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1. SARASWATI VIDYYA MANDIR SR. SEC
SCHOOL- KAMLA NAAGR AGRA
Investigatory Project of
Biology

2. Topic: DRUG AND ALCHOL ABUSE
NAME : Manish verma
CLASS : XII - B

3. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Manish Verma , a student of class XII (science) of
school Saraswati Vidhya MandirSchool has successfully completed the
biology investigatory project on the selected
topic “A case study on ADDICTION: DRUG ABUSE” assigned by
the biology subject teacher (Mrs Navleen chopra Ma’am) as a part of the
(practical section) class XII Annual Exam for the year 2023- 2024.
Dated:
signature of the teacher (Mr Pramod Srivastav)

4. ACK NOWLEDGEMENT
This is to acknowledge that this investigatory project would not have
been successful without the help of the source that are mention below.
I would also like to give thanks to our lab assistant sushil sir who had
always supported us. It was a great
opportunity making this investigatory project so at the onset a very great
thanks to our respected subject teacher Mr. Pramod Srivastav without her
guidance this investigatory project would not have been possible. Lastly I
would like to thank our parents who really helped us in each and every
movement, friends and everyone who is directly or indirectly associated
with the completion of this investigatory project of biology.

5. INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. WHAT IS ADDICTION
3. TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE
4. CAUSES OF ADDICTION
5. EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
6. DIAGONISIS OF ADDICTION
7. THE PROFILE OF FIVE
PATIENTS
8. TREATMENT OF ADDICTION
9. SCENARIO OF ADDICTION
10. CONCLUSION

6. INTRODUCTION
Addiction is one of the biggest disease of the
world. More than millions of the individual are
struggling against addiction. It takes away the
happiness of the people by avoiding them to get
what they want and many of the people were also
not able to take correct decision.
According to the recent studies it has been found
that adolescent are more vulnerable to addiction.
Addiction is that type of diseases whose
rehabilitation is very difficult. As we know prevention
is better than cure so we can prevent our self from
getting addicted by not living under peer pressure.

7. WHAT IS DRUG ADDICTION?
Addiction is the habitual, physiological, psychological
dependence on a substance or practice which is beyond
voluntary control. A person who is habituated to a substance or
a practice, especially a harmful one, is called an addict.
Addiction is a chronic, progressive and sometimes fatal
disorder with both genetic and environmental roots. It manifests
as a compulsion that derives an individual to continue to
behave in a way that is harmful to self and loved ones, despite
an intense desire to halt that behaviour. It is a disease of
“more”- an active addict needs an increasing amount of
substance to get high and is unable to cease usage without
painful withdrawal symptoms.
This is true whether the
addictive substance is a drug or
tobacco or alcohol or a
behaviour. Medically, addiction
is of three types : Tobacco
Addiction, Alcohol Addiction,
Drug Addiction

8. TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE
Heroin Hallucinogens
Cocaine Cannabinoid
Crack Alcohol

9. 
HERO
IN
 As a destructive opioid, heroin can lead to seizures, psychosis, and hallucinations when it is abused.
 Heroin injections can also spread diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis.
 This drug is known to cause serious health issues when it is abused because it interferes with the brain’s
receptors.
 Once heroin enters the brain, it is converted to morphine and binds
rapidly to opioid receptors
 With heroin, the rush is usually accompanied by a warm flushing of the
skin, dry mouth, and a heavy feeling in the extremities
 Opioids can depress breathing by changing neurochemical activity in the
brain stem, where automatic body functions such as breathing and heart
rate are controlled

10. 
C
O
C
AINE
 Cocaine is a very dangerous stimulant even when taken in small amounts. It induces euphoria, increases
blood pressure, and accelerates the heart rate.
 The drug may lead to fatal strokes or heart attacks for some users.
 Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant most frequently used as a recreational drug.
 Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant most
frequently used as a recreational drug.
 Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as
numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery.
 It is commonly snorted, inhaled as smoke, or dissolved and
injected into a vein.

11. 
C
RAC
K
 A potent form of cocaine, crack is often smoked and suddenly creates an intense euphoric sensation
for a short while.
 Crack has turned into a problem because it is cheap and easy to buy and use. Abusing the substance,
however, can lead to immediate addiction.
 Abusers are also at risk of suffering heart attacks and
strokes with every use. Long-term use can cause liver,
kidney, and lung damage.
 The short-term physiological effects of cocaine include
constricted blood vessels, dilated pupils, and increased
temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure.

