste
This section briefly discusses the pollution discharges and wastes generated by the Landfill, and their control measures, in relation to air, water, noise
and soil. It also covers general waste & energy use, water use, measure to manage and minimise greenhouse gas emissions.
1) Water quality
Leachate is a massive ongoing potential issue in landfill that could pollute both surface water and the ground water (Environmental Protection

Authority 2013). There are two leachate storage dams, which are used for the collection of contaminated rainwater from the landfill shown in figure 1
in order to prevent the environment of the ecosystem of nearby waterways and make sure that the contaminated water does not leave the site. This
Landfill site is monitoring in a way that satisfies all the

Landfill At The Upcoming City Council Meeting
TO: Council members
FROM: Tammy Wilkerson, CAO
DATE: April 17, 2016
SUBJECT: Landfill Talking Points
This memo serves to outline some key talking points as you move forward in talking with the Landfill opposition group at the upcoming city council
meeting. First, let me remind you of the importance of the inert Landfill in Tinytown. For decades, Tinytown has been afforded the opportunity to
have an inert landfill in the city that has been a great asset for Tinytown. The inert landfill has helped expand our economic growth as well as many
other benefits for the city of Tinytown and its residents. Those benefits will be included in this memo, and can be used as you point out to the
opposition the benefits of an inert landfill.
Duty
As ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to counteract their efforts to stop the purchase, I am strategically putting together counterarguments that can be offered to support the City's
need to purchase the property for an inert landfill.
Virtue
I am asking that this issue is regarded as great importance and given top priority on the agenda in the upcoming City Council meeting. As public
officers, Svara (2015) we have a duty to convey by virtue, moral excellence, fairness, and justice and a duty to the public interest. At the same time,
I have the responsibility of advising council and always seeking the greatest good. By virtue of my position, I will never advice a member to take
a positon that would bring disgrace on their selves or our City, by an act of dishonesty or cowardice. My goal, Svara (2015), is to "revere and obey
the City's laws, while keeping in mind to fight for the ideals and sacred things of the City both alone and with many." I feel this can be done with the
right method in place to clarify our position as a City and to educate the neighboring residents who at this time, will not disregard having an inert
landfill near them.
Principals
Furthermore, please keep in mind all the benefits that the inert landfill has been able to provide Tinytown over the years. Benefits such as, keeping
sales and property taxes very low compared to surrounding areas, and a revenue source because several surrounding communities pay the Tinytown to
use its landfill.

Designing a Portable Biogas Plant
DESIGNING A PORTABLE BIOGAS PLANT
BACKGROUND
The most utilized energy sources in the word have their limits in reaching the more remote rural areas. Hence a need for a cheaper but yet easy to
construct energy converter is eminent. Of all the energy sources renewable energy is the most mobile but not the most cost efficient. A number of
systems have been developed to serve such a need but due to the high construction and maintenance costs that immobility of such systems brings are
unrealistic and unpopular.
It is has been estimated that over 80% of Zambians resort toan unhealthy practice of cutting down of trees for use as a source of energy. This number
keeps increasing over the years and has brought an even bigger problem leading to droughts and dramatic weather and environmental changes. An
attempt by the government in form of rural electrification programs to reduce such practice has been too slow to show any major changes.
Despite its merits, biogas has never been seen as the best solution mainly because of its size to power ratio. Other reasons include the dangers of
setting up a plant, reduced number of devices that use methane
INTRODUCTION
Biogas is biofuel and it generally refers to the gas produced from organic matter as it is broken down by biological means. It can be produced by
anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials. It primarily comprises of methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen and small traces
of volatile compounds. The figure

Agricultural Solid Waste For Energy Potential And...
Livestock Manure Waste–to–Energy Potential and Most Sustainable Use in North–American Midwest Cattle Farms
Alina Hong
Gregoire Mazars
Matthew Garamella
Oliver Schwartz
1
Table of Contents
Abstract....................................................................................................3
Introduction / Background......................................................................3
Use of manure as fertilizer.......................................................................4
Use of manure as waste–to–energy...........................................................7
Anaerobic digestion..................................................................................8
Combustion.............................................................................................16
Gasification.............................................................................................17
Methods...................................................................................................21
Results.....................................................................................................22
All states..................................................................................................22
Nebraska..................................................................................................24
Texas.......................................................................................................29
Oklahoma................................................................................................37

Kansas.....................................................................................................39
Discussion...............................................................................................44
Bibliography............................................................................................45
2
Abstract
This paper looked into the potential for agricultural solid waste–to–energy projects in cattle and dairy farms of the US Midwest. The use of animal
dung, or manure, as fertilizer is historically well–developed in the Midwest. Waste–to–energy projects, on the other hand, have taken off only recently
and may be able to address a portion of energy demand in these states while reducing landfill input. Some agricultural waste is simply burned without
any further purpose

The Effect Of Gamma Ray Irradiation On Sludge Settleability
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Physical characteristics 3.1.1. Effect of gamma–ray irradiation on sludge settleability In static sedimentation tests, a
distinct sedimentation interface between the supernatant and sludge was observed for all samples with different irradiation doses, whereas the
expected rapid improvement of the irradiated sedimentation rate was not observed (Fig. 1). These trends agreed with the results of Meeroff et al
(2004). According to the sedimentation curves, there are two periods during static sedimentation process: (1) the initial hindered settling period, in
which the interface between the supernatant and sludge decreases at a constant velocity (u0) relying on the sludge concentration; (2) the succedent
sludge compression period, in which the settling velocity of the interface gradually declines (Wu et al., 2009; Iritani et al., 2015). For the untreated
sludge, u0 is 10.36 mmВ·hв€’1 and SV720 is 37.1%, as shown in Fig. 2. For irradiated sludge, the sedimentation velocity was slightly increased to
11.55 mmВ·h–1 at doses up to 15 kGy. SV was continuously decreased with the increasing dose and a 19.4% reduction rate was achieved at 15 kGy.
According to the Stokes Law, the observed changes in u0 and SV were probably due to particle size decrease and sludge density increase after
irradiation (Yu et al., 2010). In addition, a portion of solid matter was dissolved by irradiation, which could promote SV decrease. The improved
settleability demonstrated that

