A Research Study On Regenerative Medicine

A Research Study On Regenerative Medicine
Aging, injuries and diseases like dystrophies are all ensue respectively from dying, damaged or
malfunctioning specialised cells. Nowadays, researchers aim at finding possible methods to treat
patients by understanding better how diseases develop. Regenerative medicine is an emerging field
that had known incredible advances over the last 20 years. It's a broad interdisciplinary field aiming
at repairing, regenerating or replacing damaged, malfunctioning or missing cells and tissues leading
to restore normal function in patients. The remarkable progresses made in stem cell therapy, gene
therapy and bioengineering, and the intersection of these domains are the basis of this developing
(promising, emerging, evolving, blooming) medicine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The basis of tissue engineering involves the production of stem cell, progenitor or precursor cells
from embryonic or adult origin, which will induce the regeneration of tissues and organs. The
following step is to create biocompatible matrices or scaffolds for the conduction of the signal.
These matrices or scaffolds must be able to sustain cell proliferation and differentiation as well as
the vascular ingrowth and the unification the new tissue with the surrounding host tissue.
Additionally, they must have the capacity to adequately degrade concurrent with tissue regeneration.
Then, the induction of growth factors or signalling proteins will activate the proliferation and
differentiation of the stem cells. Finally the mechanical stimulation by biochemical forces like shear
or strain. Scaffolds can be made in different types of materials like bioceramics, membrane, fibres,
foams hydrogels...
Another approach of regenerative medicine is the possibility to grow tissues and organs in the
laboratory directly from the patient's cells and implanting them in case the body cannot heal itself;
thus, avoiding problems of organs available for donation and transplant rejection. The term
"regeneration" is therefore used to describe the process of replacing the loss of specialized tissue by
proliferating undamaged specialized cells. The finality of this medicine is to imitate nature's
capacity avoiding a maximum of
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Embryonic Stem Cell Research And Current Use
Introduction:
The issue at discussion in this report is ESCR (embryonic stem cell research) and current use. This
issue causes controversial concerns because the first isolation of the embryo was in 1998, which is
still very recent and the policies around it are grey areas. Many countries including the United States
of America have removed funding because of issues that have risen due to religious, ethical and
legal formalities. Some of the benefits that ESC (embryonic stem cells) promise are the cure for
many diseases and even the creation of organs between other scientific advances that could save
numerous lives. The benefits that ESC could provide are sometimes questioned to be worth all the
ethical issues that they bring. Some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The process to isolate an embryonic cell demands de inner cell of a blastocyst. A blastocyst can be
described as one of the earlier stages of an embryo, which is reached at about four to five days after
fertilization. In the blastocyst stage, the future embryo is not formed by more than fifty to a 150
cells. In the blastocyst stage the cell is comprised of an external layer called trophoblast and the
inner cell mass comprised of approximately thirty cells which following normal procedures
becomes the embryo and the trophoblast, the placenta. In the process to cultivate the stem cell, the
blastocyst must die as the inner cell mass is removed. This practice has been legalized since 2002 in
Australia but strict guidelines in regards to licenses as to who is able to perform research and what is
permitted in their research must be met.
Alternative Views and their Explanation:
Dr. James Douglas professor and chair, cell and developmental biology director for Center of
Organogenesis has specialised and dedicated most of his career to research how tissues and organs
are generated in mammals and how cells are instructed to become specialised cells. Similarly, Dr.
Eva L. Feldman professor of neurology in the medical school 'A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research
Institute' and director at ALS clinic has devoted her latest years in the field to conduct innovative
research to generate stem–cell technology to treat ALS by injecting stem cells into the spinal cord.

Therapeutic Cloning And Its Controversy
Therapeutic Cloning and its Controversy The idea of finding a way to cure people of diseases with
their own cells is one that scientists, physicians, and those who are afflicted by such diseases find
very enticing. Therapeutic cloning is a process that scientists believe has the potential to achieve
such goals in the future. While therapeutic cloning brings with it a variety of potential benefits and
innovations, it also carries with it a polarizing ethical conflict that poses a strong impediment to
furthering such research and development. By realizing therapeutic cloning for its great potential
benefits and world changing implications and disregarding any ethical considerations that may deter
such advancement, the proper focus and open–mindedness necessary to achieve success in the field
would be achieved. Therapeutic cloning, like all medical endeavors, includes a multitude of
challenges and flaws, but no very important medical achievements come about without extensive
research and continual attempts at success. Therapeutic cloning is a process in which the cells of one
person are manipulated into becoming the stem cells for another person through Somatic Cell
Nuclear Transfer (SCNT). This process involves taking oocytes, or immature female egg cells that
are generated during ovulation, incubating them in in vivo culture, and extracting the nucleus of
such cells and replacing them with the the nucleus of another cell. This produces a stem cell with a
genetic make–up

The Incidence Of Thyroid Cancer
The incidence of thyroid cancer is rapidly rising in the US accounting for 62,980 cases with 1890
deaths every year[1]. It is the seventh most common cancer diagnosed in women and peaks earlier
than in men. Despite its high prevalence, death rate from thyroid cancer is fairly stable from past
many years. In general, thyroid cancer offers a good prognosis with an overall survival rate of
approximately 90%[2]. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC)
termed as differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) contribute to majority of thyroid cancers sharing a
superior prognosis. Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), mostly acquired as a part of familial
syndromes, display only modest cure rates. While surgical resection followed by radioiodine
therapy remains the treatment of choice for localized thyroid cancer, it fails to eradicate tumors with
aggressive behavior. In marked contrast to DTC, anaplastic carcinoma (ATC), an undifferentiated
sub–type of thyroid cancer, has a higher propensity to locally invade nearby structures and
metastasize rapidly. It approaches to almost 50% of all thyroid cancer–related deaths, the median
survival being only six months[3]. The grim prognosis of ATC is due to the fact that it is diagnosed
at an advanced stage which offers palliative treatment as the only option for patients suffering from
the disease. Because of the chemo– and radio–resistant nature observed in aggressive thyroid
cancers, many researchers have been

Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay
Advancements in medical technology has allowed for a new understanding of stem cells and further
developments in research. The use of stem cells in regenerative medicine may hold significant
benefits for those suffering from degenerative diseases. To avail such advancements in stem cell
research could see the alleviation or complete cure of afflictions that take the lives of millions
worldwide each year. (McLaren, 2001) A stem cell 1 is able differentiate into any somatic cell found
in the human body, including those identical to itself.
Differentiation is a cellular process whereby a stem cell will divide into a specialised cell, for
example a neuron2. To harness the unique cellular function of a stem cell could mean the cultivation
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Pera et al, 2004) The bodies specialised cells, a product of stem cell differentiation, cannot be
replaced through natural regeneration. The further exploration of ES cell research will allow
scientists to harness stem cell differentiation and compensate for the bodies inability to regenerate
specialised cells. (Fuchs, 2008) For example, ES cells hold the potential to regenerate the spinal
cord. Common and debilitating injuries to the spinal cord result in paralysis, more accurately known
as paraplegia and quadriplegia. ES cells may be used to repair an impaired spinal cord, restoring
movement and quality of life to those suffering from paralysis. (Rosenfeld et al, 2004) The
prospects for regenerative spinal cord repair is one of the many positive outcomes of ES cell
research if exploration is allowed to continue.
Ethicists often advocate for the use of human embryos in ES cell research due to their fate after
successful IVF treatment. With the successful fertilisation of an IVF patient, remaining embryos that
would have been used in further fertilisation attempts are kept in storage indefinitely. (Morgan,
2006) Many couples opt to donate their spare embryos to ES cell research, as they do not believe
that their fertilised zygote is in fact human life. A human embryo remaining from IVF treatment is
only used in ES cell research one to five days after

