Why Do Glass Bottles Recyclable

Why Do Glass Bottles Recyclable
Time span of usability of Glass Bottles Do glass bottles have a time span of usability? After all glass
is delicate, breaks effortlessly and can even a crack can bargain your items. In addition, it is
substantial so costs more in transport and storing particularly if dispatches pass by weight. Be that
as it may, glass bottles have numerous encouraging points to support them. First and foremost, glass
has been around for a considerable length of time, vouching for its unceasing and innate allure. For
the other it has superb boundary properties. Glass bottles all alone have an uncertain time span of
usability – glass is 100 percent recyclable. For whatever length of time that glass is not harmed,
crack or broken it keeps going for all intents
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Cream Vs Ointment
WEEK 1
What is the meaning of sustained release on medication bottle?
Oxford University Press Dictionary tells us that sustained release means denoting a drug preparation
in a capsule containing numerous tiny pellets with different coatings that release their contents
steadily over a long period.(OxfordLivingDictionary,2017)
What is the difference between a cream and an ointment?
A cream is a semisolid and comes in both aqueous and oily bases. It absorbs into the skin. An
example would be benzoyl perioxide. The ointment is similar to a cream, but it does absorb into the
skin it protects it locally. It can have soothing, astringent, or systemic effects. An example of an
ointment would be neosporin.
Explain the purposes, advantages, and disadvantages ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disadvantages are takes longer to absorb, might taste bad, and less medicine gets to the target tissue.
2.) Sublingual– placing the tablet under the tounge or between the cheeks(buccal route) should be
small and lipid sloubile
Advantages are fast absorbing, less first pass effect, and drug no longer has any effect when spit out.
Disadvantages are inconvenient, unpleasant taste, or patient might swallow it.
Rectal Route– drug is given directly into the anus comes in solid form(suppositories) or liquid
form(enema) used a lot in older patients can have a local or systemic action after it's absorbed
Advantages are avoids nausea or vomiting, preferred for irritating drugs, and preferred if patient is
unconscious or uncooperative.
Disadvantages are patients don't accept it easily, has 50% first pass metabolism, and diagnostic test
for finding the pathology of lower intestines.
Intravenous Route– these drugs are injected
Advantages are immediate action, no waiting for absorption, and large amounts of fluids can

Disadvantages Of The Ideal Characteristics Of Rapidmelts
Ideal characteristics of Rapidmelts (31):
1. No water requirement for swallowing purpose but it should dissolve or disintegrate in the mouth
usually within fraction of seconds.
2. Provide pleasant feeling in the mouth.
3. Be compatible with taste masking.
4. Leave negligible or no residue in the mouth after oral administration.
5. Dissolve or disperse in the mouth within matter of seconds.
6. Exhibit low sensitivity to environmental conditions as humidity and temperature.
7. Allow the manufacture of tablet using conventional processing and packing equipments at low
cost.
8. Less friable and should have sufficient hardness.
Advantages of Rapidmelts(30):
1. Improved patient compliance.
2. Rapid onset of action and may offer an improved bioavailability.
3. Useful for pediatric, geriatric and psychiatric patients.
4. Suitable during travelling where water may not be available.
5. High drug loading is possible.
6. Leave minimum residue in the mouth after oral administration.
7. Cost effective.
8. Conventional manufacturing equipment.
9. Good chemical stability as conventional oral solid dosage form.
10. No specific packaging is required.
11. Minimum risk of suffocation in airways due to physical obstruction when rapidmelts are
swallowed, thus they provide improved safety and compliance with their administrations.
12. Pregastric absorption result in improved bioavailability and because of reduced dosage form
improved clinical performance through a reduction of

Experimental Oral Controlled Release And Site Specific...
ABSTRACT Oral controlled release and site specific drug delivery system has been of great interest
in pharmaceutical field to achieve improved therapeutic advantage. Drug absorption in the
gastrointestinal tract is a highly variable procedure and prolonging gastric retention of the dosage
form extends the time for drug absorption. Gastro retentive drug delivery system is one of such
novel approaches to prolong gastric residence time, thereby targeting site specific drug release in the
stomach for local or systemic effects. This approach is useful particularly for the drugs which have
narrow absorption window in the upper part of gastro intestinal tract. Various approaches of gastro
retentive drug delivery system, such as floating and non–floating, have been discussed in this
review. This review also gives an overview of merits, demerits and evaluation parameters of gastro
retentive system.
Key words: Gastro retentive drug delivery system, non–floating system, floating system, evaluation
parameters
INTRODUCTION: Despite the tremendous advancement in drug delivery, oral route is the most
preferred route to the systemic circulation due to the ease of administration, low cost of drug, patient
compliance and flexibility in formulation. About 90% of all drugs used to produce systemic effects
are administered by oral route. Of the drugs that are administered orally, solid oral dosage forms
represent the preferred class of products. Tablets are the most common type of

What Is Separation And Separation Of Cyclodextrin?
4.1 PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TOLBUTAMIDE–β CYCLODEXTRIN
COMPLEX Cyclodextrin mainly has been used as complexing agent to increase the aqueous
solubility of poorly water–soluble drugs and to increase their bioavailability and stability. In
addition, cyclodextrin has been used to reduce or prevent gastrointestinal or ocular irritation, reduce
or eliminate unpleasant smells or tastes, prevent drug–drug or drug–additive interactions, or even to
convert oils and liquid drugs into microcrystalline or amorphous powders.
Cyclodextrin increase the aqueous solubility of many poorly soluble drugs by forming inclusion
complexes with their nonpolar molecules or functional groups. The resulting complex hides most of
the hydrophobic functionality in the interior cavity of the cyclodextrin while the hydrophilic
hydroxyl groups on the external surface remain exposed to the environment. The net effect is that a
water soluble cyclodextrin–drug complex is formed. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Precondition for the absorption of an orally administered drug is its release from the formulation in
dissolved form. When drug is complexed with cyclodextrin, dissolution rate and consequently
absorption is enhanced. Reducing the hydrophobicity of drugs by cyclodextrin complexation also
improves their percutaneous or rectal absorption. In addition to improving solubility, cyclodextrins
also prevent crystallization of active ingredients by complexing individual drug molecules so that
they can no longer self–assemble into a crystal