The natural rubber industry products have a large demand...
The natural rubber industry products have a large demand globally for their various uses in different applications. Rubber is used to manufacture
products in every field, from automobile parts, medical devices, plumbing, electrical, stationary, etc. India is ranked third in the world producers of
natural rubber [4]. In the Dakshina Kannada region of Karnataka agriculture is one of the main occupations of the locals. Rubber, Arecanut, Paddy,
Coconut, etc., are commonly grown in this region of which the rubber industry is the most polluting. The rubber industry pollutes through the
wastewater generated during manufacture and also air emissions depending on the drying process adopted. The rubber industry is vast as it consists of
farms,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The liquid latex contains around 60% of dry rubber and it varies with the climate, i.e. the water content in the latex increases during the monsoon
season.The latex is used to produce five main products, namely Ribbed Smoked Sheets (RSS), Air Dried Sheets (ADS), Block Rubber, Crepe
Rubber & Concentrated Latex. These products are further used to produce other rubber products for various applications such as tyres, gloves,
insulations, tubes, etc. In Dakshina Kannada region, Ribbed Smoked Sheet & Air Dried Sheets are the commonly produced of the five types, and are
similar except for the method adopted for drying. These are produced from small scale farms to large scale plantations.
1.2.1.RUBBER SHEET MANUFACTURING PROCESS:
In the production of Ribbed Smoked Sheets and Air Dried Sheets, latex from the trees is carried back to the rolling house for processing. In certain
cases where the plantation is located far away from the rolling house, ammonia is added to the latex to prevent early coagulation. Early coagulation of
rubber particles before the processing stage leads to the production of low grade sheets and hence an economic loss. If ammonia is added to prevent
early coagulation, then higher amounts of acid are required during the coagulation stage. At the rolling house the latex is mixed with water in a ratio
of 2:1 to improve its consistency, and formic acid (5ml each tray) which helps in coagulation. A mixture of 2 litres rubber

Persuasive Essay On Recycling Crisis
It is configured that about 70,000 tons of plastic ends up in the state 's landfills each year and only an estimated 20 percent gets recycled ("New
Recycling Law to Promote Better Habits."). Recycling is an important way to help keep the earth clean and reduce pollution in the air, grounds, and
water. In the state of North Carolina recycling is only required in restaurants, but is recommended in homes and stores despite the fact it is not already
mandatory. Recycling materials is shown to reduce wasted materials and save the state money in production costs (Davis). Recycling in North Carolina
should be mandatory all over the state in homes, businesses, restaurants, and stores because it reduces pollution, wasted materials, greenhouse ... Show
When the birds in these situations become sick, the disease is spreadable to humans and other animals in the area.
Another hazardous item found in landfills is methane. In landfills nearly two–thirds of this waste material can be traced back to household matter,
material decomposes in landfill sites causing them to release methane gas. Methane is a very potent greenhouse gas, nearly 20 times more effective at
trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide ("Landfill Pollution").
The same hazardous fumes that can be found in landfills are also found all over the state of North Carolina along the road ways and in cities. Litter
consists of trash and household toxic substances that are improperly disposed of on land or in water, over time the trash collects and creates pollution
which lead to hazardous fumes as the trash and waste decompose.
Decomposition of trash in landfills and litter on the streets lead to greenhouse emissions that are let into the atmosphere. Greenhouse emissions, such
as methane nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, sulfides, hydrogen and various other gases are also produced in small volumes, these gases can be a problem
in the atmosphere for upwards of 50 years (Skye). In an article written about the environmental effects landfills can create, Jared Skye wrote:
"Landfill gases do not remain on–site. When released in the air, gases find their way

Biogas is a clean environment friendly fuel. Raw biogas...
Biogas is a clean environment friendly fuel. Raw biogas contains about 55–65% methane (CH4), 30–45% carbon dioxide (CO2), traces of hydrogen
sulfide (H2S) and fractions of water vapours.
A typical composition of biogas can be seen on the following table:
Table 1: Biogas typical composition
Component FormulaConcentration (% by vol.)
MethaneCH455–70
Carbon dioxideCO230–45
NitrogenN20–5
OxygenO2<1
HydrocarbonsCnH2n+2<1
Hydrogen sulfideH2S0–0.5
AmmoniaNH30–0.05
Water (vapour)H2O1–5
SiloxanesCnH2n+1SiO0–50 mg/m3
The main compound in the Biogas mixture is Methane (CH4), which is responsible for the combustibility of the biogas. Methane burns according to the
following exothermic combustion equation:
CH4 + 2O2 в†’ CO2 + 2H2O + ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Water is also undesirable in biogas stream to the engines since it is responsible for the corrosion effects. It also reacts with carbon dioxide to form
carbonic acid which is corrosive. Hence water too along with hydrogen sulphide must be removed during pre–treatment.
Siloxanes are silica compounds which are derive from the anaerobic digestion of materials such as household waste and municipal wastewater.
Siloxanes presence in biogas is extremely undesirable, since they react with oxygen at high temperatures and form silica dioxide (SiO2), which gets
deposited in the engine and other equipment thus causing serious damages on them. site on data http://www.biogas–renewable–energy.info
/biogas_composition.html http://www.biomassenergy.gr/en/articles/technology/biogas/102–biogas–typical–components
Factors Affecting the Biogas Generation
Temperature and Pressure

Fermentation Temperature will greatly affect biogas production. Methane can be produced within a fairly wide range of temperature. Methane
forming anaerobic bacteria works best in the temperature between 29В°C to 41В°C or between 49В°C to 60В°C and pressure of about 1.1 to 1.2 bars
absolute. The temperature between 32В°C–35В°C are most efficient for stable and continuous production of methane. Biogas produced outside this
range will have a higher percentage of carbon dioxide and other gases. The production of biogas is fastest during summer and it decreases at lower
temperature during winter. At 20В°C the rate

A Short Note On Oxidation Lagoon Treatment System Essay
3.1REPSA I Inspection Findings
On July 7, 2015 the EPA and MARN inspected the REPSA I facility, including the oxidation lagoon treatment system. This wastewater treatment
system treats the wastewater generated from REPSA I palm tree oil processing. The system consists of five oxidation lagoons, which included cooling
stabilization lagoons, anaerobic (an anaerobic lagoon is a deep impoundment, essentially free of dissolved oxygen that promotes anaerobic conditions
(USEPA 2002)), and facultative lagoons, with each lagoon having a volume of approximately 3,500 m3 (925,000 gallons). A facultative lagoon is
earthen impoundment that the layer of water near the surface contains dissolved oxygen due to atmospheric reaeration and algal respiration, a
condition that supports aerobic and facultative organisms, and the bottom layer of the lagoon includes sludge deposits and supports anaerobic
organisms (USEPA, 2002). EPA observed that all lagoons were not sealed (no concrete, liner, clay, etc.), which may create suitable conditions for
groundwater contamination.
During the EPA visit, it was observed that the REPSA I lagoons were almost full to capacity, with a free board of approximately one foot (0.3
meters) (See photo 1, page 17). Typically, lagoons should have a minimum freeboard of 0.9 meters (3 feet) (USEPA, 2002). The minimum freeboard
design criteria is recommended in an effort to avoid or minimize overflow during rain events of significant magnitude. In addition, EPA and