Teratogen Essay
Teratogens are all around pregnant women. Only look at the normal house hold toothpaste that
states on the bottle, to seek medical attention if swallowed. Almost everyone has toothpaste in their
home and uses it everyday but with all the chemicals, it is considered a teratogen if ingested.
Teratogens affect embryo's development and counselors can help prevent exposure to teratogens.
Almost any man made substance could be considered a teratogen to some extent. However, the key
question is at what level is a substance to be considered a teratogens because, to officially be
classified as a teratogen it has to alter the embryo from an unnatural growth or lack of. From the
Life Span text, it lists the most researched teratogens as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nervous system is likely to be subject to teratogens at week 3 to week 20. However, the nervous
system could be subject to teratogens until birth. Each stage of development with the embryo
constantly transforming the embryo is subject to teratogens largely at initial development of each
major system. Teratogens could affect the heart development at three and half weeks to six and a
half. Without a developed heart, an embryo might not have a long life. As this learner's chosen
major as counseling psychology, There are approaches that would be taken into account to persuade
clients not to expose themselves to teratogens. Everything from educating the client about
teratogens to referring them to a medical doctor to ensure they had a normal and healthy embryo.
Listening and explaining the consequences to the client would help the client understand the
consequence of their actions, to exposure to teratogens. As a counselor, there would not be much
one could do to stop exposure of teratogens besides persuasion unless the client implied or said they
were purposely going to try to harm the embryo, in which it would be a moral obligation and
possibly a legal one to take all actions possible to stop the exposure to the embryo. Teratogens can
harm an embryo. Most will not kill an embryo. However, any large quantity of teratogens like
nicotine will

A Critique Of Ehrlich, David E, And Donald G Rainnie
InJae Chung
Bob Wyttenbach
Neuroscience Behavioral Biology
October 7, 2015
A critique of "Ehrlich, David E, and Donald G Rainnie. 'Prenatal Stress Alters The Development Of
Socioemotional Behavior And Amygdala Neuron Excitability In Rats '.
1.0 Background
The research is discussing the effects of prenatal stress (PS) on the development of socioemotional
symptoms as well as neurodevelopmental disorders. The study arises from existing literatures where
a significant relationship has been established between prenatal stress and social deficits such as
autism and attention–deficit hypersensitivity disorder among children and schizophrenia among
adolescents. King et al. identifies exposures to environmental hardships and stressful events as the
underlying factor in the development of PS (274). The aspect has a negative impact on the immune
and endocrine system as well as neurological development (Charil et al. 56). Studies have revealed
that PS affects several aspects of brain development in the fetal stage. It increases rate of cell death
and reduces rate of proliferation in the hypothalamus–pituitary axis (Schoenfeld and Gould 15).
The research argues that PS affects the amygdala, a socioemotional control center in the brain that
plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. The claim
is backed by several studies. PS plays a major role in abnormal psychological, cognitive, and
behavioral outcomes in both human and animals. Charil

Human Stem Cell Research : Ethical Dilemmas With The...
Trevor McCarthy Human Embryonic Stem Cell (hESC) research possesses ethical dilemmas with
the utility of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from human blastocyst, one of the earliest stages
of embryonic development. Embryonic stem cell derivation is controversial because there are
different opinions and beliefs on when an embryo is deserving of full moral status, equal to the
moral respect, rights and treatment to that of a human being. ESCs extracted from a blastocyst will
undergo experimentation that would be considered unethical if it were performed on humans.
Having a restrictive federal policy would eliminate the unethical destruction of blastocyst that is
required to extract ESCs and it would push the scientific community to find other means to provide
cells with the equivalent or sufficient potential to attenuate or cure disease, such as induced
pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Moreover, a restrictive policy would also terminate the unethical
experimentation that embryos and fetuses undergo in laboratories across the U.S. The United States
requires the integration of restrictive ESC policy for the following reasons: an embryo at all stages
has the potential to form human life and is deserving of full moral status, and the need for ESC
research can be rendered obsolete now that induced pluripotent stem cells are available. From the
moment the egg is fertilized, the embryo holds full potential to become a human being and thus
deserves dignity and unrestricted

Mechanisms Involved Into Wound Healing And Heart Function
Project Summary
Mechanisms involved in wound healing and heart function are essential for the survival of
mammalian species. The treatment of ischaemic heart disease and myocardial tissue regeneration
remains poorly understood. Mesenchymal stem cells possess the ability to differentiate into various
tissue types, including hematopoiesis, cardiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and neuronal development, as
well as endothelial progenitor cells. In addition to its multipotent capability, the mesenchymal stem
cell (MSC) can secrete and supply a large amount of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
(Tang J et al., 2009). This response can be overexpressed, resulting in tumor formation. The
stromal–derived factor–1 alpha (SDF–1α) plays an important ... Show more content on
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Primary research for this proposal suggests SDF–1α and VEGF play a key role in stem cell
recruitment and myocardial regeneration. Increased expression of of SDF–1α through Ad–SDF–
1alpha (adenoviral vector containing human SDF–1alpha gene under the control of the rous sarcoma
virus (RSV) promoter) through injection into myocardial tissue promotes angiogenesis in damaged
tissue. It is suggested that SDF–1 gene expression is regulated by the transcription factor hypoxia–
inducible factor–1 (HIF–1) in endothelial cells, resulting in selective in vivo expression of SDF–1 in
ischemic tissue in direct proportion to reduced oxygen tension (Ceradini DJ, 2004). VEGF secreted
by MSC's is thought to enhance expression of SDF–1α. Increased expression of SDF–1α in the
presence of transplanted MSC's could potentially promote differentiation of MSC's into myocytes,
leading to regeneration of myocardial tissue leading to improved heart function.
Specific Aims
The aim of this research is to investigate if and how co–transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells,
varying in quantity transplanted, in combination with overexpression of VEGF, SDF–1α, enhance
differentiation and recruitment leading to cardiac repair in LAD occluded rats.
The hypothesis of the following paper proposes that

Sample Resume : Proper Development And Patterning Of...
Name: Omid Hadj Drawer/Group #: 7
PS ID #: 1235832 Three digit mutant code: 168
BIOL 3311 Fall 2016 Lab Section: 16706 (Th2)
Date: 9/28/2016 TA Instructor Name: Laura Montier
BarH1 is critical for the proper development and patterning of ommatidia in D. melanogaster
Introduction
Although D. melanogaster is small and relatively inexpensive, its value to the research community
and modern medicine is immeasurable. D. melanogaster is a great model organism for researching
cellular processes of various diseases because within its genome, almost 70% of the human genome
is conserved (Rubin 1988). Due to this similarity, the use of D. melanogaster has led to
breakthroughs in the research of cancer, neurological diseases and various other diseases. For
example, studying the development of photoreceptors in D. melanogaster eyes led to the
identification of the Ras proto–oncogene pathway, which allowed researchers to gain a greater
understanding of the signaling pathway and cellular process behind cancer (Tickoo and Russell
2002). Another example of the benefit of D. melanogaster as a model organism is the use of the
mutant bang senseless and its known effect on voltage–gated sodium channels may lead to potential
treatments for human epilepsy (Parker et al. 2010).
D. melanogaster is also an excellent model organism in studying embryological development due to
its aforementioned similarities with the human genome. Certain homeobox genes found in the D.
melanogaster

