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Inter annual insolation variability (solar resource)
1.
Confidential | ©
2018 SunPower Corporation Improved model of solar resource variability based on aggregation by region and climate zone Gregory M. Kimball1, Chetan Chaudhari1, Patrick Keelin2, John Dise2, Mark Grammatico2, Ben Bourne1 1Sunpower Corporation, 77 Rio Robles, San Jose, USA 2Clean Power Research, Napa, CA 94559, USA WCPEC-7 Area 9: Solar Resource, Wed Jun 13, 2:00p #808
2.
2Confidential | ©
2018 SunPower Corporation | Solar resource variability • Solar resource variability plays a key role in energy yield and cash flow forecasting for PV systems. • Solar resource varies by location and interannually. • Typical solar resource data by location are widely available. However, maps of interannual solar resource variability are less common. • Estimating the variability takes more data than estimating the median, so we aggregate by region and climate zone. We present new maps of solar resource interannual variability in the continental United States
3.
3Confidential | ©
2018 SunPower Corporation | Data sources for GHI (global horizontal insolation) • NSRDB (1961-1990) 239 locations, NWS cloud cover, SOLRAD extraterrestrial irradiance • NSRDB (1991-2010) 1454 locations, gridded data from GOES imagery and processed with SUNY model, starts in 1998 • SolarAnywhere (1998-2017) v3.2 gridded data processed with Clean Power Research’s model, includes cloud vector forecasting NWS – National Weather Service SOLRAD – measures extraterrestrial irradiance GOES – Geostationary Operation Environmental Satellite Annual insolation data before 1998 was based on ground observations, and after 1998 has largely used satellite imagery.
4.
4Confidential | ©
2018 SunPower Corporation | How many samples? • For sites in the United States we have about 20 years of satellite-based insolation data • We estimated the impact of limited sample size on the range of µ and σ values expected, based on sampling a normal distribution. • We estimate: – One-sigma variability for µ of ±1.3% and σ of ±25% for N=7 – Bias error in σ of -14% for N=7 – One-sigma variability for σ of ±5% for N=160 To accurately estimate interannual variability, we need more years of data than is available…. Sampling simulations of µ and σ
5.
5Confidential | ©
2018 SunPower Corporation | Aggregation method • Aggregate sites within 100 km radius and in same climate zone • The aggregation process highlights the variability for a particular local climate and data source, rather than differences between models. • Nearby site correlation: 0.67 ± 0.25 • Year to year correlation: 0.05 ± 0.21 We normalize insolation by location and data source, and aggregate by region and climate Station locations + CPR x WBAN o USAF Site-year count CPR (58%) WBAN (12%) USAF (30%)
6.
6Confidential | ©
2018 SunPower Corporation | Group by climate zone • To reduce sampling error, we aggregate insolation data in a geographic area. • Integrating within the same climate zone helps prevent climate differences from influencing the results. • We use Köppen-Geiger climate zones as a convenient source of geospatial categories Need climate data? Check out: http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/
7.
7Confidential | ©
2018 SunPower Corporation | Insolation variability by climate zone • For each site and data source, fit a normal distribution and normalize to µ. • Normalizing the data minimizes the effect of site median difference and data source bias. • We find solar resource variability as low as 1.3% for the arid desert regions, 2.5% for California coasts, and 2.5-3.0% for the temperate eastern United States. We find 1σ values of 1.3 to 3.9% for climate zones in the United States
8.
8Confidential | ©
2018 SunPower Corporation | Median solar resource map • For each map location, median annual insolation values were extracted from aggregated data. • Each point is based on a 100- km radius within the same Köppen-Geiger climate zone. • The median resource map shows excellent values in California and desert southwest, high values in the southeast, and lower values in the north and Pacific northwest. P50 values range from 1200 to 2300+ kWh/m2/yr in the United States
9.
9Confidential | ©
2018 SunPower Corporation | Variability in solar resource map • For each map location, normalized annual insolation values were extracted from aggregated data. • Each point is based on a 100-km radius within the same Köppen- Geiger climate zone. • The σ and P99 values were pulled from a normal distribution fit to the data. • The resource variability map shows low variability in the desert southwest, higher variability in Appalachia, midstate Texas and the Pacific northwest. P99 values range from -2 to -8% of P50 in the continental United States
10.
10Confidential | ©
2018 SunPower Corporation | Comparison with previous work Variability estimates will continue to improve as we accumulate more insolation data! Gueymard et al, 2011, N=8 Kimball et al, 2018, N=20++ • The regional aggregation presented here is largely consistent with previous work • We find more uniform variability in the eastern seaboard, higher variability in the northern Rockies and Pacific northwest, and similar results for California coasts.
11.
11Confidential | ©
2018 SunPower Corporation | Future work • We look forward to incorporating more data sources and models! • Please contact gkimball@sunpower.com if you would like to share annual insolation data, improve methods, or suggest research. Thank you for your time and attention!
12.
Confidential | ©
2018 SunPower Corporation Thank you!
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