Essay on Making a Biogas Digestor for Ugandan Farmers
Introduction
For this project I am doing biogas, most farmers in Uganda don't make use of the animal waste to generate energy for their household use. Having a
biogas digester would give farmers power which they can use for lighting and cooking. The digester produces bio–slurry which serves as organic
manure for their crops. Therefore biogas would be the most efficient and accessible form of energy in the rural areas which constitute 80% of the
population of Uganda since the animal waste is available to them at no financial cost.
Defining the Problem
The population of Uganda is 35,918,915, eighty percent of Ugandans are farmers (CIA World Fact book).Only 25 percent of Ugandans have access to
the power grid, the remaining 75 percent have to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having electricity in rural areas can also bring business opportunities to rural areas. Education and health in the rural areas will be improved. This will
result in economic development and income generation for women. Rural electrification also improves the technological view of the people because
they will be able to learn new techniques on computers which will improve their intelligence.
Solution
An ambitious target is needed by the government of Uganda to provide accessible, cheap and clean energy to the 75% of the population. The
government of Uganda through the Ministry of Energy should subsidize the cost of the bio digester unit. From records, the GDP per capita for
Uganda is 1,500 Dollars therefore it is one of the poorest countries in the world (CIA World Fact book). It is therefore very difficult if not
impossible for a household to be able to afford a bio digester because a unit cost between 700 and 1000 United States Dollars (Kafayat Adeyemi).
There should be programmes on the importance of bio digester to the farmers (savings, clean cooking, health benefits, green or sustainable
environment etc.). This will give the farmers a sense of responsibility and involvement in the whole process. Donor funding should also be pursued.
The farmers in rural areas should invest in biogas digesters, a biogas digester would be useful because it needs raw materials which are available to
the farmers at any time.

Speech On Good Choices
Thank you for an opportunity to participate in the webinar on Good Choices, Bad Choices: Environmental Rights and Environmental Protection in
Ontario. The webinar was very informative. You have highlighted many important environmental issues. For instance, it is very regrettable that was not
found a solution for mercury contamination in Northwestern Ontario area. As you mentioned, mercury is highly toxic and can cause extremely serious
health effects.
The mercury contamination can be present as a result of the broken fluorescent lamp in any household, office and industrial site. Mercury vapour can
be released into the air even at room temperature. The mercury air concentration after breakage of the fluorescent lamps can lead to a health ... Show
Waste reduction in the circular economy is vital for climate change mitigation. However, non–recyclable waste products (e.g. contaminated plastic,
paper, diapers, medical waste, waste biomass, anaerobic digestion and industrial byproducts, etc.) are very difficult to recycle and reuse. Using
appropriate Waste–to–Energy technologies, non–recyclable waste can be converted into higher value clean energy products, diverted from landfills and
prevent contamination of air, water, and land. The circular economy could be based on emerging technologies of the applied Waste
–to–Energy
technologies and not limited to recycling. Therefore, "Ontario's Strategy for a Waste–Free Ontario: Building the Circular Economy" could include the
use of effective waste–to–energy technologies in the circular economy to extract energy from non–recyclable waste. The waste feedstock can be a
cost–effective and environmentally sound supply of clean energy source and replace a portion of fossil fuels. The waste potentially can be transformed
into various forms of clean energy products, such as electricity, hydrogen, liquid synthetic fuels, and "green" chemicals.
The circular economy could be based on emerging technologies of the applied Waste–to–Energy technologies and not limited to recycling, incineration
and anaerobic digestion. Incineration is a wasteful use

Real Textile and Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Novel...
The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an upsurging technology in the field of bio–energy generation along with wastewater treatment. The microbial fuel
cell generates energy with the help of microbes that makes it green future source of energy. In MFC, anaerobic microbes degrade organic matter and
produce hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons (e–) at the anode. H+ ion diffuses through the proton exchange membrane (PEM); and e– are transported
through an electrode via an external circuit to the cathode. At a cathode, e– and H+ ions combine with oxygen to form water (H2O), this results in
power generation [1]. MFC has limited open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.14 V because of the standard redox potential of NADH/ NAD+ and O2/H2O of
–0.32 V and +0.82 V ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Generally treatment processes are classified as physical, chemical or biological. Physical treatment process includes physical extraction of dyes by
adsorption [8], membrane filtration [9] and ion–exchange. However, extracted dyes not be recovered, high cost and yet requirement of another process
to degrade dyes makes these processes unsustainable. Chemical methods as Chemical Oxidation [10], Ozonization [11] and Electrochemical
degradations are uneconomical and unfavorable for the environment. Biological methods are based on anaerobiotic or aerobiotic, microbial culture. But
purely anaerobic digestion of azo–dye produces carcinogenic aromatic amine and aerobic deterioration alone is not able to degrade all dyes, also result
in high amounts of sludge [12–14]. Sequential application of anaerobic followed by aerobic degradation has been providing a solution with the
advantage of economic, reliable and ecological benefits [15,16].
Real textile wastewater (RTW) has low biological oxygen demand (BOD) to the chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio, which implies chemical
treatment is required. RTW also has greater color appearance; high total dissolved solid (TDS), suspended solids (SS), high temperature and variable
pH (from 5 to 9) depending on dye. On the other hand, domestic wastewater has almost neutral pH, high BOD, normal temperature and high volume as
well. Gingell and Walker [17] proposed two–step mechanism for degradation of azo–dyes Step 1 is the

The Environmental Environment Of The Environment
Due to the extensive amounts of plastic and manure waste thrown into the environment without properly being composted and recycled, it is causing
ecological damage, which is affecting humans and other species. Environment is the main home of mankind and species thus making it the most
important aspect in life, without our ecology we wouldn't be having oxygen, plants and trees. Everyone must give importance to wellness of our
environment. Wellness of the environment is directly proportional to the wellness of health in human beings and every other species that lives in our
environment, if our atmosphere is polluted or damaged it will affect others and us as well. We can improve our environment if we use the technologies
for the right... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Digester machine will help reducing its carbon footprint by creating compost from food waste, and other businesses should follow its lead to be
greener and possibly save resources that are not committed to future waste costs. Digester's machine helps reduce pollution.
– Gautham Sabari Sundararajan
NAME: GAUTHAM SABARI SUNDARARAJAN
SUBJECT: TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING (ENG11122 G)
DATE: APRIL.15.2015
REPORT TYPE: RESEARCH PAPER
TOPIC: DIGSTER MACHINES THAT CONVERTS WASTE INTO ENERGY
Table of Content:
Title page..................................................................................................................... 1
Executive summary ..................................................................................................... 2

Benefits of Having Digester machine that help the environment............................ 3
1. Producing energy from waste.................................................................................4
1.1 purpose of the machine..............................................................................4
1.2 other uses of the machine.......................................................................... 4
1.3 Negative impact on the environment....................................................... 4
1.4 safety and eco–friendly.............................................................................. 4
1.5 factors to consider when purchasing the digester machine....................5
2. Gas requirements and storage..................................................................................5
2.1 minimum and maximum capacity of the machine....................................5
2.2 Temperature control....................................................................................5
2.3 Gas leak protection.......................................................................................6
2.4 type of metal in digester machine...............................................................6
2.5 data