Embryonic Stem Cell Research Persuasive Speech
Do the benefits of stem cell research and more specifically embryonic stem cell therapy outweigh
the ethical controversies?
Answer/Thesis Claim: Stem cell research and therapy is a promising field being held back by ethical
issue. Stem cells are a regenerative medicine that can cure numerous diseases such as, cancer,
diabetes, leukemia. The main ethical question society presents is, when does life start and what is
ethical? The future of medicine and abolishment of diseases is being halted by ethical stigmas, once
society accepts this form of regenerative medicine disease control and abolishment will be available.
Ethos: I am a medical biology student at Metro State University devoting my life to furthering
progression of medicine and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This regenerative medicine is not like any other medicine. Warrant connecting evidence 5 to reason
2– This claim is important because it connects my reasons to that fact no other cells do this. Stem
cells are vital due to this characteristic.
Evidence 6: Stem cells contain (NGFs), natural growth factors. Stem cells also accelerate the human
body's natural healing process and response. This alleviates the patients from taking toxic pain
killers and other medications. Warrant connecting evidence 6 to reason 2– This piece of evidence is
crucial to back up my reason because it shows the unique characteristic of stem cells that have the
ability to help immune response and get rid of medications.
Reason 3: Stem cell research and therapy will advance the science and medical field by allowing
scientist and doctors to test millions of potential drugs and medicine, without having to use animals
or potentially harmful

Genome Manipulation Essay
Targeted genome–editing technology is an area of great attention for biomedical research fields, as it
has potential in clinical applications to cure or improve some genetic diseases. In particular, the case
of genome manipulation has been revolutionized by the development of the CRISPR/Cas 9 system.
Despite recent advances in editing targeted genes inside of cultured cells, in vivo targeted transgene
integrations are still out of reach, because of current tools. Principally, this applies to nondividing
cells, which are made up of adult tissues, including the brain, eyes, ears, and pancreas, and halts the
development of treatments for a broad range of genetic disorders. Now, scientists have discovered a
new approach that not only works in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They improved the NHEJ machinery to collaborate with the CRISPR system, allowing DNA to be
inserted at precise locations in the genome, and then inserted "an inert virus to deliver HITI's
package of genetic instructions to neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells" (...). The
innovation allows the cells to glue the ends of cut targeted DNA back together, with the extra
addition of the DNA template in–between the cut targeted DNA, via NHEJ. In the case of the cell
re–joining without the added insertion or mutation, the CRISPR system would reform and repeat the
process. Likewise, donor DNA was designed to recreate the cut site, for the situation of the insertion
gluing back together in the wrong orientation.
(CDB, 2017, Scheme of HITI method)
Before HITI, recent techniques in the area of gene–editing were focused on using a natural DNA
repair pathway, called homology–directed repair (HDR). These systems are targeted at dividing
cells, such as the skin, but has been proven to be ineffective in nondividing cells, and therefore
inefficient to provide solutions to genetic disorders in adult tissue. However, the non–homologous
end–joining (NHEJ) pathway is an additional natural DNA repair pathway, which is typically
unused in gene insertion, as studies have shown that NHEJ is "error prone when used to turn off
targeted genes" (...). Yet, when used in insertion of DNA sequences in a gene, NHEJ is highly
precise, and more

The Biology Of Early Life Stages Of Fish Development
Understanding the biology of early life history stages of fish is essential for effective fisheries
management (Mwaluma et al., 2014; Hames Hichford, 2005). For example, knowledge in fish
development such as ontogenetic intervals and embryonic and larval development of fish species is
a prerequisite to set the policies for their conservation and stock enhancement through larviculture
(Rahman et al, 2009; Yanes–Roca et al., 2012; Amini et al., 2015; Andrade et al., 2016).
Furthermore, the mechanisms that affect the survival during the early life stages of ﬁsh can regulate
the future year–class strength (Mwaluma et al., 2014; Garrido et al., 2009). Consequently, estimated
variability in abundance of fish eggs and larval survival rate can ... Show more content on
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Larval stages are followed by a transformation stage during which individuals transform to
juveniles, which morphologically resemble adults (Osse et al., 1997). Anatomical, physiological,
and behavioral changes such as dentition, feeding behavior, and swimming capacity allow various
larval stages to attain new capabilities for biological activities, which in turn enable them to utilize
their new environmental conditions (Moteki, 2002, Moteki et al., 2002; Pena and Dumas, 2009).
Identification of eggs and newly hatched larvae have been proven difficult due to having little or no
resemblance to their adult stages, considerable overlap in the time and location of spawning among
multiple fish species, similarity in morphology of eggs among species, small size, and quick
changes in shapes during larval stage (Victor et al., 2009; Ko et al., 2013; Amini et al., 2015).
In the present study, we also aimed to describe the larval characteristics of fish species in Southern
Caspian Sea based on morphometric and meristic variables and pigmentation patterns. Several
ichthyoplankton surveys have been carried out in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, located on coastal
waters of Khuzestan, Bushehr, Hormozgan and Sistan–Balochistan provinces, Iran (Rabbaniha,
1998; Rabbaniha, 2002; Rabbanihaet al., 2003; Rabbaniha, 2007; Vosough et al., 2009; Vosough et
al., 2010;

Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
Attainment of the differentiated state during the final stages of somatic cell differentiation is closely
tied to cell cycle progression. Much less is known about the role of the cell cycle at very early stages
of embryonic development. Here, we show that molecular pathways involving the cell cycle can be
engineered to strongly affect embryonic stem cell differentiation at early stages in vitro. Strategies
based on perturbing these pathways can shorten the rate and simplify the lineage path of ES
differentiation. These results make it likely that pathways involving cell proliferation intersect at
various points with pathways that regulate cell lineages in embryos and demonstrate that this
knowledge can be used profitably to guide the path and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is surprising, for example, that mouse and human ES cells appear to be so different with respect to
the molecules that mediate their self–renewal, and perhaps even in their developmental potentials.
BMPs, for example, in combination with LIF, promote the self–renewal of mouse ES cells. But in
conditions that would otherwise support undifferentiated proliferation, BMPs cause rapid
differentiation of human ES cells. Also, human ES cells differentiate quite readily to trophoblast,
whereas mouse ES cells do so poorly, if at all. One would expect that at some level, the basic
molecular mechanisms that control pluripotency would be conserved, and indeed, human and mouse
ES cells share the expression of many key genes. Yet we remain remarkably ignorant about the
molecular mechanisms that control pluripotency, and the nature of this remarkable cellular state has
become one of the central questions of developmental biology. Of course, the other great challenge
will be to continue to unravel the factors that control the differentiation of human ES cells to
specific lineages, so that ES cells can fulfill their tremendous promise in basic human biology, drug
screening, and transplantation

