2. certificate
This is to certify that master Rahul Meena, A
student of class XII of Jawahar Navodaya
Vidyalaya Kajra ,session 2022-23 ,has
satisfactorily completed the required biology
project work as per the syllabus of claas 12th in
the laboratory of the school .
Principal sign. Teacher’s sign
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I selected this project as a part of my studies ,
titled
“DRUG ADDICTION”
As a gratitude, I convey my sincere thanks to mr.
Sunil yadav sir who was the constant guide during
the period of study and without whose help it
would not have been possible for us to complete
this project.
4. Rahul meena
Class 12th
2022-23
Index
ABSTRACT
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
SOME HARMFUL DRUGS
HOW DRUG ADDICTION BEGIN?
SMOKING, DRINKING AND USE OF DRUGS
SHORT TERM EFFECTS
LONG TERM EFFECTS
TOBACCO
EFFECT OF NICOTINE
HARMFUL COMPONENTS OF TOBACCO
SMOKE
ALCOHOL
IMPACT OF DRINKING ALCOHOL
CONCLUSIONS
5. ABCTRACT
Drug abuse, also called substance abuse or chemical abuse ,is
a disorder that is characterized
By a destructive pattern of using a substance that leads to
significant problems or distress. Teens are increasingly
engaging in prescription drug abuse, particularly narcotics
(which are prescribe to relieve severe pain), and stimulant
medications, which treat condition like attention deficit
disorder and narcolepsy.
Any substance ,other than food ,used in the prevention ,
diagnosis ,all aviation or treatment of a disease os called a
drug . Drug is also known as a medicine . generally , the term
drug applied to any simulating or depressing substance that
can be habituating or addictive . A drug , broadly speaking,
can be categorized in many ways ;hard or soft ,uppers or
downers ,addictive or non addictive , most harmful or least
harmful ,legal or illegal.
6. CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
There are large number of drugs on which
people become dependent . these are classifies
into four major group : sedatives and
tranquillizers , opiate narcotics , stimulations and
hallucinogens .vsdrhr6hr
Type of drugs Effect examples
1.sedatives and
tranquillizers
depress CNS activity
give feeling of
calmness , relaxation
drowsiness
Barbiturates ,
benzodiazepines
2.opiate narcotics Suppress brain
activity and relaxed
pain
Opium
morphine,codeine,
heroin
3.stimulants make a person more
wakeful , alert active
, cause excitement.
Amphetamines ,
caffeine,
cocaine
4.hallucinogens Make a person more
wakeful , perception
LSQ, mescaline ,
Psilocybin ,ganja,
Chares, hashish .
7. SOME HARMFUL DRUGS
Heroin : commonly used smack heroin is
chemical diacetylmorphine which is a white ,
odourless , bitter crystalline compound . This is
obtained by acetylation of morphine which is
extracted from latex of poppy plant papaver
somniferum . heroin is a depressant and slow down
body function .
2.Cannabinoids : Natural cannabinoids are
obtained from the inflorencences of the plant
cannabis sativa . The flower tops , leaves and the
resin of the plant are used in various combinations
to produce marijuana, hashish ,charas and ganja.
Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion ,
these are known for their effect on cardiovascular
system of the body.
3. Cocaine: It is obtained from coca plant
Erythroxylum coca , native to south America . It
interfers with the transport of the neuro-transmitter
dopamine . cocaine , commonly called coke or crack
8. is usually snorted . It has the potent stimulating
acting on central nervous system , produciong sense
of euphoria and increased energy.
How drugs addiction begin ?
There are many factors that leads people to drugs
addiction.
1.Curiosity : frequent reference to drugs by public
media create curiosity for having a personal experience
of the drugs .
2.fried’s pressure: frequent appreciation of drug
experience by friends allures others to start the use of
drugs.
3. frustration and depression : some people start
taking drugs to get relief from frustration and
depression.
4. desire for more work : students sometimes take
drugs to keep awake the whole night to prepare for
9. examination . It is not desirable ar it may cause mental
breakdown .
5.Looking for a different world :A wrong notion that
the drug open up a new tempts some young pupils to
start taking drugs .
6.Relief from pain : A prolonged use of pain relieving
drug with physician’s advice at time leads to addiction
7. family history : children may to drugs by seeing their
elder in the family .
Excitement and adventure : The young take to drugs to
satisfy their instinct for excitement and adventure .
10. Smoking, drinking and use of drugs
Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or
regularly are social diseases . young people take to
these habits for fun , show off or curiosity ,as an
adventure or feeling of freedom , or as a gesture of
defiance against elders who themselves indulge in these
activities but check the youngsters . temporary escape
from the life problems and mental relaxations felt on
taking the drugs in the beginning increase people’s
interest in them . soon they become habitual and find it
difficult to leave . the daily dose to get the desired effect
increases with time .
11. SHORT TERM EFFECT
LOSS OF APPETITE
INCREASED HEART RATE , BLOOD PRESSURE , BODY
TEMPERATURE
CONTRACTED BLOOD VESSELS
INCREASED RATE BREATHING
DILATED PUPILS
DISTRUBED SLEEP PATTERNS
NAUSEA
HYPERSTIMULATION
BIZARRE , ERRATIC ,SOMETIMES VIOLENT BEHAVIOUR
HALLUCINATIONS, HYPEREXCITABILITY, IRRITABILITY
INTENSE EUPHORIA
ANXIETY AND PARANOIA
DEPRESSION
INTENSE DRUG CRAVING
PANIC AND PSYCHOSIS
12. CONVULSION SEIZURES AND SUDDEN DEATH FROM HIGH
DOSES (EVEN ONE TIME )
LONG TERM EFFECTS
Permanent damage to blood vessels of ear
and brain ,high blood pressure , leading to
heart attacks , strokes and death
Liver, kidney and lung damage
Respiratory failure
Infectious disease and abscesses if injected
Malnutrition , weight loss
Auditory and tactile hallucinations
Disorientation , apathy , confused exhaustion
Irritability and mood disturbances
Increased frequency of riskey behavior
14. TOBACCO
Source: It is a native of south Africa ,
where the red Indian first started
smoking . Now the tobacco plant has
spread the world over . it has large,
quote to lancelot leaves and terminal
cluster of tubular , white or pink
flowers .