Methane Production Inside Cattle: A Case Study
Jeff Arnold Methane Production Inside Cattle4
Methane Production inside Cattle
Looking at the variety of gases that are now trapped inside our atmosphere one always seems to point at the largest one Carbon Dioxide (CO2). With
the United States being the largest producers of beef in the world and knowing that through enteric fermentation methane (CH4) is produced, I wanted
to truly understand how methane is produce at such a large scale. As humans we need to truly understand how our actions and ways of life are
impacting our surrounding environments. Domesticated ruminants are responsible for the production of 86 million metric tonnes (Tg) of methane per
year, alone beef cattle contribute 55.9 Tg and dairy cows 18.9 Tg per year (Hook, S.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1996). Methanogens. Retrieved April 30, 2017, from http://faculty.college–prep.org/~bernie/sciproject/project/Kingdoms/Bacteria3/methanogens.htm
N. (2014, March 21). Retrieved April 30, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NG5foxD2HI
Hook, S. E., Wright, A. D. G., & McBride, B. W. (2010). Methanogens: methane producers of the rumen and mitigation strategies. Archaea, 2010.
B. (2016, October 06). Methanogenesis – Boundless Open Textbook. Retrieved April 30, 2017, from https://www.boundless.com/microbiology
/textbooks/boundless–microbiology–textbook/microbial–metabolism–5/anaerobic–respiration–49/methanogenesis–316–7648/
Jones, M. (2014, February). Ways to Reduce Methane Production in Cattle. Retrieved April 30, 2017, from

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biogas
Due to scarcity of petroleum and coal it threatens supply of fuel throughout the world also problem of their combustion lads to research in different
corners to get access the new sources of energy, like renewable energy resources. Solar energy, wind energy, different thermal and hydro sources of
energy,biogas are all renewable energy resources. But, biogas is distinct from other renewable energies because of its characteristics of using,
controlling and collecting organic wastes and at the same time producing fertilizer and water for use in agricultural irrigation. Biogas does not have
any geographical limitations nor does it require advanced technology for producing energy, also it is very simple to use and apply. Deforestation is a
very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Selma A. Iqbal has made up on the anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste to produced biogas and also told that using of biomass fuel in our country to
problem solving technique of energy oriented then to reduce the deforestation in higher level and important of environmental issue like that greenhouse
gas emission[10]. Md. ForhadLune Al Imam told digestion time & volume of gas production (%) in cow dung is 20–30 days & 46.03% [6]. Zihan
Yong has made up on due to anaerobic co–digestion process in which of Food Waste &straw this is to give in methane production reach at 0.392m3
/kg–vs. And increased by percentage of gas in 39% to 149%.Total amount of gas production in 1 liter capacity at which rate of 58 m3/kg–vs & 67.6
m3/kg–vs. [13] P.VenkateshwaraRao has made study on the bio gas is one of the most efficient and effective options among the various other
alternative sources of renewable energy currently available. It is produced through anaerobic digestion processes where the microorganism converts
complex organic matter into a mixture of methane and carbon

Sources for CH4 Emissions in the Algae Pathway, AD...
There are two potential sources for CH4 emissions in the algae pathway, the AD process and biogas clean–up. Based on a literature review (Liebertrau,
et al., 2010; Flesch, et al., 2011), we assume a total fugitive CH4 loss of 2% for this pathway. Biogas flaring efficiency was observed to be less than
usually expected, averaging 81% CH4 combustion in the flare with a range of 48% to 99%. This range is usually assumed to be 90% to 95%.
However, the N2O emission from the N–containing sludge was ignored because chemical fertilizers replaced by the biogas residue are associated with
the same issue.
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Soil Application of Digestate Solids
The nitrogen in the digestate might be converted to nitrous oxide (N2O), a GHG even more potent than CH4, after application to soil. The
International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) task force on greenhouse inventories emission factor for direct N2O emissions from organic fertilizers
is 0.01 kg N2O–N per kilogram of applied N where each kilogram of N2O–N equates to 44/14 g of N2O (IPCC, 2006). Direct N2O emissions from
п¬Ѓeld application of digestate were estimated in this manner and added as a GHG burden. Emissions from transporting digestate to the п¬Ѓeld
assumed the digestate was dewatered by centrifuge to 30 wt% solids.
Integrating all factors over 100 years, Bruun et al. (2006) computed that the scenario with digestate substituting for a portion of the mineral fertilizer
had additional emissions of 0.013 to 0.017 kg

The Purpose Of Fume Purification System Essay
2.2.3Fume purification system 10720BFor the purpose of fume purification system, two Singaporean SKG–KFC treatment lines are employed, with a
fume treatment capacity of 100,000 Nm3/h. The purification process includes semidry–SNCR, spray reactor, activated carbon lime injection, and
bag–type dust remover. Activated lime mortar will be sprayed in the spray reaction tower for deacidification; urea solution will be sprayed in the
incinerator for denitration; activated carbon sprayed in the flue for detoxification, and the dedusting will be carried out by bag type dust remover. The
flying ash and resulting product of reaction will be subjected to solidification process. See Table 12–6 for the amount of pollution in the exhaust after
purification as per design. 1350BTable 12–6 Amount of Pollution Exhaust after Purification 6985BEmission 6986BUnit6987BNumerical value
6988BRemarks 1.1 6989BDust6990Bmg/Nm36991B106992BMeasured average value 6993BHCl6994Bmg/Nm36995B506996BHourly average value
6997BHF6998Bmg/Nm36999B27000BHourly average value 7001BSOX7002Bmg/Nm37003B1007004BIn SO2 7005BNOX7006Bmg
/Nm37007B2007008BIn NO2 7009BCO7010Bmg/Nm37011B1007012BHourly average value 7013BNH37014Bmg/Nm37015B107016BHourly
average value 7017BHg7018Bmg/Nm37019B0.17020BMeasured average value 7021BCd7022Bmg/Nm37023B0.17024BMeasured average value
7025BPb7026Bmg/Nm37027B0.27028BMeasured average value 7029BDioxin7030Bng–TEQ/ Nm37031B0.110721B(Data source:

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biogas
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1Solid Waste Management
Wastes are the substances that are not starting products through which the person has no further utilization in account of his own profit of production,
changes or consumption, and that he wants the disposal. Solid waste may be originated during the extraction of raw material, the process of raw
material into intermediate and final object, the use of final products, and the other person activities. Recycled residuals or re–consumed at the place of
origination are excluded. The products which are waste refers to the 3 R which is reduce, recycle and reuse which states waste management techniques
according to their demand in account of minimization waste.[6] A proper and harmonious relation b/w... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Civil Engineering means the production of traffic in states, both external and internal trade, and this is used in the construction of buildings, moles,
bridges, aqueducts, canals, roads , river navigation and docks for internal intercourse and exchange, and in the construction of ports, harbours,
breakwaters and lighthouses, and in the construction and application of machinery, and in the art of navigation by artificial power for the purposes of
commerce, and in the drainage of cities and towns.
Environmental engineering deals with environmental conditions, management of solid waste treatment and organic waste treatment work.
Environmental engineering deals with chemical treatment, biological treatment and thermal wastes. Environmental engineering also covered the
purification of water, solid waste treatment, air and hazardous waste management and remediation of contaminated sites after waste disposal or
accidental contamination. Environmental engineers have a role to reduce pollution, industrial ecology and green engineering. Thus civil engineering
and environmental engineering are inter related to each