12. 
HALLuC
INO
G
ENS
 Hallucinogens are a class of drugs that cause profound distortions in a person's perceptions of reality,
otherwise known as hallucinations.
 PCP (phencyclidine) and LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) are hallucinogens, which means that they make
users feel, see, and hear things that are not real.
 While they experience hallucinations with these drugs,
users lose touch with reality and enter mental states
of disconnection.
 Atropa belladona and datura also contain hallucinogenic
properties.

13. 
C
ANNAbINO
IDS
 cannabinoids is the most common illegal drug that is abused, and many people begin using it as a
recreational drug in social situations.
 Continued abuse of marijuana can lead to addiction, and the substance can affect the physical
coordination, memory, and mental functions of users over time.
 In humans, psychoactive cannabinoids produce euphoria,
enhancement of sensory perception, tachycardia,
antinociception, difficulties in concentration and impairment of
memory. The cognitive deficiencies seem to persist after
withdrawal.
 Although there are studies that show potential benefits from
Cannabinoids, there are many side effects from taking the drug.
This shows that an addiction to this natural drug can be
hazardous.

14. 
ALC
O
HO
LS
 Abusing alcohol can cause psychological, physical, and social
problems, and it can lead to the destruction of relationships,
friendships, and marriages.
 Furthermore, alcohol abuse can lead to injury or death to the
people around them while they are under the influence.
 Alcohol withdrawal can be fatal because of delirium tremens,
which is a symptom with the potential to trigger heart failure
or stroke. Refraining from drinking also is not easy when it
becomes a habit because of mental and physical issues.
 The liver is an organ which helps break down and remove
harmful substances from your body, including alcohol. Long-
term alcohol use interferes with this process. It also increases
your risk for chronic liver inflammation and liver disease.

15. CAUSES OF ADDICTION
Drug use is often voluntary in the first instance. The development of a full addiction occurs through a variety
of circumstances.
However, the brain changes during a substance-related disorder in ways that can take a long time to bring
back to a healthy state.
A person whose brain's reward circuitry has not altered as a result of addiction experiences positive feelings
in relation to generally rewarding behaviors, such as exercising, being with family, or consuming delicious
food. These should all make a person feel good
Some of the causes of addiction are :-
1.
2.
3.
4.
Peer pressure
Stress and depression
Lack of education
Religious rituals

16. EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
•Fatigue - the patient is tired most of the time.
•Memory loss - especially the patient's short-term memory.
•Eye muscles - the eye muscles can become significantly weaker.
•Liver diseases - the patient has a considerably higher chance
of developing hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis of the liver is an
irreversible and progressive condition
•Heart problems - regular heaving drinking can lead to
cardiomyopathy (damaged heart muscle), heart failure, and stroke.
•Menstruation - alcoholism will usually stop menstruation or disrupt it.
•Cancer - alcoholics have a much higher risk of developing several
cancers, including cancer of the mouth, oesophagus, liver, colon,
rectum, breast, prostate and pharynx.
•Suicide - suicide rates among people who are alcohol-
dependent or who abuse alcohol are much higher than among other
people.

17. EFFECTS ON LUNGS :
Drug use can lead to a variety of respiratory problems. Smoking
cigarettes, for example, has been shown to cause bronchitis,
emphysema, and lung cancer. Marijuana smoke can also cause
respiratory problems, including chronic bronchitis. Smoking crack
cocaine can also cause lung damage and severe respiratory
problems. The use of some drugs, such as opioids, may cause
breathing to slow, block air from entering the lungs, or make
asthma symptoms worse

18. EFFECTS ON BRAIN :
Drugs interfere with the way neurons send, receive, and process
signals via neurotransmitters. Some drugs, such as marijuana and
heroin, can activate neurons because their chemical structure
mimics that of a natural neurotransmitter in the body. This allows the
drugs to attach onto and activate the neurons. Although these drugs
mimic the brain's own chemicals, they don't activate neurons in the
same way as a
natural neurotransmitter, and they lead to abnormal messages being
sent through the network.
Other drugs, such as amphetamine or cocaine, can cause the
neurons to release abnormally large amounts of natural
neurotransmitters or prevent the normal recycling of these brain
chemicals by interfering with transporters.