Stem Cells And Its Effects On Human Cells
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells within the body that are defined by their ability to self renew
and differentiate into specialized cells (1). Stem cells function in body tissues as a repair
mechanism, with an unlimited ability to divide and restock cells as needed by the body. Each time a
stem cell divides, the new cell formed can either remain a stem cell or differentiate into a
specialized cell, such as a brain cell. Traditionally, there are two main types of stem cells: human
embryonic stem cells [HESCs] and adult somatic stem cells. In 1981,embryonic stem cells were the
first type of stem cell to be discovered (2). Embryonic stem cells originate from four–to–five day
old embryos formed during the blastocyst phase of embryological development. The embryos used
to derive stem cells are usually extras that were created using in vitro fertilization and not implanted
(2).
Induced pluripotent stem cells [iPS cells] are specialized adult somatic cells that have been
genetically modified to function similarly to embryonic stem cells; that is, iPS cells have the ability
to differentiate into all adult cell types (2). The discovery of iPS cells in 2006 was very exciting for
the medical community as researchers hoped to use iPS cells in many ways, including: to gain an
increased understanding of disease pathology, as aids in transplant medicine, and in pharmaceutical
and cytotoxicity studies. Subsequent research on iPS cells has revealed some areas of concern
including:

Multipotent Stem Cells
Stem cells are essentially undifferentiated cells; cells which are not yet adapted to a particular
function, and have the capacity to differentiate into any specialised cell type within the organism.
Every cell in plants and animals begins as these cells, created by mitosis and meiosis, and stem cells
can continue to divide until they have become specialised and they lose this ability. After embryonic
development, stem cells can be found all throughout tissues in the body, including the brain, bone
marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver (Crosta, 2008). Whereas the stem
cell is undifferentiated and has no specialised function, the specialised cells have the specific parts
that allow them to carry out their function ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A few treatments are already in existence for Parkinson's, but they only replace lost cells, and cannot
reverse damage to existing cells that have been destroyed previously. With stem cells, it is hoped
that new and fully functioning dopamine neurons can be transplanted into those with Parkinson's
disease, and research on rat models with Parkinson's has reported long term survival rates, and has
proven that human embryonic stem cells have the capacity to project long distances, sufficient
enough for use in humans. Furthermore, the newly developed neurons are functioning with
efficiency comparable to human dopamine producing neurons (Grealish, 2014). Despite the positive
results, there is not enough embryonic stem cells to treat the vast numbers of people affected by
Parkinson's disease, at least not without raising various ethical

The Embryonic Stem Cell Conflict Essay
Many of the criticisms directed towards the advent of stem cell research have centered on the source
of the most scientifically useful types of stem cells–pre–implantation human embryos.
Unfortunately, harvesting embryonic stem cells typically results in the destruction of the embryo
from which they are harvested, which gives rise to a moral dilemma: is it ethically acceptable to
destroy an embryo's potential to life? Those who are against human embryonic stem cell research
will answer you with an emphatic "no"; they usually argue much like pro–lifers–"...human embryos
have an equal standing to all living persons... and destroying them is akin to murder" (Hyuu 71).
However, to halt stem cell research solely because an embryo has the potential ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Alenzi, "Stem cells are immature, unspecialized cells that their developmental
direction has not yet been determined" (19929), and because they do not yet serve any meaningful
purpose, stem cells are capable of becoming virtually any specialized cell in the body; they can
become nerve cells, blood cells, skin cells, and just about any other cell you can think of.
There is a variety of sources from which stem cells may be obtained. These sources include (but are
not limited to): human embryos, the blood from the umbilical cord, and even various organs from
full grown adults. However, as I have mentioned before, the controversy emanates from the fact that
human embryos are the preferred source for stem cells, due to their vast regenerative capabilities.
While it is possible to safely harvest stem cells from full grown adults (adult stem cells), the stem
cells harvested would lack the pluripotency (ability to become any specialized cell) of embryonic
stem cells; whereas embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any cell, adult stem cells can only
become specialized cells from the tissue in which they reside (multipotency). For example,
hematopoietic stem cells– found in the bone marrow of adults– can become all mature blood cell
types, but cannot become muscle cells or any other type of cell found in the body. Similar to adult
stem cells, most of the other sources

Role Of The Egf Receptor On Lipid
The Role of the EGF Receptor LET–23 on Lipid Biosynthesis in Caenorhabditis elegans
N. R. Contos
Thesis Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans LET–23, which is an Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) receptor,
controls multiple developmental pathways. In humans, EGF receptor mutations are implicated in a
large number of cancers due to excess signaling promoting cell growth and cell division. Recent
work has shown that in C. elegans LET–23 may also affect lipid production, specifically that of the
phospholipid phosphatidylcholine. To investigate the role of the LET–23 receptor on lipid
production, I have examined the cellular location of a fluorescent–tagged SBP–1 marker under
different conditions within the worm and from these inferred levels of lipid production. I will
discuss my results and their impact on our understanding of EGF signaling and lipid biosynthesis.
Thesis Intro: As a whole the world is becoming more aware of how fats affect the body. Not only
are lipids a key element in cell membranes, they also lead to many issues regarding health. Obesity
is an ever–increasing risk factor for many diseases including type II diabetes, cardiac disease, and
some forms of cancer (Kopelman 2000). As obesity transitions from little known problem into a
full–blown global epidemic, it is important to understand how lipids are synthesized and regulated
within the body. Lipid synthesis pathways involve a complex interaction between the endocrine
system, tissues, nutrient storage and

Molecular Physiology And Developmental Biology
Dr. Elizabeth Ables is an assistant professor at East Carolina University, in Greenville, North
Carolina. She has worked there since 2013. Dr. Ables received her BS degree from St. Andrews
University and her Ph.D. in Molecular Physiology and Developmental Biology from Vanderbilt
University. She studied how the pancreas precursor cells are led by a cascade of transcription factors
during development to become insulin–producing beta cells, while using transgenic mice and
immunofluorescence microscopy to examine the topic. Her current studies resulted in the discovery
that the steroid hormone ecdysone, which directly controls Drosophila germline stem cell activity.
These studies expanded her ability to design experiments significant for ... Show more content on
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We learned tissue homeostasis is a balance between cell division, specialization, and turnover time.
Normal cells have a plethora of specialized cells and with proliferation there tends to be a loss of
specialized function. Her interest in stem cells came with some problems. First, all cells come from
other cells. Secondly, specialized cells tend to divide very infrequently. Therefore, she began
studying the germline cells of fruit flies because the cell cycle is very similar to humans. She wanted
to study stem signals and their complex connections to determine the cell fate. Such as in the
Drosophila uterine cells, there is a cluster of cells in which only one will become the final egg cell,
the others are nurse cells that monitor the egg. The fate of these cells is predetermined by genes and
were illustrated through immunofluorescence microscopy. During her presentation she held the
attention of entire audience with the use of direct eye contact, and did not need to look at note cards
or reference the slides unless directing the audience through a figure. She also spoke with
respectable volume and articulation to keep the audience interested and emphasize key points. I like
that she moved around a bit while she spoke. She also made the class very informal, which helped to
make it more comfortable to ask questions. She seemed very comfortable with her research and
could answer all questions presented to her by the audience. She was very knowledgeable and

Genuine Intrigue In Developmental Biology
Curiosity has recently been revealed to me as my greatest boon. My younger self asked so many
questions, I would sometimes be accosted by others for it. My questioning never stopped, but my
circumstances changed once I entered college. Thereupon I was surrounded by individuals who
loved answering questions. Fortunately, these circumstances have not changed with my transition to
University of Michigan. Academically speaking, my adventurous and skeptical nature allows me to
identify and understand exactly what I intellectually need, and easily contrast that with my wants
and capabilities.
Genuine intrigue in developmental biology is what makes UROP's Biomedical Research Fellowship
perfect for me. Many laboratories are searching for summer interns.