Modes of use : Tobacco is used for smoking ,
chewing and snuffing . its main stimulating
component is poisonous volatile alkaid
nicotine, which cause addiction . nicotine
synthesis occurs in the root of the plant
but it is stored in the leaves . The leave
contain 2 to 8% nicotine . inhaling tobacco
15. smoke for cigars,cigarettes, biddies , pipes
and hibble bubble is called smoking. Cigar
is roll of tobacco
Leaf cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in
paper . bidi is tobacco wrapped in piece of
leaf . tobacco smoke is drawn directly
from pipe and through water is hubble-
bubble . smoking may give some
temporary relief to the strained nerves
but in the long run it proves a dangerous
health hazard . the quantity of nicotine
contained in one cigar may prove fatal if
injected intravenously into a person .
when smoke only 10 % of smoke is inhaled
hence immediate ill effect is observed.
Smokers may develop a physiological
craving for nicotine and then they cannot
give up smoking .
16. EFFECT OF NICOTINE
NICOTINE IS A LOW CONCENTRATION :
(1) Stimulates conduction of nerve
impulse
(2) Relaxes the muscles
(3) Releases adrenaline , increases heart
beat rate and pressure
(4) Increased blood pressure due to
smoking chances the risk of heart
disease
(5) Retards fetal growth in expecting
mothers
(6) Cause tobacco addiction . high
concentration of nicotine paralyses
nerve cells
Harmful components of tobacco smoke
17. Besides the poisonous nicotine , the tobacco smoke
contains carbon-monoxides , polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and tar .
OTHER EFFECTS :
Smoking affects economy :
A smoker not only waste money , but also
runs risk of burns and fires .
Smoking mars personality :
Teeth may become strained . lips may get
discolored and breath becomes foul . a
person with a cigarette hanging from the
mouth look odd.
Smoking is annoying to others
Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to non-
smokers it may prove even more harmful to
them . a smoker should avoid smoking . when in
the company of non smokers . a smoker makes
the nearby people passive smokers through
inhaling smoke released by him .
Alcohol
18. An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing
ethanol, commonly known as alcohol , although
in chemistry the definition of alcohol includes
many other compounds .ethanol is a centrally –
acting drug with a depressant effect beer is an
alcoholic beverage and thus has the same
harmful effects as other kinds of alcohol ,
depending on the quantity consumed .
Reasons for drinking :
Psychological factors are curiosity , poor
stress control , escape from reality , poor
impulse control , low self-esteem , positive
attitudes towards alcohol , to get rid of
problems , to overcome loneliness , relief
from tension and to gain courage .
Social factors are peer pressure , modeling
,easy availability of alcohol in market ,party
culture ,family environment (parent/s
drinking alcohol ), lack of family support ,
to keep up social norms and to show their
masculinity .
19. Biological factors are genetic vulnerability
like family history of alcoholism in parents
or near relatives and to get sleep .
IMPACTS OF DRINKING ALCOHOL
unlike other foods , alcohol does not require digestion
when one drinks , alcohol is absorbed directly into the
bloodstream through the walls of the stomach and the
intestine .
Once alcohol enters the bloodstream it circulates
throughout the body . alcohol is metabolized in the
liver and is changed to carbon dioxide, water and some
calories of energy which gets converted into fat . a
small amount of alcohol goes out of the body through
breath urine and sweat . Regular excessive use of
alcohol causes acute and chronic problems related to
health occupation , family and social relationship .
Health problems : Alcohol can damage every
system of our body .
20. Gastro intestinal system ( stomach and
intestine ): Increased acid secretion leading
to acidity , ulcers , gastritis, and cancer
Liver : hepatitis , jaundice and vomiting of
blood due to cirrhosis of liver, liver cancer
acute liver failure .
Pancreas : pancreatic damage due to
inflammation of pancreas and acute
pancreatitis leading to sudden death .
Central nervous system : permanent
damage of brain resulting in memory
disturbances , other nervous problems, fits
and mental illness .
Cardio vascular system : high blood
pressure , increased tendency to heart
attacks , enlargement of the heart .
Hangovers : excessive drinking can lead to
hangovers, thus causing problems like
headache ,nausea, vomit and body aches.
21. weight gain : alcohol consumption in larger
quantities can lead to weight gain , because
alcoholic beverages are usually high in
calories.
Weak immune system : alcohol
consumption makes your immune system
weak , thus making your body more
susceptible to infection.
Cancer : alcohol when consumed in
excessive quantities puts you at a higher
risk of developing cancer
Fetal alcohol syndrome: drinking alcohol
in pregnancy may cause the fetal alcohol
syndrome (physical abnormalities , growth
retardation and developmental delay).
Source : ethyl alcohol ,or , ethanol ,
flammable ,colorless liquid having a
22. penetrating odor and burning taste . It is
one of the products of the distillation of
fermented grains , fruit juices and starches
with the help of yeast enzymes . It is the
principal constituent and the in toxicating
of wines .
Modes of use : alcohol is taken in low
concentration , as the beer ,toddy and wine
and in relatively high concentration as
arrack, brandy ,whisky , rum , gin, vodka
etc.