Non Greasy Pastes As Semisolid Dosage Form
Based on United State Pharmacopeia, pastes are defined as semisolid dosage forms that contain one
or more drug substances intended for topical application. (Pharmaceutical Dosage Form, 2009)
Pastes are intended for application to the skin, oral cavity, or mucous membranes. Pastes are usually
prepared from fats, fatty oils, petrolatum, paraffin, waxes, glycerin or water by mixing
homogeneously powdered drug with the foregoing materials as bases. (General Requirements for
Pharmaceutical Preparation) There are two classes of paste which are fatty pastes and non–greasy
pastes which is made from single phase aqueous gel.
Although the preparations of pastes are similar to ointment, there are still having differences
between paste and ointment. Compared to ointments and gels, pastes contain a high proportion of
finely powdered medicaments. Pastes are generally composed of ointment bases that contain a high
concentration (frequently 50%w/w) of dispersed drug. Hence, the viscosity of pastes is higher than
that of pharmaceutical ointment. The base for pastes may be anhydrous (liquid or soft paraffin) or
water soluble (glycerol or a mucilage). (Prashant, 2010)
Furthermore, pastes take some advantages over the ointments. Pastes are more often used for
protective action compared to ointments. This is because pastes ordinarily do not flow at body
temperature so it can serve as protective coatings. Fatty pastes that have a high proportion of
hydrophilic solids are less greasy and more

Evaluation Parameters Of Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery...
ABSTRACT Oral sustained drug release and specific site drug delivery system in pharmaceutical
field to achieve improved therapeutic advantage. Drug absorption in GIT varies and increased
gastric retention time of the dosage form extends the time of drug absorption. It is one of the novel
drug delivery system to prolong gastric residence time. Thereby implementing site specific drug
release in the stomach for local and systemic effect. It is very useful for the drugs which having
narrow absorption Rate. Various forms of gastro retentive drug delivery system , such as floating
and non–floating. This article can give an account on merits, demerits and evaluation parameters of
gastro retentive system.
Key words: Gastro retentive drug delivery system, non–floating system, floating system, evaluation
parameters
INTRODUCTION: Advancement in drug delivery, oral route is the most common route to the
systemic circulation due to easiest way of administration, low cost of drug, patient compliance and
flexibility in formulation. About 90% of all drugs used are administered by oral route. Though the
drugs are administered orally, solid oral dosage forms is the most common class of products. Tablets
are the most common type of solid dosage form in use which is classified based on the drug release
pattern, i.e. immediate release and modified release. The immediate release tablets have many
drawbacks including non–site specific drug release. However, many drugs are absorbed from

Candesartan Case Study
3.4.12. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF CANDESARTAN IN–VIVO STUDY:
3.4.12.1 Estimation of Candesartan pharmacokinetic parameters:
The concentration of Candesartan in plasma of each rat and the respective average values at
different time intervals following the oral administration of pure Candesartan, Candesartan
conventional capsule dosage form and Candesartan optimized formulation (Run 18) are given in
Table 16. A comparative mean plasma concentration–time curve of pure Candesartan, Candesartan
conventional capsule dosage form and Candesartan optimized formulation (Run 18) are illustrated
in Fig.14. The mean pharmacokinetic parameters of the pure Candesartan, Candesartan conventional
capsule dosage form and Candesartan optimized formulation (Run 18) were estimated from the in
vivo experiments and the results are shown in the Table17––19 respectively. ... Show more content
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From these results it was observed that the peak plasma concentration values of Candesartan
optimized formulation (Run18) was improved enormously when compared with that of pure
Candesartan and Candesartan conventional capsule dosage form which indicated SEDDS
formulation improves the availability of drug drastically and in turn peak plasma

Application And Application Of Input Controls
Introduction Most firms try their best to protect the data entry process in their companies. As a
result, the current computing platforms come with a variety of applications. Some applications come
with forms, which expect a user to fill in particular details. To use them, consumers require various
interactive components to help them maneuver a page and operate applications. Besides, most
website pages will incorporate input controls into their forms to help consumers utilize applications
conveniently. The user interfaces will ensure that data entered is secure, safe, complete, and
accurate. In this context, users can enter data online or through automated processing platforms.
According to Veatch and Senning (2009), Input controls refer ... Show more content on
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Essentially, the focus should be on elements that promote the control of data accuracy and quality
for the sake of protecting users entering details on the pages. Without user controls, it is likely that
the implementation of data integrity while filling out forms would be impossible. In addition, they
help in the evaluation of data saved in databases, as they ensure that all elements are presented in
the same format. Presentation of data in a similar format makes it simpler to assess and ensure that
data compiled is homogenous in nature. Finally, the validation rules and check routines utilized in
input control functions ensure that data entered in a system is correct and meaningful (Perspective
Pixel Inc., 2014). Such processes guarantee that data presented by users filling a form make sense
and is of a rich quality to the organization in need of the data values entered.
Types and Functions of Input Controls The type of input control utilized is dependent on its function
on a page. Additionally, organizations employ particular user controls with the aim of limiting data
types; hence, facilitate easier manipulation of sent data. In the event that multiple type set of
questions is required for purposes of more accessible analyzes, there is the introduction of different
types of input controls. The input controls help in achieving data accuracy, as

Development of a Polymer-Based Matrix Tablet
In the present study development of a polymer–based matrix tablet was undertaken to produce a
sustained–release dosage form of Acebrophylline, since this dosage forms is relatively simple and
cheap to produce when compared to other. Different batches of drug Acebrophylline tablets were
manufactured by wet granulation technique, and evaluated for Pharmacopoeial and non–
Pharmacopoeial specifications. Dissolution testing was undertaken using USP Apparatus 2 (Paddle
Type), which allowed for a more realistic assessment and prediction of in vitro drug release rates.
Samples were analysed using a high performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC).
Formulation F5 shows optimum drug release. Drug and rate retarding polymers ratio used in this
formulation were Methocel K100 LV (14.86% w/w) and Methocel K4M (10.14%w/w), in ratio
(5.4:1.34:1). The results of in vitro drug release studies were treated with zero order, first order
kinetics, Higuchi, Hixon–Crowell and Korsemeyer‐Peppas model. In our experiments, the in‐vitro
release profiles of drug from all the formulations could be best expressed by Higuchi's equation, as
the plots showed high linearity (r2= 0.972 to 0.999 ) to confirm the diffusion mechanism. The data
were fitted into Korsemeyer‐Peppas model. All formulations F1 to F6 showed high linearity (r2=
0.969 to 0.998), with slope (n) values ranging from 0.383 to 0.683. This indicates that F1,F2 and F3
shows purely diffusion and F4, F5 and F6 shows coupling of diffusion and