The Death Of A Helmet
It all happened in a matter of seconds. He had decided to ride his motorcycle that day to work,
unaware that it was going to rain later than evening. The roads were slick with rain and various
other fluids, making the ride home a challenge. He was careful. At least, he thought he was. Turning
his head to look at the billboard on the side of the road, his front tire hit a pothole. Beyond the face
shield of his helmet, the terror on his face was evident as he lost control of bike and began to slide
across the pavement. Though he wore a helmet, it was ill fitting and it came off as the out of control
bike dragged him across the pavement. The friction from the bike sliding across the asphalt caused
sparks. Unfortunately, a car with an oil leak ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, nothing would have been done to make his appearance more appealing to the eye.
That is, until we entered the age of bioengineering. By definition, biomedical engineering, or more
affectionately known as bioengineering, is the use of engineering philosophies in correlation with
the fields of biology and health care. It can range from from electrical and mechanics to the
chemistry side of the equation. Examples of this include, but are not limited to, prosthetic limbs, lab
grown organs, and implanted devices such as pace makers and insulin pumps. Though the actual
foundation of bioengineering is unclear, the earliest example "is a wood and leather prosthetic toe
found on a three thousand year old Egyptian mummy" (Lucas, 2004). Some noteworthy individuals
include John Charnley 's artificial hip replacement(1961), Wilson Greatbatch 's internal cardiac
pacemaker(1970), and Charles Hufnagel 's artificial heart valve(1960). Being a branch of
bioengineering, regenerative medicine is the process of recreating human cells, tissues, or organ in
order to restore normal function. Regrowing organs to replaced damaged or unhealthy ones,
regenerating healthy tissue as a replacement to their diseased counterparts, and speeding up the
process of organ 's healing themselves are all examples of regenerative medicine. To do this,
medical personnel must use stem cells. Stem cells, according to Stewart Sell, are

The Evolution Of Stem Cells
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into specialized cells that
make up various organs in our body. Intriguingly, if the stem cells are given the right conditions,
they can divide, differentiate and self–organize to form an organ by itself. Organs formed in this
manner are called organoids. Specifically, Organoids are structures resembling organs, generated
from embryonic stem cells in a three–dimensional culture system similar to in vivo. However, these
structures need to possess specific characteristics in order to be termed as organoids; must contain
multiple cell types of the organ it models (organ specific), must exhibit some specific functions of
that organ and the cells should be spastically organized to mimic the targeted organ. Organoids have
the ability to recapitulate the organ by self organizing itself. Self–organizing is governed by the
combination of sorting out and fate specification and also, due to a growing movement away from
two–dimensional culture. Different organoids can be generated different organs. Although, the
generation of 3D organoids is a relatively new concept, it holds the potential to make promising
changes in the field of medicine. Organoids are mostly formed by differentiation and culturing of
stem cells. The general procedure used for generating organoid involves growing embryoid from
stem cells. The embryo has 3 germ layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm which differentiate
to form various

Ethical Concerns Of Stem Cell Research
Steven Weinberg, a famous theoretical physicist, once said, "It does not help that some politicians
and journalists assume the public is interested only in those aspects of science that promise
immediate practical applications to technology or medicine" (Doc, 2016). Though this refers to
many, if not all, fields of science when there are new technological advances, there is one in
particular that falls under this assumption. There are two basic fields within stem cell research and
the one under the most scrutiny is embryonic stem cell research. To be able to use their stem cells
without killing them has not been developed yet, so many articles on ethical concerns of stem cell
research are focused on this specific topic. Many areas of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
As a result of their abilities, stem cells have the potential to develop into many separate cell types in
the body during early life. In addition, many tissues they serve as a sort of internal repair system,
dividing practically without limit to replenish other cells as long as the organism is still alive (NIH,
2015). When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to remain a stem cell or become
another type of cell with a function that is permanent.
Until recently, scientists primarily worked with two kinds of stem cells from animals and humans:
embryonic stem cells and non–embryonic "somatic" or "adult" stem cells (NIH, 2015). The detailed
study of the biology of mouse stem cells led to the discovery of a method to derive stem cells from
human embryos and grow the cells in the laboratory (NIH, 2015). These are the human embryonic
stem cells. In 2006, another breakthrough was made by identifying conditions that would allow
some specialized adult cells to be "reprogrammed" to acquire a stem cell–like state, called induced
pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (NIH, 2015).
Though they are thought to be limited in their capabilities, adult stem cells, and tissues derived from
them, are believed to less likely to reject after transplantation. This is because a patient 's own cells
could be coaxed into assuming a specific cell type (differentiation), and then reintroduced into the
patient (NIH, 2015). This represents a significant advantage, as immune rejection can

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells And The Maintenance Of...
Alyssa Gbewonyo
Biology 441
Section 16138
December 11, 2014 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells–Derived Neural Crest Stem Cells and the
maintenance of Neural crest stem cell multipotency
Stem cells are unspecialized cells, which have the potential to develop into several different cell
types–muscle cells, brain cells, skin cells, or red blood cells–during early development. Stem cells
continuously divide in order to replace other cells. As stem cells divide, they have the potential to
develop into a specialized cell or remain a stem cell. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) play an
essential role in tissue regeneration, and can circumvent immune system concerns. There are a
variety of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem
cells. However, the main focus of this paper will be the usage of induced pluripotent stem cells.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells–Derived Neural Crest Stem Cells Induced pluripotent stem cells are
adult cells that are genetically altered in order to match embryonic stem cells. In order to achieve
this embryonic stem cell–like nature, induced pluripotent stem cells are impelled to express genes
and factors required to maintain the properties of embryonic stem cells. The main iPSC discussed in
this paper will be derived neural crest stem cells (NCSCs). Derived neural crest stem cells are
present in both the embryonic neural crest and the

A Research On Limb Regeneration
Researchers have been conducting studies that could bring us closer to a breakthrough in
regenerative medicine. Scientifically, regeneration means the process of regrowth of damaged or
lost tissue. When the human body has become fully matured, around the age twenty–five human
organs, such as the liver can be regenerated. If any damage is caused to the liver it is capable of
regenerating itself, although it may not fully return to its original state. Our skin can also be
classified as undergoing regeneration, as it is continually being renewed through peeling. Although
humans are capable of a small form of regeneration we are incapable of regenerating complex
organs with complete function after surgery or amputation. With that said, this information has lead
me to question whether or not scientific technology is able to trigger tissue regeneration within the
human body? After years of research on limb regeneration scientist believe that the key to human
limb regeneration is held within salamanders. If a salamander were to lose a tail or leg it would not
be a horrible incident because they have the ability to regenerate their damaged limbs back to its
original state. This natural ability of the salamander has caught the attention of many researchers
who are interested in applying regenerative medicine on human amputees. Before applying any type
of regenerative medicine to amputees researchers need to consider the side affects this could have
on humans, as well as if we even