Human Nature And Nature In The Ecotone By James Clifford
Human actions do not disturb the pristineness of nature but add into the pristineness by enhancing nature. Artificial structures, such as the landfills and
flood control gates aid in protection of property, but cause destruction of certain animal habitats. However, artificial structures in the Bay Area have an
ecotonal relationship with nature. Building the floodgates sacrifice the habitat in place of the floodgate, but in the long term, protects more habitats. In
"The Ecotone" by James Clifford, Clifford shows the university has a symbiotic relationship with nature. In "Man, the Dominant Animal" by RatCliffe,
RatCliffe introduces how human actions go through a cycle of aiding and destroying peregrine life. Landfills help reduce the contamination of toxic
chemicals with nature. Floodgates protect buildings against nature's floods, which create millions of dollars in damage of trees and animal habitat. In
the Bay Area, cities, such as Milpitas debate if a floodgate is more beneficial or damaging, and San Francisco debated how to remove the contamination
from the rust of old war ships. In my interview with MetCalfe, MetCalfe claims that human machines help nature dispose of waste through the use of
anaerobic digesters. Artificial structures have an ecotonal relationship with nature because the relationship consists of a mergence between the two
communities. This is important because humans must create artificial structures in a way that will not harm nature. In the writing, "In the Ecotone" by
Jim Clifford, Clifford argues that the "composite environment is always being assembled and reassembled– with friction and difficulty"(Clifford 7). In
other words, the intersection between human made structures is a natural event of nature because nature continually consists of rearrangement of
members. Gathering from Clifford, artificial structures, such as buildings, do not disturb nature but are a part of the natural ecotone. This view is
important today because many have a one sided, negative view of construction of buildings. In San Francisco protest that the new skyscraper destroys
the beauty of the city by blocking the sun. However, the skyscraper is part of the developing city and creates many habitats for eagles

American Dream And Anaerobic Digesters
Sixty thousand pounds of wet manure is produced each day by the five thousand cows that are located on the George DeRuyter and Sons dairy farm in
Outlook Washington (Bonneville). You might be thinking "that's a lot of crap", well you're right! The positive to all this crap is that something can be
done with it. Anaerobic Digestion is a biological method when microorganism hydrolyze–break down– waste material when there is no oxygen present
(American 1). Anaerobic digesters can take animal wastes, such as cow manure, and through a process break the waste down into organic molecules
that can be further hydrolyzed and used as an energy source. If further steps are taken such as, removing carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen from the
substance then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In The World is Flat Freidman states that, "a lot of new middle jobs will involve collaborating with others or orchestrating collaboration within and
between companies" (285). These jobs are needed in a globalized world because it is no longer one company completing every part of their
business. Companies are now plural meaning that there might be one for management, one for research and design, one for marketing and one for
security (Freidman 287). Each branch might also be located in different parts of the world. Each company and employee needs to be able to work
with other counterparts effectively to have well run systems. Specifically with anaerobic digesters dairy farms are going to have to work with science
engineers, power companies, crop growers and the community. There is another collaboration that can occur between dairy farms with digesters, this is
between these farms and businesses that process foods or waste treatment plants. Colorado State University wrote that these collaborations can, "be
beneficial by both decreasing waste solids content and increasing methane production capacity" (Sharvelle 3). The collaboration between the different
companies allows more waste to be removed and clean energy production to increase. This energy will have the same benefits that were listed
previously, especially eliminating

Benefits Of Biogas And Anaerobic Digestion
Biogas and anaerobic digestion has been used for thousands of years as an energy source. Biogas and anaerobic digestion go as far back as the 10th
century BC, when Assyrians used biogas to heat bath water (Meynell, n.d.). Most biogas comes from a process called anaerobic digestion. There are
many types of anaerobic digestion and many benefits of anaerobic digestion (Articles, 2012). Anaerobic digestion started off with simple systems,
but got a greater more complicated. Anaerobic digestion is not commonly known, but it uses a simple biologic process to create biogas, a renewable
energy. The purpose of anaerobic digestion is to convert organic matter, like liquid or solid waste, into biogas. Its main definition is a biological
process in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. The wastes that are used in this process ranges from
manure, wastewater, food waste, fats, oils, and grease (American Biogas Council, n.d.). Anaerobic digestion starts with various kinds of bacteria
converting and breaking down certain nutrients such as carbohydrates, sugars, amino acids, and organic acids (American Biogas Council, n.d.). After
all of the conversions take place, the methanogens in the manure or waste convert the leftovers into methane and carbon dioxide (American Biogas
Council, n.d.). When all of the methanogens are used, the biogas is then collected and stored in a tank for usage. Biogas can be converted into
energy by burning biogas for heat in one's house, using the methane to power an electric generator, and methane is also flared to reduce carbon
footprint (Construct, 2008). There are many different kinds of bacteria that cause anaerobic digestion. Almost 70 percent of all bacteria found in the
digestion process are encapsulated cocci and irregularly shaped bacteria that resemble fiber digesters (Akin, 1980). The encapsulated bacteria are much
stronger and have a smaller chance of neutralization. The bacteria are both acidogenic, and acetogenic that break down the acids and sugars (American
Biogas Council, n.d.). These kinds of bacteria will break down acids, sugars, and carbohydrates, but the bacteria will not produce methane (American
Biogas Council, n.d.). Anaerobic

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Feedstock In Anaerobic...
Mixing
The feedstock in an anaerobic digester should be mixed as mixing has many advantages such as the following (Gerardi, 2003):
Reducing scum and grit build–up
Prevents temperature differences occurring throughout the digester
Maintains the chemical and physical equality of the feedstock throughout the digester
Brakes up products and waste such as metabolic waste which would be produced throughout the feedstock digestion
Minimizing toxicity by braking up toxic materials entering the digester
.
Conclusion for Parameters
From researching the most important parameters it has shown that all parameters are linked together in turn affecting each other and in turn affecting
the AD efficiency. An AD system should be operated carefully controlled and closely monitored so to create optimal conditions for the bacteria to
grow, these factors should be considered when designing and operating the digester. For the two main digestion process mesophilic and thermophilic
it was found that different values are required for certain parameter such as temperature and pH values which depends mainly on the feedstock used
in the AD process, from researching different reports there are no specific set figures for the values of the parameters as they vary slightly from report
to report and depends on the use and desired outcome of the AD process. Parameters such as volatile solids, nutrients & toxics and carbon to nitrogen
ratio show the importations of monitoring the mixture of feedstock in the digester and feedstock being fed into the digester ... Show more content on
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2.3.4.1 Types of Feedstock Sources Suitable for AD
A list of common sources of feedstock suitable for AD is as follows (Environment E. C.–G., 2001) which is according to European Waste Catalogue.
Agricultural by–products and residues such as excess milk from milking
Animal slurry and