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Valsartan
DEVELOPMENT & EVALUATION OF FAST DISINTEGRATING FILMS AND TABLETS OF
VALSARTAN G.Sandhyarani 1,M.Madhuri 2 1,2 vaageswari college of pharmacy,Karimnager
Corresponding Author:Sandhyaguggilla9@gmail.com Abstract Orodispersible dosage forms are
used for accurate dosing, enhanced bioavailability, rapid action, patient compliance, easy of
administration, enhanced palatability. Valsartan is a specific and selective type–1 angiotensin II
receptor antagonist which blocks the blood pressure increasing effects angiotensin II via the renin–
angiotensin–aldosterone system. Valsaratan orodispersible films are prepared using all polymers
HPMC E3,HPMC E15,HPMC 5cps,HPMC 15cps,HPMC 50cps, HPMC 50cps+CP in 39.68 mg.,
59.52 mg quantity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The drug release was found to be fast in ODFs than ODTs. REFERENCES C.P.Jain and P.S.
Naruka. Formulation and Evaluation of Fast dissolving Tablets of Valsartan. International Journal of
pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 1. Issue 1. July–Sept 2009 Choudhary DR, patel VA , kundawala AJ,
Formulation and evaluation of quick dissolving Film of levocetirizine dihydrochloride , Int J
Pharma Tech ,2011;3 (1) :1740–1749 Saini S , NandaA ., Dhari J., Formulation, development &
evaluation of oral fast dissolving anti–allergic film of levocetrizine dihydrochloride , J. Pharm. Sci.
& Res., 2011;3(7):1322–1325 Raju S., Reddy P., Kumar V., flash release oral films of
metoclopramide hydrochloride for pediatric use: formulation and in–vitro evaluation, j. Chem.
Pharm. Res., 2011;3(4):636–646 Patil SB.,Shahi SR., Formulation and evaluation of quick
dispersible tablet of Olanzapine , Int J Pharma . Res.Dev.,2009; 7(!),30–34 Mishra R and Amin A.,
Formulation and Characterization of Rapidly Dissolving Films of Cetirizine hydrochloride using
Pullulan as a Film Forming Agent ,Ind J Pharm Edu Res, 2011; 45(1)

Tablets Of Hydrochlorothiazide Using Natural Disintegrants
GE 5103 Project Management Presentation/Writing Assignment Rubric
DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF ORODISPERSIBLE
TABLETS OF HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE USING NATURAL DISINTEGRANTS
1) Project Initiation
Introduction
The main concept of the project is to design an oral dispersible tablets by using naturally
disintegrates.
Oral dosage form is one of the oldest form of the dosage system which is used by our ancestors for
treatment of many diseases, the bio availability of the drug is high and it is mostly taken with the
food and water, it is also a very safe mode of administration when compared to other forms.
The main reason for using natural disintegrates are 1) they are obtained naturally from plants, 2)
they are less in cost, 3) they have no very less side effects when compared to synthetic and semi
synthetic agents.Since the oral route of administration is most effective and can be easily
administrated without any need of others, the drug becomes effective to the body immediately after
4 to 5 minutes of administration of the drug through orally.
For the successful formulation of a drug one need to understand the basic frameworks of developing
a drug, those are physicochemical, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug. These are
the main functions that one need to understand before formulating a drug,and one also needs to
know how the body reacts to the given formulations of the drug. The anatomic and physical
characteristics of intestinal also one need

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nifedipines
INTRODUCTION1–4
Nifedipine is calcium channel blocker widely used clinically, in the treatment of cardiovascular
disorders, including hypertension and angina pectoris.1. It has poor aqueous solubility, resulting in
variable dissolution rates and often–irregular bioavailability.2 The combination of low aqueous
solubility and rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract leads to its classification into class II
of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System3.
Pellets are agglomerates of fine powders or granules of bulk drugs and excipients single most
important factor responsible for the proliferation of pelletized products is the popularity of
controlled release technology in the delivery of drugs. When the pellets containing active ingredient
are administered in–vivo in the form of suspensions, capsules, or disintegrating tablets, they offer
significant therapeutic advantages over single unit dosage forms, since pellets ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
When formulated as modified release dosage forms, pellets are less susceptible to dose dumping
than the reservoir–type single unit formulations.4 Micropellets technology delivers almost perfectly
spherical particles exhibiting a very narrow particle size distribution and excellent flow properties
and these are characterized by a smooth surface free of dust and thus provide optimal conditions for
subsequent film coating. Controlled release pellets are manufactured either to deliver the bioactive
agent at a specific site within the GIT or to sustain the action of drugs over an extended period of
time. While these results have been traditionally achieved through the application of a functional
coating material, at times the core pellets themselves have been modified to provide the desired
effect. This further enhances the role of pellets in oral dosage form

Taking a Look at Metronidazole
CHAPTER –I
1.1–INTRODUCTION
1.1.1–HISTORY:
Metronidazole,a 5 nitroimidazole,was discovered in 1950ʹs.It continous to be an important and
frequently used antibiotic for treatment of infections caused by anaerobic bacteria.Metronidazole
was discovered because of its activity against protozoans .However,a patient being treated with
Metronidazole for Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis,a protozoan infection,was noted to have marked
improvement in her gingivitis,which was caused by anaerobic bacteria.This led to investigations of
Metronidazoles activity against anaerobic bacteria.
Mascaratti OA.Bacteria verses Antibacterial Agents:An Integrated Approach.Washington,DC;ASM
Press;2003.
[Antibiotics Basis for Clinicians:The ABCs of Choosing the Right Antibacterial Agent By
Alan.R.Hauser page 92 read on 23rd Feb,2014]
Metronidazole is a drug widely used for the treatment of infections caused by anaerobic organism
either(a)protozoa such as Trichomonas vaginalis, which provokes vaginal discharges,and
Entameoba Histolytica,causing ameobic dysentry or (b)bacteria,e.g in abscesses and tissue necroses
caused by Bacteroids fragilis and antibiotic induced pseudomembranous colitis(Clostridium
difficile).The ultimate target may be DNA in bacteria and possibly,Carbohydrate metabolism in
protozoa.
Metronidazole is a small molecule that can passively diffuse into bacteria.An important component
of its structure is nitro group that extends from the core five membered ring,this

Case Study : Pharmaceutical Formulation Method Essay
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
Bachelor of Engineering Technology (Pharmaceutical) with Honours
BTP2153 Pharmaceutical Formulation Method
ASSIGNMENT 1
NAME: KONG YEE TONG
MATRIC NO: TD 14004
LECTURER: DR. KRISHNAMOORTHY MASILAMANI
DUE DATE: 9 MAY 2016
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Pastes are also intended for application to oral cavity or mucous membranes besides the skin. Pastes
are usually prepared from fats, fatty oils, petrolatum, paraffin, waxes, glycerin or water by mixing
water soluble (glycerol or mucilage). (Prashant, 2010)
Furthermore, pastes take some

Virtual Pharmaceutical: How It Works
Our company name: Virtual Pharmaceutical
Drug name: VPL874C (Market name = Betatrix)
Possible indications = migraine prophylaxis, hypertension, coronary heart disease
Problem – want oral dosage form. – but has short half life (3–4hr)
Solution – oral dosage form with extended release which releases drug slowly so that the plasma
concentrations are maintained at a therapeutic level for a prolonged period of time (usually between
8 and 12 hours).
Recent extended release formulations possible
pH–sensitive multiparticulate drug delivery system
– how it works: – a nano–suspension was made from with the drug, and then chitosan bead were
made, which were degradable selectively in the colon
Advantage – area specific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Numerous hydrophilic drug delivery products have been formulated, mainly as matrices, using
cellulosic polymers, and they are called "swelling–controlled release systems".
When these drug delivery systems come into contact with a thermodynamically compatible solvent,
relaxation of polymeric chains takes place. Swelling is the macroscopic evidence of this transition.
The dissolved drug diffuses into the external receiving medium, crossing the swollen polymeric
layer formed around the matrix. Commercial drug delivery systems for the oral route are
manufactured mainly in the dosage form of matrices: they are compounded by a significant amount
of drug dispersed in and compressed with a hydrophilic polymer, very often with the addition of
soluble or insoluble fillers.
the drug release rate appears to be independent of drug solubility at the same loading value. This is
due to the swelling and dissolution characteristics of polymer that prevail in determining front
movement. Finally, when the swelling front is no longer active, these systems behave as classical
erodible matrices and eventual constant release is due to synchronization of diffusing and eroding
front movement.