A Statistical Physics Model ( Or Soal )
A Statistical Physics Model ( or SOAL Stochastically Oriented Asymmetric Localization) for Axon
Outgrowth Patterning Normally, at the leading edge, the molecular mechanism produces axon
outgrowth activity and moves plasma membrane extension of HSN cell body in the ventral direction
(Adler et al., 2006). However, in mutants, the different directions of axon outgrowth from the HSN
cell body scored to create a probability distribution for axon outgrowth activity directions, diffusion
and displacement (Tang and Wadsworth, 2014). Therefore, the axon outgrowth pattering is altering.
Previous study reported that the extracellular guidance cues, including UNC–6/Netrin and its
receptor have role in determining the axon outgrowth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using the probability distribution, we compared the probabilities in wild type and mutants. For
example, UNC–6/Netrin extracellular guidance cues can decreases or increase the probability of
UNC–40 activity at each side of the neuron. Thus, this probability is directed as a stochastic process.
In more evidence, the probability of axon outgrowth activity in ventral direction is decreased,
whereas the probability of axon outgrowth in other directions is increased in mutants (Xu et al.,
2009; Kulkarni et al, 2013; Yang et al., 2014; Tang and Wadsworth, 2014). Therefore, the guidance
cues control the direction of movement fluctuates over time. We report that this probabilities can
cause different regions of the neurons plasma membrane to move in different directions. Thus the
axon outgrowth extension morphology is abnormal and cause new axon outgrowth patterning.
Genetic evidence indicates that UNC–40/DCC, a central regulator of polarization in multicellular
animals (Ziel and Sherwood, 2010), mediates several signals that regulates the polarization and
orientation in response to UNC–6/Netrin. UNC–40::GFP clusters randomly along the cell surface in
response to polarization signal whereas the orientation signal causes the UNC–40::GFP cluster
toward specific direction (Xu et al., 2009; Kulkarni et al., 2013; Tang and Wadsworth, 2014).
Consisting with a random walk, we hypothesize that random walk used to

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nmps
Introduction Every year, thousands of individuals worldwide are affected by Spinal Cord Injury
(SCI), a devastating neurological disorder that, unfortunately, remains without an effective therapy,
since the current approved approaches are essentially palliative1. Several types of new therapeutic
strategies, including cellular, molecular and combinatorial approaches, have been studied in the
recent years. Cell therapies, aiming particularly at replacing lost neurons and recovering the
neuronal circuitry, are typically seen as holding a great potential for changing the paradigm towards
more curative interventions. Numerous approaches are being developed, each one having its own
advantages and disadvantages as it has been reviewed elsewhere1, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This would represent a major technical advancement and gives a new hope for the development of
the desired effective spinal cord regeneration therapies. Notwithstanding, it is still necessary to
refine the methods for differentiation of NMPs into spinal cord motor neurons and to guarantee that
the specific neuronal subtypes are generated with precision. In turn, this refinement will require a
more complete understanding of NMPs and their differentiation, and also of the molecular
mechanisms involved in the DV patterning of the spinal

The Ethics And Morality Of Stem Cell Research
The Ethics and Morality Of Stem Cell Research
When does life begin? Does it occur at the time of fertilization? Does it begin at 12 weeks? 6? Or is
there some other test determining whether or not a life begins and along with it the rights, that reside
to man. The natural rights that belong to every human being, most importantly of which, the right to
life. This is the discussion and debate that have been in the forefront of controversial issues for the
past 40 years. In most cases the topic of abortion is usually at the main focal point, but there are
many topics of debate that come with the territory of the beginning of life, and whether or not it is
moral to follow through with certain medical procedures. The topic discussed in ... Show more
Or in his own words, "I have always felt a nagging uneasiness at trying to rationalize the killing of
something for which I claim to have a "profound respect."" In this case the matter of the morality of
the abortion issue of stem cell research is less of a matter, than if it is taken place it must be done
with common sense and the respect. Though in doing so in a way that coincides with the definition
of whether the embryo is considered a human or not can respect still be respected. This is because,
respecting embryos for stem cell research and destroying them for research is not mutually
exclusive.
Manninen article begins with former President George W. Bush. ON July 16, 2006 the former
president vetoed for the first time in his presidency at the time, the Stem Cell Research
Enhancement Act. The act would have relaxed, federal restrictions on the federal funding for
embryonic stem cell research in the United States. In protecting his veto, the former president said:
"These boys and girls are not spareparts ... they remind us of what is lost when embryos are
destroyed in the name of research". It is clear what the former president thought about the morality
of the issue. The author writes, the president and others with that premise give only two choices in
stem cell research. Either the embryo

A Compartment Of Tendon Progenitors
A Somitic Compartment of Tendon Progenitors Summary
Tendons are some of the most important tissues in the body of any organism, transferring the power
created by the muscles to the bones and allowing coordinated body movements to occur. However,
until recently there was very little known about the origin of this tissue and most of the research
performed focused on the limbs and the tendons associated with them. Along with the limited
amount of research seemingly none of it was focused on the axial and ventrolateral body wall
tendons. It was not until the discovery of Scleraxis (Scx), a bHLH transcription factor found in
progenitor cells and mature tendons, that tendons could be observed through the embryonic stages
(Schweitzer et al. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Upon confirming that axial and intercostal tendons originated from the somites, the researchers
wanted to determine if the other somitic compartments affected the syndetome fate. Double whole–
mount in situ hybridization was used to compare Scx in progenitor cells, Pax1 in sclerotome, and
MyoD in myotome. Scx expression was restricted to the anterior and posterior borders while MyoD
expression was present in the center of the myotome with no overlap of the two markers. When Scx
was compared to Pax1 it appeared that they existed in the same region; however, Pax1 was
expressed more ventromedial and Scx was closer to the myotome, these markers did not have any
overlap either. Additionally, Scx expression occurred much later in development compared to MyoD
and Pax1(Kiefer and Hauschka, 2001; Stockdale et al., 2000). It showed that the Scx expression
progenitor cells had a distinct fate producing a separate compartment of tendon progenitor cells,
which did not overlap with the adjacent tissues.
To establish the origin of the syndetome a fate map was created using a chick–quail chimera where
two successive sclerotomes or dermomyotomes were transplanted from a quail to a chick embryo.
Utilizing in situ hybridization to visualize Scx expression and QCPN to identify quail cells,
sclerotome and Scx expressing tendon

What Activity During Oocyte Activation Prevents...
What activity during oocyte activation prevents penetration by additional sperm?
There are to methods consisting of an electrical block and mechanical block, which prevents
penetration of additional sperms during oocyte activation. Electrical block involves the absences of
fertilization (the oocyte contains a negative charge within and the sperm a positive charge). For
instance, if an oocyte comes into contact with a sperm the negative charge within the oocyte
changes to positive resulting any other sperms from penetrating the oocyte since the repulsive forces
between like charges. However, a mechanical block operates primarily in mammals and other
animals such as endoplasmic reticulum. The calcium ion stimulates the vesicles to undertake
exocytosis of molecules from cortical granules modifying the extracellular membranes such as the
vitelline membrane and the zona pellucida to harden preventing polyspermy, therefore, resulting in
creating a barrier against ruther sperm penetration. However, in mammals the first sperm to enter
into the egg; the cortical granules found in the cortex of the egg secretes a serine protease allowing
it to shift its properties of the membrane of the zona pellucida typically the layer found outside the
plasma membrane. The protease grinds up the proteins and function as a receptor in binding a sperm
(i.e. ZP3 glycoproteins and ZP2) as well as the ones that adhere the cell membrane to the vitelline
envelope. The secreted molecules consist of