Anaerobic Pond in Wastewater Treatment
DEFINITION ANAEROBIC POND Anaerobic ponds are deep treatment ponds that exclude oxygen and encourage the growth of bacteria, which
break down the effluent. It is in the anaerobic pond that the effluent begins breaking down in the absence of oxygen "anaerobically". The anaerobic
pond acts like an uncovered septic tank. Anaerobic bacteria break down the organic matter in the effluent, releasing methane and carbon dioxide.
Sludge is deposited on the bottom and a crust forms on the surface as show in Fig. 2. Fig. 2 Operation of the Anaerobic Pond. Anaerobic ponds are
commonly 2–5 m deep and receive such a high organic loading (usually >100g BOD/m3 d equivalent to >3000 kg/ha/d for a depth of 3 m).
They contain an organic loading that is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The biochemical reactions that take place in anaerobic ponds are the same as those occurring in anaerobic digesters, with a first phase of acidogenesis
and a second slower–rate of methanogenesis. Ambient temperatures in hot–climate countries are conducive to these anaerobic reactions and expected
BOD5 removals for different retention times in treating sewage have been given by Mara (1976) as shown in Table 2. More recently, Gambrill et
al. (1986) have suggested conservative removals of BOD5 in anaerobic ponds as 40% below 10В°C, at a design loading of 100 g/m3d, and 60%
above 20В°C, at a design loading of 300 g/m3d, with linear interpolation for operating temperature between 10 and 20В°C. Higher removal rates
are possible with industrial wastes, particularly those containing significant quantities of organic settleable solids. Of course, other environmental
conditions in the ponds, particularly pH, must be suitable for the anaerobic microorganisms bringing about the breakdown of BOD. Table 2. BOD
removals in Anaerobic Ponds loaded at 250 g (Mara 1976) BOD5/m3d. Retention Time (days)| BOD5 removal %| 1| 50| 2.5| 60| 5| 70| Anaerobic
ponds are normally designed on the basis of a temperature dependent empirical value for the permissible organic loading rate. Land requirements will
be lowest if the maximum possible BOD loading can be applied. The upper limit of the volumetric BOD loading is determined by odor emissions and
minimum pH threshold value at which

Opportunities for Building a Farm-based Anaerobic Digester...
Considerations and Opportunities for Building a Farm–Based Anaerobic Digester System in Ontario Don Hilborn, Engineer, By–Products & Jake
DeBruyn, Engineer, New Technology Integration
INTRODUCTION
Anaerobic digester (AD) systems produce electricity and heat from the biogas produced from organic inputs. Farm–based AD systems represent a
significant opportunity for farmers to capture new value from agricultural product and byproducts, and from some off–farm organic inputs. As
farm–based green energy becomes a new on–farm product, more and more farmers will be looking at ways to finance and build AD systems.
This InfoSheet presents some key opportunities and issues currently identified by the authors. It is based on the ... Show more content on
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Interested agricultural and agri–food operations may apply for funding to conduct feasibility and design work for biogas systems, for 70 per cent of
eligible costs up to a maximum of $35,000. There is also funding available for 40 per cent of eligible costs of construction of the biogas system. The
maximum total feasibility and construction cost funding is up to $400,000 for each biogas system. Funding is on a first–come, first–served basis for
qualifying projects.
More detailed information is available on the program website at www.ontario.ca/biogas as of September 2007. This information can also be obtained
from OMAFRA's Agriculture Information Contact Centre, 1–877–424–1300, or by e–mail: ag.info.omafra@ontario.ca.
Environmental Farm Plan
The Canada–Ontario Environmental Farm Plan (EFP) has environmental cost–share opportunities for Ontario farmers. Manure treatment systems,
including anaerobic digesters, may be eligible for a cost share of 30 per cent up to $30,000. This program may last up to March 31, 2008. There are a
number of eligibility criteria, including the need for an up–to–date Environmental Farm Plan that is deemed appropriate.
For more details contact:
Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association, 1–800–265–9751, www.ontariosoilcrop.org
Northern Ontario Heritage Fund, Northern Energy Program
The Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines' Northern Energy Program supports:

Renewable energy planning

The New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation Essay
The New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation established the Brookhaven landfill in March 1974. Since then, residents have revealed
many health concerns and other relative issues against the placement of the landfill. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
has been addressed in regards to a necessary public health consultation to draw attention to these concerns. After further cooperative agreements
amongst the New York State Department of Health (NYS DOH) and ATSDR, a public health consultation was reached. Many solutions have been
uncovered; however, the outcome has yet to be determined as it is evident that a reasonable response must be initiated through the cooperation of the
government and community. The Brookhavenlandfill has created a number of problems for the citizens living near the establishment. Not only is it an
unsightly addition to the community, but the putrid stench proposes a grave problem concerning the people 's health and real estate success rate.
Numerous complaints have been filed throughout the Bellport school districts regarding the foul and distracting odor that engulfs the hallways.
Classes have been cancelled on multiple occasions because of these problems (1). Similar to the effects shown on Staten Island, Brookhaven town
dump has caused a number of problems in businesses. Staten Island's Fresh Kills Park was once a massive solid waste dump. Since its transformation,
the park has earned the city millions of

The Waste Of Waste : The Consequences Of Food Waste
Looking around the kitchen, there are long forgotten leftovers, smelly meat, spoiled milk, rotten fruit and vegetables, an opened bag of chips now
stale, and a plethora of miscellaneous food that will only end up in the trash. There is one recurring theme in most people's kitchens: food waste. Food
waste happens when food is intentionally discarded at all stages of the food supply chain. We are all guilty of wasting food, whether it be from not
knowing or possibly not caring about the massive consequences of our actions. According to a recent study, 40% of food gets wasted in America
(Gunders 4). This alone demonstrates the enormous impact of food waste not only on society but on the environment. People do not realize the massive
carbon footprint that develops from wasting food, how harmful it is to the environment, or how it contributes to climate change. The problem is
present at all stages of the food supply chain, and needs to be handled appropriately with farmers, workers, retail, and consumers. Although most people
do not think twice about tossing uneaten food in the trash, this simple action is devastating to the Earth, and measures need to be taken in order for
food waste reduction to happen.
To begin, food waste has been an ongoing issue for numerous years. With new developments and changing times, this issue has gotten increasingly
worse. According to a research study, food waste has increased by 50% since 1974 (Hall et al. 1). There are a multitude of factors