Why we don't use polyox
2.2. Preparation of hydrogels
Aqueous solutions of 1.50, 1.65, 1.83 and 2.00 g of PEO, have been prepared by dissolution in 100
ml distilled water. They are denoted as

Oral And Drug Delivery System
Oral administration is the most resourceful, convenient and major mode of drug delivery and is
associated with superior patient compliance as compared to other modes of drug intake (1).
Approximately 50% of drug delivery systems present in the market are oral drug delivery system
(2). But main difficulty encounter in oral formulation (as estimated more than 50% of oral
formulations are found to be poorly water soluble) has low bioavailability, giving increase to
additional problems like high inter and intra subject variability , lack of dose uniformity and finally
leading to therapeutic failure. The challenging mission is to increase the bioavailability of drugs (3).
To overcome this difficulty, the oral controlled release (CR) formulations have been developed , as
these will release the drug slowly into GIT and continue the constant drug concentration in the
serum for a long period of time(4). Fig 1: Physiology of Stomach
1.1. Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System (GRDDS)
The retention of oral dosage form in the upper GIT leading prolonged contact time of drug with the
GIT mucosa , leading to higher bioavailability and hence therapeutic efficacy , reduced time
intervals for drug administration , potentially reduced dose size and thus improved patient
compliance(5).
A most favourable GRDDS can be defined as a system which preserve in the stomach for a adequate
time interval against all the physiological barriers, releases active moiety in a controlled way

Animal Pharmaceuticals And Its Effects On The Abundance Of...
INTRODUCTION Animal pharmaceuticals also known as veterinary pharmaceuticals are drugs or
medicines used to prevent; diagnose and treat diseases, sickness, infections or injuries of the animal
species. (Animal Health Institute, 2016) The uses of veterinary products allow the animals to gain
back their health and sustain their life spent. The formulation of veterinary pharmaceuticals are
develop according to the techniques and procedures uses in developing human drug dosage form as
the fundamental pharmaceuticals development techniques required is similar. Examples of such
practice include preformulation data package, drug stability assessment and expiry date, sterility
declaration, drug pharmaco kinetics, and manufacturing processes. Veterinary drug products are also
exposed to the same Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) by the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) as the human drug products. (Gregory E. Hardee, 1998) Regardless, there are challenges in
development the veterinary dosage form due to the abundance of animal species. Unique veterinary
dosage forms are developed based on different species–dependent drug pharmacokinetics,
specialized dose administration devices and unique administration routes. Besides, animals do not
have the intelligence to medicate themselves through voluntary intake of pharmaceutical drugs, the
owner or veterinarian are required to administer the drugs or needed medication into the animals.
Hence, a variety of dosage form is introduced to ease

One Month Compounded Release Analysis
One formulation approach that could be used in order to develop a one–month sustained release
formulation of compound 5 as a microbicide would be using intravaginal rings. Intravaginal rings
are flexible and torus shaped devices that are placed in the vagina (adjacent to the cervix). A
concentration gradient is formed when the device comes into contact with the vaginal lumen and
hence the drug is released. The rings are usually made up of silicone or ethylene vinyl acetate.
The efficacy is maximized at lower doses and the side effects are less. The ring contains the drug
spread throughout the entire matrix. The rate of release of the drug depends on:
i. The solubility of the drug in the polymer ii. The surface area of the ring iii. The capability ... Show
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Pharmacokinetic analysis suggests that the orally administered nanoemulsions had a higher rate of
absorption and the concentration of the drug in the brain and plasma was the highest. Formulation:
The drug nanoemulsion was prepared by adding 50% of the drug solution (with dehydrated ethanol)
to one ml of safflower oil and it was stirred for the oil drug mixture to distribute homogenously and
for all the ethanol to evaporate. Deionized distilled water (contains egg phosphatidylcholine) and
deoxycholic acid.(40mg) make up the aqueous phase. Both the phases are heated at 70oc separately.
The oil phase was slowly added to the aqueous phase and stirred well. The mixture was then
sonicated (21% amplitude and 50%duty cycle). The mixture formed (drug containing
nanoemulsion) was then filtered and stored at 4oc.Preparation of aqueous suspension was made
using 3H Labeled drug and unlabeled drug in ethanol along with Deionized distilled water (contains
egg phosphatidylcholine) and deoxycholic acid. The suspension was sonicated in order to lessen the
particle size [2]. An example is Saquinavir (anti–HIV inhibitor) showed enhanced oral absorption
and increased concentration of drug in the brain when incorporated in a nanoemulsion

Design Formulation And Evaluation Of Gastroretentive...
DESIGN FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GASTRORETENTIVE FLOATING
TABLETS OF STAVUDINE
Mourya Adarsh*, Mrs.P. Haritha Sunil*, Praveen Kanna, Sampath.M
Department of Pharmaceutics, St.Pauls College of Pharmacy, Hayathnagar, Telangana, India
Abstract:
The purpose of the present research work was to design, formulate and evaluate the floating tablets
of Stavudine, a gastro retentive drug delivery system. Direct compression was used to prepare the
tablets using HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M and Carbopol 974(p) as polymers. Formulations were
prepared by varying the amount of polymers. The compatibility of drug with the polymers is
identified by using FTIR studies. Gastric floating of Stavudine tablets results from effervescence
produced by the reaction between sodium bicarbonate and hydrochloric acid in stomach. Twelve
formulations of floating tablets were prepared using direct compression technique with polymer
such as carbopol974 (p), HPMC grades, Xanthum gum, Guar gum, chitosan in different ratios. The
evaluation results revealed that all formulations comply with the specification of official
pharmacopoeias and/or standard reference with respect to general appearance, content uniformity,
hardness, friability and buoyancy. Out of all the formulation developed, formulation F8 containing
of Carbopol showed in vitro drug release of 97.8% upto desired time period of i.e., 24 hours. Thus it
is summarized; carbopol grades can be used in formulation of gastro retentive floating drug delivery