The Effects Of Stem Cell On The Human Body
Reflect back to the year 1984, to the tragic day former professional boxer Muhammad Ali was
diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. In a blink of an eye, Ali's career slipped through his fingertips.
Unfortunately, many tragedies such as Ali's occur everyday whether it is due to an accident or
disease. I can relate to this issue along with others who may know someone who suffers from a life
long disease such as Parkinson's, paralysis, or diabetes. For quite some time these diseases have
been seen as incurable but embryotic stem cells may hold the cure. With that said, many researchers
in the medical field have become quite involved in the study of stem cells. A stem cell is an
immature cell that has the potential to become specialized into ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Although this research could theoretically cure life long diseases, ethical concerns have been
brought to the attention to many religions that are against embryonic stem cell research. As I took a
closer look at the religion aspect, such as Catholicism and Christianity, the research of ESC is
ostracized because the process involves the destruction of a human in its early stages of life. For
many religions this study has been compared to abortions in that researchers are not giving the
embryo the right to its life (Robertson). From my personal view as a catholic, I do believe that
conception declares the start of a human life. Embryos are not just an assortment of cells that can be
researched without limitations, they are a person and should be held with respect, and have the same
rights as a born child or elder. Along with Christianity and Catholicism, Mormons trust it would be
wrong to destroy the embryo no matter what the gestational age is (Dawson). However, I do not
believe religions are gazing at the scientific prospective of embryotic stem cell research. Religions
that are against ESC research oppose it because they believe scientists are harming healthy embryos
but I do not consider that to be the case. There are cases in which an embryo does fail to develop
whether it is from miscarriage, abortion, or infertility. Only in

Benefits Of Embryonic Stem Cells
Erika Ramos
Mrs. DeCarvalho
English 10
13 April 2015
The Benefits of Stem Cells
Stem cell research holds the cures and treatments for most of the major diseases in the world. Many
people with major and deadly diseases may be benefited by stem cell research. Other people have
been fortunate enough to have had the benefits of it already. There are two types of cells, which are
embryonic and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells can become any type of cell, for example,
blood, brain tissue, and skin cells. Many people may not be supportive of this research because of
cloning fears. Other people do not support it because of the use of aborted embryos for research.
Stem cells will save many people's lives all over the world. Stem cell research ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In October 2014, a study showed that stem cells could help people with macular degeneration,
which is a disease that causes continuous loss of sight. Researchers followed eighteen patients for
three years and saw no signals of rejection of the transplanted stem cells (Young). Stem cells can
also be used to create brain tissue. The creation of brain tissue with stem cells will provide the
treatments for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, and Dementia. These treatments may not cure the
disease completely, but it could stop the progression of the disease. It could also reverse some of the
damage already done. "Anything that might reasonably be called a real brain is going to have to
pass more tests than simply being made of brain cells and looking a bit like a brain under a
microscope"(Coath 4). "Any technique that gives us 'something like a brain' that we can modify,
work on, and watch as it develops has to be exciting"(Coath 4). On September 2013, the creation of
cerebral organoids was achieved. Cerebral organoids are pea–sized brain tissue. This achievement of
brain tissue organs can help researchers explore important questions about brain development and
brain functions. All this research and new developments on stem cells gets researchers a little closer
every time to actually finding the cure for a brain

The Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Since the discovery of human embryonic stem cells, scientists have had high hopes for their use in
treating a wider variety of diseases because they are "pluripotent," which means they are capable of
differentiating into one of many cell types in the body.
However, the acquisition of human embryonic stem cells from an embryo can cause the destruction
of the embryo, thus raising ethical concerns. In 2006, researchers introduced an alternative to
harvesting embryonic stem cells called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. They provided evidence
that it was possible to send a normal adult cell back to an undifferentiated, pluripotent stem cell state
by introducing genetic material ("outside" DNA) into the cell, a process that alters the original state
of the cell.
To avoid the use of embryonic stem cells, other researchers have focused more on the use of adult
stem cells, but the use of these cells is limited because, unlike embryonic stem cells that grow into
any type of mature cell, adult stem cells can only grow into certain cell types.
Now, researchers from Harvard–affiliated Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), in collaboration
with the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology in Japan, have demonstrated that any mature
adult cell (a "somatic" cell) has the potential to turn into the equivalent of an embryonic stem cell. In
an article to be published in the Jan. 30 issue of Nature, researchers demonstrate, in a preclinical
model, a novel and unique way that cells can be

Central Nervous System
Generation of pattern and diversity in Central Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS) is
composed of brain and the spinal cord. Neurons constitute a major part of the developing CNS. An
axon is an extension of a neuron. The brain grows as a swelling at the front (rostal) end of the neural
tube and later leads to become a spinal cord (1,2). Development of the CNS involves many complex
mechanisms beginning at the onset of transformation of a single layer of ectodermal cells, the
neuroectoderm until the end of the differentiation process resulting into highly complex structure
involving variety of neural cell types (1,2). A large number of cell types need to be arranged
spatially and temporally to form a complex structure during an ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A distinct subset of cells (roof–plate) can be identified on the dorsal midline along the entire
anterior– posterior axis of the CNS. Roof–plate acts as an organizing center that control mechanisms
of dorsal CNS development. With the closure of dorsal end (caudal) of neural tube, arise the
interneuron progenitors with non–overlapping expression of Basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH)
Transcription factors (TFs) including Math1, Ngn1/2 and Mash1 in the ventricular region of the
developing dorsal spinal cord. (6) Mediators of roof–plate patterning activity in a developing spinal
cord include secretory factors of BMP and Wnt signaling cascades. (6,7) It has been documented
that there is a mutual antagonistic effect between Wnt and BMP signaling pathways in regulation of
differentiation and proliferation of neuroepithelial cells in the dorsal spinal cord. (8). Several other
signaling pathways like the retinoic acid signaling and homeodomain TF– Lbx1expression in a
group of interneurons is found to be crucial for dorsal spinal cord development. However, there are
evidences that had shown roof plate dependent patterning in the rostral (anterior) CNS. It is also
hypothesized to influence the development of dorsal hindbrain and forebrain. (6) The vertebrate
CNS is a very