How Does Biogas Affect The Production?
As the modern world is configuring with new advances, environment preservation may take part in these innovations. Common innovations with the
environment may include solar, wind, hydroelectric power (etc.). These advancements basically represent clean energy. In our world, today, clean
energy is used quite frequently in the world. One uncommon type of clean energy is biogas. With other natural components, biogas can be made into a
useful product. But what exactly is biogas? What can create it? How can you use this type of fuel be accommodate daily life? Can temperature affect
the production? Biogas production generally simple, and not as complex, as other types of clean energy. Solar power might use critical ingredients,
would usually be costly. Other conventional energies might go along those same lines. Biogas production, however, is considerably unique. Along with
composting, biogas production can either include everyday kitchen scraps, or heavy duty agricultural excess. Inevitably, biogas production includes
sources of biomass that undergo a biochemical development. (U.S.D.E., 10 May 2016).
` With biogas' unique process, where it can actually be produced is somewhat peculiar. As stated by the U.S. Department of Energy, 3 types of sources
can be used in the production of biogas. Landfills, livestock operations, and wastewater treatments are the most common. In landfills, conventional
electricity can be produced by the blending of household waste

Feasibility Paper
Feasibility Report of a
Cooperative Dairy
Manure Management
Project in
St. Albans/Swanton, VT
The Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Foods, & Markets
And The
Economic Development Council of Northern Vermont
Developed by:
Spencer Bennett, MS
P.O. Box 517,
Henniker, NH 03242
603–428–3851
Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Food, and Markets
Cooperative Manure Management Report for St. Albans/Swanton, VT
Page 2
Foreword:
We find this to be an exciting project with significant potential and wish to express our thanks to
Spencer Bennett and all those who helped make this report possible. With apologies to any we may miss we wish to thank the following:
The farmers of the St. Albans Bay area
Economic Development Council of Northern ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
FINANCIAL PRO FORMAS................................................................ 29
6.1 ALTERNATE A: MOST CONSERVATIVE......................................................29
6.2 ALTERNATE B: GRANTS PAY 50% OF CAPEX............................................29
6.3 ALTERNATE C: SAME AS B PLUS OTHER BENEFITS...............................30
6.4 FINANCIAL RECOMMENDATION...................................................................30
7. RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................... 30

8. NEXT STAGE PLAN........................................................................... 31
Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Food, and Markets
Cooperative Manure Management Report for St. Albans/Swanton, VT
Page 4
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The St. Albans and Swanton, Vermont area contains an intense concentration of dairy farms. It also is the site of the Vermont Northwest State
Correctional Facility. The opportunity exists for a manure management system that generates electricity and heat for consumption by the
Correctional facility. The manure management system will improve odor, reduce nutrient runoff, and provide other benefits for the farms, the
environment, and the community. Nutrient control and phosphorous reduction are important goals to the area

Case Study Of Better Group
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
4.1 General Data of BWG Better World Green Public Company Limited (BWG), located in Kaeng Khoi, Saraburi province, has constructed to
responsible for industrial waste management with a view to following government's pollution reduction policies. Furthermore, Better Group's
Operation that intends to provide all clients as ONE STOP SERVICE. Table 4.1 shows types of business of Better Group. The operation chart and
general procedure of Better Group were shown in Fig. 4.1 and Fig. 4.2, respectively.
Fig. 4.1 Operation chart of Better Group
Table 4.1 Types of business of Better Group
CompanyType of Business
1. Better World Green Public Company Limited (BWG)Integrated Waste Management Center at Saraburi province: operating hazardous and
non–hazardous landfill, wastewater treatment and fuel blending ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Better Waste Care Company Limited (BWC)Supporting in waste collection and delivery to cement kilns and the incinerator of the Department of
Industrial Works.
3. Better World Transport Company Limited (BWT):Managing waste transportation with appropriate vehicles and containers. waste transportation with
appropriate vehicles and containers and transportation routes
4. Earth Tech Environment Company Limited (ET)Supporting in wasterecycling and providing advisory service on appropriate waste disposal process
and method to clients.
5. Akkhie Prakarn Public Company Limited (AKP)Supporting in waste combustion in the incinerator which is only incinerator in Thailand which is
able to dispose both hazardous and non–hazardous industrial waste.
This incinerator is the corporation between BWG and Department of Industrial Works, located in Bangpoo Industrial Estate, Samutprakarn

Effluents from many food processing industries,...
Effluents from many food processing industries, slaughterhouses, edible oil processing industries, and dairy product industries contain high lipid.
These lipid–rich wastes content lipids as a main ingredient and causes problems during the anaerobic treatment of waste. One of the operational
problems associated with lipid is clogging. Besides clogging, it also causes the mass transfer limitation forming a layer on the surface of granules by
absorbtion. Due to adhesion of fat, biomass wash out is another problem in anaerobic reactors treating any lipid–based wastewater (Cirne et al., 2007).
All these operational problems restrain the efficiency of anaerobic reactors. To overcome these operational problems, generally the lipid content in...
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Liquefaction of lipid was indicated as the process–controlling factor due to their low bioavailability in the presence of high amounts of suspended
solids (Petruy and Lettinga, 1998; Sayed, 1988).
LCFA exert an acute inhibitory effect on acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens, acetogens, and to the ОІ–oxidation itself (Kim et al., 2004;
Lalman and Bagley 2000, 2001, 2002; Templer et al., 2006). Moreover, LCFA degradingbacteria have a very slow growth rate (Mackie et al., 1991). As
a consequence, during anaerobic digestion of lipid–rich wastes, accumulation of LCFA is most likely phenomenon and subsequently, inhibition of the
biomethanation occurs. Oleic acid is the major LCFA in various kinds of industrial and domestic lipid–rich wastewaters (Pereira et al., 2002). It was
also reported as the most toxic LCFA (Cirne et al., 2007). Adsorption of LCFA to the cell wall (Koster and Cramer, 1987), and binding of LCFA to
cell membranes, changing their surface property with interference in transport functions (Hook et al., 2010), have been suggested as potential
mechanisms underlying inhibition by LCFA. Nevertheless, Pereira et al. (2004, 2005) observed mineralization of biomass–associated LCFA up to 5 g
COD–LCFA g–1 volatile solids, and concluded that LCFA inhibition is reversible which is primarily caused by physical transport

Poop Digestion Essay
Chapter 4 – Building a Better Poop Digester
Countries such as the U.S. have the resources to build elaborate biogas systems, including syngas gasification, a much faster process than anaerobic
digestion. However coming up with efficient and inexpensive ways to harvest biogas can be tricky in places where energy is most needed and money
and resources are most scarce. This chapter would show examples of innovative digesters being tried out in places throughout the world.
i.e.: "Future work with Afri–Flame Network: "The Potential of Small Scale Biogas Digesters to Alleviate Poverty and Improve Long Term
Sustainability of Ecosystem Services in Sub–Saharan Africa" Main project features: This proposed action focuses on improving the efficacy of ... Show
and counts as human waste.
"Landfills are the third–largest source of human–related methane emissions in the United States, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). Biogas from landfills is also called landfill gas (LFG), as the digestion process takes place in the ground rather than in an anaerobic
digester. As of March 2015, there were about 645 operational LFG projects in the United States, according to EPA. However, most of these projects
use biogas to produce electricity rather than power natural gas vehicles."
"Creative use of landfill gas (LFG) includes heating greenhouses, producing electricity and heat in cogeneration applications, firing brick kilns,
supplying high–Btu pipeline–quality gas, fueling garbage trucks, and providing fuel to chemical and automobile manufacturing. Projects range from
small–scale community–driven initiatives to multi–million–dollar private investments."
Text Box: Some wastewater plants in the U.S. are set up to burn the methane gas for bigger energy uses. Several cities use the resource to fuel the city
buses. In the UK they are called "Bio–Buses" and can travel almost 200 miles on the yearly waste generated by five

Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management Introduction to solid waste management Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials generated from combined
residential, industrial and commercial activities in a given area. It may be categorised according to its origin (domestic, industrial, commercial,
construction or institutional); according to its contents (organic material, glass, metal, plastic paper etc); or according to hazard potential (toxic,
non–toxin, flammable, radioactive, infectious etc). Management of solid waste reduces or eliminates adverse impacts on the environment and human
health and supports economic development and improved quality of life. A number of processes are involved in effectively managing waste for a
municipality. These... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other factors to consider when deciding on frequency of collection are the odours caused by decomposition and the accumulated quantities.
Descriptions of the main types of collection systems are given in the table below. Table 1 Descriptions of the main collection systems. (Sourced from
http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/upgrading/issues–tools/issues/waste–collection.html#AnchorCollection–45656) System Description Advantages
Disadvantages SHARED: Residents can bring out waste at any time Dumping at designated location Residents and other generators are required to
dump their waste at a specified location or in a masonry enclosure. Residents and other generators put their waste inside a container which is emptied
or removed. Low capital costs Loading the waste into trucks is slow and unhygienic. Waste is scattered around the collection point. Adjacent residents
and shopkeepers protest about the smell and appearance. If containers are not maintained they quickly corrode or are damaged. Adjacent residents
complain about the smell and appearance. Shared container Low operating costs INDIVIDUAL: The generators need a suitable container and must
store the waste on their property until it is collected. Block collection Collector sounds horn or rings bell and waits at specified locations for residents
to bring waste to the collection

Australian Food Waste
At present, much of the edible food of Australia is being needlessly thrown away. This problem should be controlled, due to the fact that is one of the
most significant causes of environmental disasters. In addition, it may entail issues related to hunger in both wealthy and poor countries.
Australian food waste statistics will be examined in this essay. It is also the reason why is this problem relevant given that its population is more
prone to waste food. Besides, some possible solutions to prevent the disasters related to this procedure will be considered.
Nowadays, in Australia, 240 dollars are being wasted per person and per year, reaching the 5% of the Australian food expenses (Baker et. al. 2009, cited
in Pearson, Minehan & Wakefield–Rann ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This might appear contradictory owing to thousand of tonnes of food which are being wasted yearly. A recent opinion poll found that 75 per cent of
people in Australia believe that their country is immune to hunger. Nevertheless, it exists and it is a sign of poverty and deprivation. This shows that
hunger is an important and critical issue all over the world, not only in poor or developing countries.
In both, poor and wealthy countries, the cause seems to be the elevate amount of food waste (Kruszelnicki, 2012). Nonetheless, in each one due to
different reasons: in poor countries the wastage is produced by continuous wars, precarious means of transportation and the lack of good refrigeration,
whereas in wealthy countries, it is because of the large number of restaurants, the hectic urban life and the absence of good house skills.
According to some experts and their investigations such as McCabe (2016), there are some possible and effective alternatives or solutions to this
current problem. In terms of reducing the environmental impact, a 'circular economy' should be applied, transforming food remains and garbage into
biofuel, bioenergy, fertiliser or biogas, using ananaerobic digestion technology called 'co–digestion', as well as thermal recovery

Anaerobic Digestion : The Process Of Anaaerobic Digestion
II. Anaerobic Digestion The Process of Anaerobic Digestion Anaerobic Digestion, also known as biodigestion, is a biological process that occurs
when organic matter is decomposed by anaerobic microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. This means organic matter is placed in a warm airtight
location and left for bacteria to digest. Anaerobic digestion occurs naturally in swamps and bogs but is not difficult to mimic at a landfill site. So
long as the anaerobic plant is properly monitored, biodigestion can allow the emission of methane (CH4), which is 22 times more potent as a
greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide (CO2) (ADBA), to be almost completely controlled in a safe and low odor environment. With the high heat levels
of anaerobic digestion, pathogenic organisms, like bacteria and fungus, and harmful weed seeds are destroyed. The economic benefits of anaerobic
digestion is very dependent on the type and quantity of feedstock used, the length of time spent in the digester, as well as the utilisation of the
by–products. Stages of Anaerobic Digestion The complete Anaerobic digestion process takes around 30 days. There are four identifiable stages of
biodigestion; Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis, and Methanogenesis.
In anaerobic digestion, hydrolysis is the essential first step, as the feedstock present is normally comprised of very large organic polymers, which are
otherwise unusable. During hydrolysis, enzymes produced by hydrolytic bacteria break down the

Bio Gas from Spent Wash
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a matter of greatest pride for me that I have done my project work from United Spirits Limited Rosa, Shahjahanpur (UP), a part of world famous
UB Group. This work of mine is the result of my concern regarding the biggest challenge facing all over the world i.e. industrial waste like spent wash
I want to share my deepest gratitude to Mr. Devender Saxena Manager Personnel Management, United Spirits Limited Rosa, who allowed me to do my
project work, and gave proper information about the industry.
I am very much thankful to Mr. D.S. Yadav Senior Process Manager, United Spirits... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the treatment of this waste there is a spent wash based biogas generation plant with capacity of about 400 cubic meters/day. This plant can produce
the maximum of 15000 N cubic meter of bio gas per day in favorable conditions, this amount of
Biogas is sufficient for running of boiler used for electricity generation of various processes of the plant. There is a large bio composting field, where
bio composting is done by using raw material Press Mud and treated effluent from the bio gas plant, this practice enables the industry for Zero Waste
Discharge, a dream for every industry.
WHAT IS BIO GAS
In present scenario the cost of conventional energy is increasing day by day and demand for such energy sources is also rising so it has become
necessary to utilizing bio–gas as a fuel for domestic and industrial purpose is the most economical reliable and time tested method for conserving
energy.
Bio gas is also known as swamp gas, sewer gas, fuel gas, marsh gas, wet gas and in India more commonly as gobar gas. Bio–gas consists of 60–65%
methane (CH4), 35–40%. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and traces of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ammonia (NH3).
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOMETHANATION
The first person to observe the phenomenon of Biomethanation was Alessondro Volta of Italy was back to 1776 he wrote to a friend to that
consumables air was being produced continuously in lakes and ponds in the variety of Como in northern Italy. Volta

Issue Of Food Waste

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