Advantages Of Drug Delivery System
Transmucosal route of drug delivery is widely accepted as a suitable way for administration of drugs
via buccal mucosa for local and systemic applications. Compared to other transmucosal routes,
buccal mucosa is approximately an immobile, highly accessible mucosa that characterized by wide
area of smooth muscles1. Moreover, buccal drug delivery systems offer various advantages
including the direct entry to the systemic circulation through the internal jugular vein avoiding first
pass metabolism and the evasion of any possible enzymatic degradation or acid hydrolysis in the
gastrointestinal tract1,2. Formulation of mucoadhesive buccal delivery system is necessary when
high residence in the buccal cavity is required to avoid inadequate drug ... Show more content on
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In the recent years, TRI is extensively studied as a potential anticancer candidate which
demonstrated activity against different cancer cell lines including, non–small–cell lung cancer
A549cells6 human prostate cancer7, melanoma 8 breast cancer MCF–7cell 9 and pancreatic cancer
cells 10. However, the clinical use of TRI is hampered by its low aqueous solubility (13.25±0.83
µg/mL at 37°C) and poor intestinal absorption which lead to its low oral bioavailability. All these
obstacles make the oral route not the best one for TRI administration; therefore switch to another
route of administration seems to be a promising approach.
Among different novel drug delivery systems, phytosomes are well–known as biocompatible
nanocarriers that have been used to improve solubility and permeability of different
phytopharmaceuticals. They are considered as self–assembled nanocarriers that based on
phospholipid complexation approach. This type of complexation involved formation of hydrogen
bonding between the polar head of phospholipid and the drug polar moieties. Such bonding imparts
phytosomes superior stability profile than other vesicular phospholipid based systems like
liposomes. Additionally, phospholipids can promote drug permeation through buccal mucosa by
virtue of their solubilizing action as well as their essential role in maintaining cell membrane
fluidity. However, up to our knowledge, no study has

Research And Development Of Oral Drug Delivery System
The purpose of writing this review was to investigate, compile, recent, current and past literatures.
In recent years several advancements has been made in research and development of oral drug
delivery system. Various drugs, which are unstable in alkaline pH, soluble in acidic pH, having
narrow absorption window, site of action specific to stomach can be developed by using this
technique. Gastro–retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) can improve the controlled delivery of
drugs that have an absorption window by continuously releasing the drug for a prolonged period of
time before it reaches to absorption site. These include floating system, swelling system, expanding
system, low density systems, high density system, bioadhesive and mucoadhesive systems etc. In
fact the buoyant dosage unit enhances gastric residence time (GRT) without affecting the intrinsic
rate of emptying. GRDDS is an approach to prolong gastric residence time, thereby targeting site–
specific drug release in upper gastro intestinal tract improving the oral sustained delivery of drug.
For minimizing the limitations and achieving better gastric retention various combinational
approaches floating and swelling, floating and bio–adhesion, etc., multi–particulate systems, super
porous hydrogel etc., have been discussed. The present review addresses briefly about suitable drug
candidates, formulation considerations, physiological difficulties and classification, factors effecting
gastric retention, merits,

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Oral...
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 ORAL FAST DISSOLVING FILM (ODF)
Oral dissolving film delivers drug directly into the systemic circulation by dissolving or
disintegrating in buccal cavity [1].
1.2 Rational of selecting oral films as a drug delivery system
Fast dissolving films are intended to deliver drug in to direct circulation. So, it is advantageous
system oral many other dosage form as it provide fast onset of action.
1.2.1Advantages of oral dissolving film (ODF) [2]
Oral dissolving films are advantageous in following terms.
1. Oral fast dissolving films are dissolved in mouth cavity by saliva without need of water so it is
advantageous for patient of dysphegia.
2. Large surface are of film allows fast release of drug.
3 As film is unit dosage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This quality makes edible films an excellent delivery method for a large range of products requiring
fast release in the mouth. For pharmaceutical uses this method of administration is especially useful
for pediatric or elderly patients who may have difficulty swallowing traditional tablets or capsules.
SOLULEAVES™ films can also be designed to adhere to mucous membranes and to release the
active ingredient slowly over 15 minutes.
1.5.2 WAFERTAB™ is a drug delivery system that incorporates pharmaceutical actives into an
ingestible filmstrip. The system provides rapid dissolution and release of actives when the strip
comes into contact with saliva in the mouth. The WAFERTAB™ filmstrip can be flavored for
additionally improved taste masking. The active ingredient is precisely dosed and integrated into the
body of a pre–manufactured XGEL™ film, thus preventing exposure to unnecessary heat and
moisture and potentially enhancing product stability.
1.5.3 FOAMBURST™ is a special variant of the SOLULEAVES™ technology where an inert gas is
passed into the film during production. This results in a film with a honeycombed structure, which
dissolves rapidly giving a novel mouth

Chemical Substances And Its Effects On The Skin Essay
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Pastes are also intended for application to oral cavity or mucous membranes besides the skin. Pastes
are usually prepared from fats, fatty oils, petrolatum, paraffin, waxes, glycerin or water by mixing
water soluble (glycerol or mucilage). (Prashant, 2010)
Furthermore, pastes take some advantages over the ointments. Pastes are more often used for
protective action compared to ointments. This is because pastes ordinarily do not flow at body
temperature so it can serve as protective coatings. Fatty pastes that have a high proportion of
hydrophilic solids

Drug Delivery Via The Nasal Route
Introduction
In the past years, drug delivery via the nasal route has established itself as a competitor and an
alternative route over other routes of administration. It provides a higher degree of patient
compliance and drugs can be painlessly self–administered by the patient (Illum, 2003). Drugs
administered through nasal route are absorbed rapidly and can reach therapeutically effective
plasma levels quickly due to highly permeable membranes and rich vasculature of the nasal cavity
(Majithiya et al., 2006). In addition, the nasal route offers further advantages over the oral route,
especially for those drugs that have poor oral bioavailability due to high hepatic first–pass
metabolism, pH instability and enzyme degradation in GIT (Ugwoke et al., 2001).
Nowadays, the intranasal route has gained more interest to target drugs to the brain and cerebro–
spinal fluid by passing the blood–brain barrier. Intranasal formulation of drugs for the treatment of
Parkinson 's disease (Khan et al., 2010), Alzheimer 's disease (Zhang et al., 2004) and psychosis
(Kumar et al., 2008) have been elaborated and their therapeutic efficiency over conventional oral
dosage form has been verified.
Rivastigmine tartrate (RV) is the drug of choice for the treatment of Alzheimer 's disease that is
characterized by progressive memory dysfunction due to significant insufficient levels of
acetylcholine in the brain (Williams et al., 2003). RV is categorized in the class of reversible
cholinesterase