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Essays
Describe:– (i) how induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are isolated (ii) how iPSCs can be used to
study human development (iii) how iPSCs can be used to model human disease and to develop
therapies for degenerative disease i) iPSCs are adult stem cells that have been genetically
reprogrammed to behave like the pluripotent stem cells found in embryos, i.e. can differentiate into
any cell type in the human body. This was first completed successfully in mice in 2006 by Shinya
Yamanaka and his team (Takahashi et al., 2006), then in humans in 2007 both by Yamanaka
(Takahashi et al., 2007), and by James Thomson and his team in America independently (Yu, et al.,
2007). Yamanaka and Thomson's methods were similar. In the report by Yu et ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
964–965). ii) Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells isolated from blastocysts,
and are highly useful in studying human development (Itzkovitz–Eldor et al., 2000 p. 88). Although
the National Institute of Health states that "it is not known if iPSCs and embryonic stem cells differ
in clinically significant ways", iPSCs are already being used to achieve the same results as ESCs in
some applications without the use of embryos, removing the ethical concern associated with ESCs
(National Institutes of Health, 2009). ESCs are capable of differentiating into all cell types, and can
be used as a source of differentiated cells. In the report by Itskovitz–Eldor et al., they discuss the
induced differentiation of ESCs in suspension into embryoid bodies, including the three embryonic
germ layers. The authors state that "the ability to induce formation of human embryoid bodies that
contain cells of neuronal, hematopoietic and cardiac origins will be useful in studying early human
embryonic development" (Itzkovitz–Eldor et al., 2000 p. 88). This is invaluable in terms of studying
the early stages of human foetal development. As iPSCs are better understood, and the methods of
generating them are refined, they have the potential to play an increasingly integral role in our study
of human development, in place of ESCs. In the report by Itzkovitz–Eldor et al. it is noted that the
ability

Role Of Homeobox Geness
Introduction The expression of homeobox (or HOX) genes is essential for the development of the
normal embryo. These genes encode proteins that act as transcription factors called homeoproteins
which regulate development of the embryo across the anterior–posterior (AP) axis. Homeoproteins
are the ultimate regulators of development; however – mutations in the homeobox genes –
specifically – HOXC10 are oncogenic (by gain–of–function mutations) and aid in the proliferation
of certain cancer types and developmental disorders. Elucidation of HOXC10, its function in
embryonic development at the molecular level, and characteristics shared among the function(s) of
its paralogues should allow for better understanding of HOXC10's role primarily ... Show more
In embryonic development – spatial patterning along with HOX gene expression indicates the order
of paralogues within the cluster–according to 3 distinct aspects: (1.) spatial collinearity indicates the
position of a HOX gene or cluster of genes from 3' to 5' which induces embryonic development
along the AP axis; (2.) temporal collinearity indicates the position of a HOX gene or cluster of genes
from 3' to 5' that coordinates HOX gene expression during development; and (3.) posterior
prevalence – HOX genes that reside closer to 5' areas of the cluster will possess a dominant
phenotype compared to those that reside closer to 3' areas of the cluster. The nature of these aspects
provides further insight into the complex nature of gene expression, regulation, and the basis of
morphogenesis. Given that there are 4 paralogous clusters – these actions of collinearity suggest
some form of redundancy in HOX gene function (Shah, N paper).
The role of HOXC10 in development: Homeodomain–containing gene 10 (HOXC10) belongs to the
HOXC gene cluster that resides on chromosome 12 (ACAMPORA_HUMAN HOX FAMILY).
Expression of the gene leads to the production of a transcription factor that possesses a helix–turn–
helix motif and functions as either a monomer or heterodimer containing a unique three–amino acid
loop–extensions called TALE. TALE functions as a co–factor and promotes embryonic development
and tumorigenesis. Nonetheless–common TALE domains

An Observation of Development of Danio Rerio
An Observation of Development of Danio rerio Principles of Nervous System Development An
observation of development of Danio rerio Xenopus laevis and Danio rerio are two models that are
extensively used to study early embryonic development, in particular, neurulation. During this
practical Danio rerio was used as the model, however the advantages and disadvantages of the use
of both models will be discussed herein. Both Xenopus and Zebrafish are excellent model organisms
in the study of development. They can both be generated in the lab at relatively low cost and
development of the embryos can be observed within a relatively short time frame. The eggs
themselves are also very easy to observe due to their transparency. Xenopus can be generated
through in vitro fertilisation or natural mating with an optimal temperature of 23°C (Xenbase.org
2014). Zebrafish similarly can be generated in relatively large sizes, by maintaining them on long
day photoperiods of about 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark with their development, once
fertilized and incubated between 26–28°C, hatching between 3–4 days (Bradford and Sun 1994).
Both Xenopus and Zebrafish have a known genome and knockdowns of genes etc., can be easily
performed and observed as micro–manipulation of both Zebrafish and Xenopus are relatively easy
to do as they are robust embryos. It is also worth mentioning that while both animals are excellent
models for development, genetic studies cannot be done on Xenopus

Ethical Concerns Of Stem Cell Research Essay
Steven Weinberg, a famous theoretical physicist, once said, "It does not help that some politicians
and journalists assume the public is interested only in those aspects of science that promise
immediate practical applications to technology or medicine" (Doc, 2016, p. 1). Though this refers to
many, if not all, fields of science when there are new technological advances, there is one in
particular that falls under this assumption. There are two basic fields within stem cell research and
the one under the most scrutiny is embryonic stem cell research. To be able to use their stem cells
without killing them has not been developed yet, so many articles on ethical concerns of stem cell
research are focused on this specific topic. Many areas of science are treated as unethical, but stem
cell research, which is considered the worst,could single–handedly reshape the world as we know it.
Description of Stem Cells
Unlike the other cells that make up living organisms, stem cells are very different from the others by
two distinguishing characteristics. First, they can be used to become tissue or other specific cells,
mainly organs, with special functions. Second, they are generalized cells capable of restoring
themselves through cell division (NIH, 2015). In some organs, including bone marrow, stem cells
regularly divide to repair and replace worn out or damaged tissues. In other organs, however, such
as the pancreas and the heart, stem cells only divide under special conditions

Stem Cells: Characterization and Biomedical Importance...
Over the past decade, stem cell biology has been an area that has caused much controversy. Stem
cells have the ability to differentiate into many different types of cells and therefore, advocates of
stem cell research argue that the cells have various medical applications. On the other hand,
opponents of stem cell research denounce the use of human embryos for research purposes,
claiming that the embryos represent human lives and that experimentation with them and
subsequent annihilation of them is the same as killing a living human being. Nevertheless, the
potential uses for stem cells are endless and stem cells have the ability to completely change modern
medical practices.
Human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) are characterized by ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Prior to 2001, the primary method used to isolate embryonic stem cell lines was to identify and
segregate single colonies under a dissecting microscope. However, this process was time–
consuming and costly and served to inhibit stem cell research. A new method has been developed
that involves introducing a reporter gene into the embryonic stem cells and separating stem cell
lines due to the gene's effects (Eiges et al. 2001).
The human embryonic stem cells were first transfected with enhanced green fluorescence protein
(EGFP), under the control of the murine Rex–1 promoter. The cells with EGFP demonstrated high
levels of GFP expression when in the undifferentiated state and therefore showed high levels of
fluorescence. As the cells differentiated, the levels of GFP expression decrease along with the
degree of fluorescence. The undifferentiated cells were then isolated from the culture using a
Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS) (Eiges et al. 2001).
Furthermore, the pluripotent nature of the human embryonic stem cells was verified due to the
results obtained using this new method. Since the fluorescence of the stem cells changed in some
cases, it was clear that the human embryonic stem cells had differentiated. In addition, the ability of
the stem cells to form embryoid bodies (EBs), Irregularly shaped clumps of cellular structures that
contain tissue from all three of the

A Research Study On Regenerative Medicine

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A Research Study On Regenerative Medicine