19. PREVENTION & CONTROL
“Prevention is better than cure” is also true here. Tobacco, drug/alcohol abuse are more during young
age and adolescence. The remedial measure should be taken in time. The following measures would be
particularly useful for prevention and control of alcohol and addiction during adolescents.
1.Avoid undue Peer pressure. 2.Education and counselling.
3.Seeking help from parents and peers. 4.Looking for Danger Signs.
5.Seeking Professional and Medical helps.

20. DIAGNOSIS OF ADDICTION
Blood test or imaging scan can determine whether somebody is
addicted to drug or alcohol or smoking, and to what degree.
Blood test - this may be ordered to determine whether the
substance is still in the blood (whether the substance has been
taken recently). It is not used to diagnose addiction. A GP
(general practitioner, primary care physician) can help the
patient determine their degree of dependence by asking
pertinent questions, or using a specific questionnaire.
Although there's no cure for drug addiction, treatment options
explained below can help you overcome an addiction and stay
drug-free. Your treatment depends on the drug used and any
related medical or mental health disorders you may have. Long-
term follow-up is important to prevent relapse.

21. CASE STUDIES OF 5 PATIENTS
Case no: 1
Age: 65
Gender: Female
Patient name: Sofia Akhtar
Type: T2DM
Date of admission: 22/12/15
Comments: After I am started having T2DM, my life has totally changed. I am the first person to
have diabetes in my family. At the onset of this disease I felt very much weakness and hunger.
Case no: 2
Age: 40
Gender: Female
Patient name: Mrs. Neha Das
Type: T1DM
Date of admission: 22/12/15

22. Comments: I am middle aged house wife and I have lots of difficulties to tackle this
disease due to weakness. I cannot meet the common need of my family, and some time I become
unconsciousness and my family gets worried. Recently my husband spends lots of money for this
disease but I didn’t get any such good result.

23. Case no: 3
Patient name: Shubankar Deka
Type: T1DM
Date of admission:06/01/16
Age: 45
Gender: Male
Comments: I started having this disease at the age of 35, I didn’t take much attention to it due to very busy job.
I din’ took medicine regularly or neither did any physical exercise and now I’m suffering from this dangerous
disease I have to lose my job, during urination I feel burning sensation. Now I am unable to take care of my
family,
Case no:4
Age: 54 Gender:
Male
Patient name: Karan Barman
Type: T2DM Date of
admission:06/01/16
Comments: I am poor worker who earn few just to stay alive and to take care of family. I don’t have much
savings that I would go in a big hospital for better cure or for medicine. Nowadays I also cannot go to work site
as I remain weak and my hand and leg shakes if I try to do any hard work. Due to this I cannot send my
children to school.
Case no:5
Age: 33
Gender: Female
Patient name: Miss Rupali Nath
Type: T2DM Date of
admission:15/01/16
Comments: I am both working women and house wife I have no time to care of my health I always remain
busy taking care of my family and doing stressful work at my office and due to this I had gained my weight
rapidly, presently my weight is about 93 kg and my recent diagnosis says that I am suffering from diabetes.

24. TREATMENT OF ADDICTION
Do-it-yourself - experts say about 30% of people with an
alcohol problem manage to reduce their drinking or abstain
without seeking professional help. There is a great deal of
material in books and the internet that may help the self-helper.
Counselling - a qualified counsellor can help the alcoholic talk
through his/her problems and then devise a plan to tackle the
drinking. CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) is commonly used
to treat alcohol dependency.
Detoxification - the patient takes some medication to prevent
withdrawal symptoms (delirium tremens) which many alcoholics
experience when they give up drinking.

25. SCENARIO OF DRUG
ADDICTION

26. CONCLUSION
 Drug use and addiction cause a lot of disease and disability in the world.
 Recent advances in neuroscience may help improve policies to reduce the harm that the use of
tobacco , alcohol, and other psychoactive drugs act on society.
 This report is concerned with the implications of drug use for workplace safety and productivity. It
examines the prevalence of alcohol and other drug use by the U.S. work force, the impact of such
use on job-related behavior, and the effectiveness of workplace drug intervention programs.
 This emphasis on workplace productivity rather than social consequences affects the purpose,
methods, and evaluation criteria used in this report, just as it often affects researchers investigating
these issues.

27. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Special thanks to the following source: -
•
•
•
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Internet (Wikipedia)
NCERT biology class XII
Some diabetic patients
Online library