Fast Disintegrating Tablets Essay
DEVELOPMENT & EVALUATION OF FAST DISINTEGRATING FILMS AND TABLETS OF
VALSARTAN G.Sandhyarani 1,M.Madhuri 2 1,2 vaageswari college of pharmacy,Karimnager
Corresponding Author:Sandhyaguggilla9@gmail.com Abstract Orodispersible dosage forms are
used for accurate dosing, enhanced bioavailability, rapid action, patient compliance, easy of
administration, enhanced palatability. Valsartan is a specific and selective type–1 angiotensin II
receptor antagonist which blocks the blood pressure increasing effects angiotensin II via the renin–
angiotensin–aldosterone system. Valsaratan orodispersible films are prepared using all polymers
HPMC E3,HPMC E15,HPMC 5cps,HPMC 15cps,HPMC 50cps, HPMC 50cps+CP in 39.68 mg.,
59.52 mg quantity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Naruka. Formulation and Evaluation of Fast dissolving Tablets of Valsartan. International Journal of
pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 1. Issue 1. July–Sept 2009 Choudhary DR, patel VA , kundawala AJ,
Formulation and evaluation of quick dissolving Film of levocetirizine dihydrochloride , Int J
Pharma Tech ,2011;3 (1) :1740–1749 Saini S , NandaA ., Dhari J., Formulation, development &
evaluation of oral fast dissolving anti–allergic film of levocetrizine dihydrochloride , J. Pharm. Sci.
& Res., 2011;3(7):1322–1325 Raju S., Reddy P., Kumar V., flash release oral films of
metoclopramide hydrochloride for pediatric use: formulation and in–vitro evaluation, j. Chem.
Pharm. Res., 2011;3(4):636–646 Patil SB.,Shahi SR., Formulation and evaluation of quick
dispersible tablet of Olanzapine , Int J Pharma . Res.Dev.,2009; 7(!),30–34 Mishra R and Amin A.,
Formulation and Characterization of Rapidly Dissolving Films of Cetirizine hydrochloride using
Pullulan as a Film Forming Agent ,Ind J Pharm Edu Res, 2011; 45(1) :75–76 Dixit RP.,Puthli SP.,
Oral strip technology: Overview and future potential , J of Cont Release 2009 ;139:

Reduced Dosage Essay
INNOVATIONS IN DRUG DELIVERY: RAPID DISINTEGRATING TABLETS
INTRODUCTION
Innovation is the key word in the present era. As scientists are engrossed in development of newer
drug molecules, there has also been a continuous demand for the development of delivery forms for
these drugs. The main focus is on achieving reduced dosage and to make the drugs more cost
effective.
Despite the many dosage forms available in the market, the oral route remains the popular route of
choice for most consumers. Tablets, hard and soft gelatin capsules occupy a major share owing to
their numerous advantages in relation to patient compliance. Despite their popularity, there are
several drawbacks as well. An example of it is dysphagia where the patient is unable ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scherer Inc. This was one of the first patented tablet technology. It is produced by freeze drying the
drug in a gelatin matrix. The tablets are lightweight and fragile and must be packed in a special
blister packaging. The foil film should be peeled back to release the tablet the speciality of Zydis
formulation is that it disintegrates within 2–3 seconds after placing on the tongue. Bitter tste of the
drug is masked by the use of flavours and sweetening agents. Drug is absorbed from all the pre
gastric regions, viz. buccal, pharyngeal and gastric. However there are also some drawbacks. The
formulation is fragile hence it should be stored carefully. It has to be consumed within six months
after opening the secondary packaging which consists of a laminated foil and taken immediately
when the primary blister packaging is opened as the product is susceptible to

Contemporary Pharmacy Education : Challenges For The...
INTRODUCTION
Educators in contemporary pharmacy education are facing challenges for the development of
effective pedagogical strategies to cater the needs of net–savvy internet generation (Net Geners)
students 1. Student pharmacists belonging to this generation are increasingly visually oriented and
favor visual learning modalities. There is growing evidence that as a teaching modality, use of visual
instructional aids improves students understanding and retention of topics in courses such as
pharmaceutics 2 and pharmacology3. One such visual instructional aid is use of videos in for
classroom teaching. Specifically, in the field of pharmacy education, use of videos as instructional
aids was proven quite advantageous. Dunham et al (2012), utilized video modules and video clips as
instructional aids in a drug assay course and assessed students perceptions and performance in the
course after addition of video–based instructional aids. The results have shown that students
perception of the course improved significantly after the introduction of the video based
instructional tools 4. Similarly, Haines et al (2010) reported that an internet–based vidcasting project
which involves utilization of public health information video increased pharmacy students' self–
esteem, respect for peers, creative and critical–thinking abilities, and importance of pharmacists
providing accurate public health information1. Therefore, use of simulated oral solid dosage form
(OSD) manufacturing videos

Essay On Pre Emulsifying Exparion
6.5. Pre–emulsifying extrusion in lipid nanoparticle preparation
Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructure lipid carriers are among the most explored nano sized
drug delivery systems. They posses potentials for myriad applications such as targeting DD,
controlled DD, absorption enhancement (Müller, Radtke et al. 2002). They can be formulated in
most of treatment routes, from topical dosage forms to brain drug delivery. Because of their
lipophilic nature, lipid nanoparticles have great potential to incorporate sparingly soluble APIs to
modulate therapies. Lipid nanoparticles preparation can be categorized into solvent based or non–
solvent techniques (Mehnert and Mäder 2001). The later technique can further be divided into two
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2015) to enhance its bioavailability. By choosing proper processing parameters, a solid lipid
dispersion with particle size below 200 nm could be obtained that significantly enhanced the oral
bioavailability of fenofibrate compared to a commercial product. In another study, a conjugation of
a sonication probe with an extruder was used to fabricate a nanostructure lipid carrier loaded with
lidocaine (Bhagurkar, Repka et al. 2016). The lipid nanosuspension was formulated to a topical gel
for cutaneous pain management. The drug release profile of the dosage form was governed by drug
release from the lipid matrix, and thus it was claimed to have extended release effect. Even though
extrusion emulsifying effect is not as powerful as that of high speed homogenizers or colloidal
mills, it poses a potential to integrate into a continuous manufacturing process.
6.6. Pharmaceutical reactive extrusion
The term of reactive extrusion has been used in polymer science for several decades. It is considered
as an efficient mean for continuous polymerization, chemical modification of polymers, as well as
combination of chemical synthesis and shaping polymer products (Tzoganakis 1989). Hot melt
extrusion offers heat and microscale homogenizing simultaneously, thus it has a potential to
melt/soften compounds and blend them together at molecular level. It enables molecular contacts,
and thus chemical reactions without solvent needed. Therefore, melt extrusion is viewed as an
environment

Reaction Paper On Xyloglucan
Xyloglucan
This polysaccharide is a plant based, obtained from seeds of tamarind. And chemically, it is
polysaccharide composed of a chain of (1–4)– –D–glucan having (1–6)– –D xylose units as
branches which have partial (1–2)– –D–galactoxylose substitution. Xyloglucan, itself, does not
undergo gel formation but dilute solutions partly degraded by galactosidase exhibit gelling
properties on heating (temperature dependent gelformation). Besides the use in oral drug delivery, it
is also being used for ocular and rectal drug delivery. Xyloglucan has shown a very little gelation
time of up to few minutes. Xyloglucan is a polysaccharide derived from tamarind seeds and is
composed of a (1–4)–β–D–glucan backbone chain, which has (1–6)–α–D xylose branches that are
partially substituted by (1–2)–β–D–galactoxylose. Xyloglucan is composed of octasaccharide,
heptasaccharide and nona–saccharide oligamers, which differ in the amount of galactose side
chains. Although xyloglucan itself does not gel, dilute solutions of xyloglucan which has been
partially degraded by galactosidase exhibit a thermally reversible sol–gel transition on heating.[19]
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conventional suppositories habitually cause discomfort during insertion. And also, suppositories are
unable to be sufficiently retained at a specific position in the rectum, sometimes they can migrate
up–wards to the colon that makes them possible for drug to undergo the first–pass effect. Choi et al.
developed novel in situ gelling liquid suppositories with gelation the temperature at 30–36°C.
Poloxamer 407 and/ or poloxamer 188 were used, that give the temperature–sensitive gelation
property. In–situ gel possesses a potential action for rectal & vaginal route. Miyazaki et al.
investigated the use of xyloglucan based thermo reversible gel for rectal drug delivery of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Oral Dosage
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Aim and objective of the work
3. Plan of work
4. Materials and Method
5. Results and discussion
6. References
1. INTRODUCTION The main goal of pharmaceutical formulation is to achieve better therapeutic
activity in the shortest possible time by using smallest quantity of drug administered by the most
suitable route.
Oral drug delivery is the simplest and easiest way of administering drugs, Because of the greater
stability, smaller bulk, accurate dosage and easy production, solid oral dosages forms have many
advantages over other types of oral dosage forms. Therefore, most of the new chemical entities
(NCE) under development these days are intended to be used as a solid dosage form that originate
an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The accuracy or condition of slug is not too important. Only sufficient pressure to compact the
powder into uniform slugs should be used. Once slugs are produced they are reduced to appropriate
granule size for final compression by screening and milling. b) Roller compaction: The compaction
of powder by means of pressure roll can also be accomplished by a machine called chilsonator.
Unlike tablet machine, the chilsonator turns out a compacted mass in a steady continuous flow. The
powder is fed down between the rollers from the hopper which contains a spiral auger to feed the
powder into the compaction zone. Like slugs, the aggregates are screened or milled for production
into granules.[Parikh.M.,1996]
1.5. IMMEDIATE RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM:
Immediate release drug delivery system is also conventional type of drug delivery system and it is
defind as – Immediate release tablets are designed to disintegrate and release their medicaments
with no special rate controlling features such as special coatings and other

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Seddi
6. PREPARATION OF SEDDS
Method of preparation may vary according to the dosage form of the formulation. The techniques
can be implemented accordingly to the stability, sensitivity and adaptability of the drug excipients to
self–emulsified form. In olden days, SEDDS are prepared in the form of liquid state where it will be
enclosed by hard or soft gelatin capsules. By this, it helps to enhance oral administration and later
on it is known to burden in the formulation. Main disadvantages are low drug incompatibility and
stability, drugs leakage and precipitation, capsule ageing and it is very costly. Besides, addition of
large quantity of surfactants in this formulation tend to induce gastrointestinal irritations. To
overcome this problem, solid–SEDDS ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ii) Involves simple addition of liquid on the carriers by mixing in blender
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SEDDS
7.1 Advantages
As SEDDS is formulated, it carries a major advantage over delivering efficiently as it has improved
the stability of highly lipophilic drugs. The major advantages of SEDDS are:
 Enhances the dissolution rate and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs
 Acts as substitute for traditional oral formulation of lipophilic drugs
 Better consistent of temporal profiles of drug absorption
 Helps in selective drug targeting towards a specific site in GIT
 Protects drug molecule from the hostile environment of GIT
 No influence of lipid digestion process
7.2 Disadvantages
The advancement of SEDDS in the novel drug delivery system has its weakness as improvisation is
being made to rectify the flaws. However, certain unavoidable factors may divert the invention
process which wholly depends on the environmental factor of the GIT. Disadvantages of SEDDS
are:
 Presence of high surfactant concentrations increases chances of instabilities of drugs
 High content of surfactants irritates the GI

Helping Adult Hypertenstive Patients with Difficulty...
Aim: The aim of this work was preparing once daily fast disintegrating tablets to handle easily for
adult hypertensive patients who have difficulty in swallowing.
Methods: Solid dispersions bisoprolol hemifumarate (SD–BH) was prepared by using EC and
HPMC in different ratios. A 3* 22 full factorial design was used to investigate the main formulation
parameters (different fillers, binder differ in the molecular weight and different coat type).
SD–BH were prepared and characterized by DSC. Disintegration time, wetting properties, friability,
and hardness of FDTs were evaluated. Percent drug dissolved was determined. Furthermore, the
bioavailability was compared with commercial market product.
The results: The mean production yield of BH–SDs was 93.50 ± 0.39 %. The tablets demonstrated a
hardness of 2–5 N, friability 0.04–0.56% and disintegration time of 67 ± 1.54 sec. The formulations
were subjected to accelerated stability study as per ICH guidelines and were found to be stable after
three weeks at 60 °C and 75 % R.H.
Conclusion: Based on The present study; the suggested FDTs (Ta1) which delivers a solid
dispersions' 10 mg BH using HPMC and EC in 1:1 ratio showed an extended effect in lowering the
blood pressure and decrease the disintegrating time lesser than commercial oral tablets.
Key words: bisoprolol hemifumarate, fast disintegrating tablets, bioavailability study, extended
release, solid dispersion.
1. Introduction
Hypertension is still one of the most

Solubility Advantages And Disadvantages Of Lubricants In...
Lubricants
Lubricants as the name suggest, reduce friction between powder mix and the die walls during
compression and ejection. They also prevents the mixed powders/ granules from sticking to the
processing zone of the tablet press especially the punches and die. In some cases, lubricants reduce
inter–particulate friction and thus, improve flow rates of powders or granules. The best lubricants
are those with low shear strength but strong cohesive tendencies perpendicular to the line of shear.
Lubricants can be classified based on their solubility characteristics into
Soluble lubricants e.g., Polyethylene glycol (PEG), Polyoxyethylene stearates, and Lauryl sulphate
salts.
Insoluble lubricants e.g., Magnesium stearate, glyceryl behenate, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They may also increase the aqueous solubility of poorly soluble drug substance in the
gastrointestinal tract and, as a result, the rate of dissolution of the active agent will increase. It
should be noted that the surfactants should not interact with the drug substance as this may affect the
dissolution rate of the drug substance. Example of surfactant include sodium lauryl sulphate (One of
the most popular surface–active agent that improves the wetting properties of hydrophobic tablets),
Cetylpyridine chloride, glyceryl monooleate etc.
Conclusion
Excipients are essential in the formulation of tablet dosage forms as it ensures successful
manufacturing process and quality of the resultant formulation. Proper selection of excipients and
their relative concentrations in the formulation is important in development of a successful
pharmaceutical formulation. Although excipient are often categorized as inert, preformulation
studies can help determine how these excipient influence the stability, bioavailability, and
processability of the dosage forms.
The need for acquiring more information and use standards for excipients has been recognized in a
joint venture of the Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Council of the Pharmaceutical
Society of Great Britain. The result is called the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. This
reference work is now distributed widely throughout the world.

Funeral Injections Essay
Parenteral Routes of Injections There are many different types of parenteral routes of drug
administration. All parts of syringes include a barrel, a plunger, and a tip. The syringes are all
calibrated on the outside of the barrel with milliliters, minims, insulin units and heparin units. There
are different syringe types: tuberculin, insulin, 3–mililiter, safety–lock and disposable syringes.
Medication is measured based on the calibration on the barrel for the dose amount ordered. The
parts of the needles are the hub, shaft and the beveled tip. Intramuscular injections are done with a
90–degree angle straight in and in a darting motion. This parenteral injection can be aspirated and
used with a needle gauge of 20–22, and needle length ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This type is used to insert the needle and inject medication into the muscle tissue. Sites of injection
include the Gluteal sites (buttocks), vastus lateralis muscle, and rectus femoris muscle (hips), and
Deltoid (upper arm). A Z–track injection is used for drugs that can become irritating, like Iron
Dextran. This is a method that is used to help the drugs from leakage in the subcutaneous layer and
help the absorption of the medication. A 16–gauge needle is used to administer into the gluteal
muscle medication, like Magnesium Sulfate. The safe way to administer injectable medication is to
first was hands, put gloves on, locate the site and sterilize it with an alcohol pad. Then once location
is determined and clean you should tap on the site, the reason for this is to stimulate the nerve in
which can help lower the pain as the needle is inserted. The needle must be inserted with your
strongest arm at the right angle degree. Use your other hand with less strength to help lift the muscle
tissue before inserting needle and have another alcohol pad which also can be held with the same
hand at the same time. Once the needle is inserted you must us your weakest hand to aspirate (pull
back on plunger) to make sure there is no

Nda Project Plan Paper
Project plan for NDA
Clinton Rogers
A. Select an approved drug and dosage form, develop a TPP.
Drug: Aripiprazole, 2 mg capsules
Criteria Product Characteristics Target Attribute
Therapeutic Indication Major depressive disorder
Patient Population Adult, 18–65
Markets Global Meet global regulatory requirements
Route of Administration Immediate release oral
Treatment Duration Chronic Increase dose as needed
Dosage Form 2 mg capsule Opaque, low dose
Co–Administration Fasted, potentially with other antidepressants Differentiate from other
medicines, mask taste
Pharmacokinetics Class BCS Class IV Ensure proper solubility
Package Configurations Opaque HDPE bottle Childproof, protect from light
Storage Ambient conditions
Handling Keep capsules ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stability Protocol
Three batches of aripiprazole capsules will be made samples from these batches will be stored at
25°C ± 2°C/60% RH ± 5% RH over a period of 36 months. Samples will be tested in a matrix
design, shown in the table below. This will determine the long term stability of the aripiprazole
capsules.
Time (Months) Batch 1 Batch 2 Batch 3
0 Test Test Test
3 Test Test
6 Test Test
9 Test Test
12 Test Test Test
18 Test Test
24 Test Test
30 Test Test

36 Test Test Test
Intermediate stability tests will be performed on samples from these batches of capsules at 30°C ±
2°C/65% RH ± 5% RH over a period of 6 months. Accelerated stability tests will be performed on
samples from these batches of capsules at 40°C ± 2°C/75% RH ± 5% RH over a period of 6 months.
These will also be tested according to the following matrix design.
Time (Months) Batch 1 Batch 2 Batch 3
0 Test Test Test
1 Test Test
3 Test Test
6 Test Test Test
I. References
1. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database; CID=60795.
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Aripiprazole Accessed April 30,

Cream Ointments: Different Routes Of Drug Administration
She used to have a cream, but now has an ointment. What is the difference? Creams Ointments
Water Based Oil Based Less Greasier Greasy Absorbs quicker Stays in the skin longer For dry itchy
skin Extremely Dry Skin Moisturize skin Keeps moisture in the skin (Seals) Explain the purposes,
advantages, and disadvantages of the different routes of drug administration Enteral Route– The
purpose is direct absorption into the bloodstream and directly into the GI Tract. Some advantages
are that it is Safe, Administered, and convenient. Some disadvantages are slow onset, No oral
nasogastric, or gastrostomy tube. Oral Route– The purpose of Oral Route is that it is the most
common way to take medication (mouth). Some advantages are that is Self– Administered, easy for
the patient, systemic effect, and First–Pass metabolism. Some disadvantage is it can be destroyed by
digestive juices, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some advantages are medications are administered and it removes gastric secretions. Some
disadvantages are they can't take anything by mouth and it is a surgical procedure. Sublingual
Route– The purpose of the Sublingual Route is that it is Rapid Absorption because the medication is
put under the "tongue until it completely dissolves. Some advantages are its fast absorption and it
does not destroy the digestive enzyme". Some disadvantages are it has a nasty taste and
inconvenient. Buccal Route– The purpose of Buccal Route is that it comes in different forms
Examples: Tablets, Capsules, Lozenges, and Troches. It is placed between the cheek and gum which
allows a slow release. Some advantages are that it is a good blood supply. Some disadvantages are
that it has a nasty taste. You can not swallow this form of medication. It is inconvenient. You can
only have small doses, and you have to hold the dose in the

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of In Situ Gel...
C) In–situ gel systems
A disadvantage of solutions is their moderately short seat time in the eye, which can be avoided via
the development of solutions that are liquid in container and this can be instilled as eye drop but
transformed to gel on contact with the tear fluid. Thus, it increase contact time with the possibility
of improve drug absorption and increase duration of therapeutic effect.
In general, the gelation of a polymeric solution can be triggered by a number of factors (Hatefi and
Amsden, 2002), such as change in temperature, as for poloxamers (Cho, et al., 2003) and cellulose
derivatives. Change in PH, as for cellulose acetophthalate and carbopol (Srividya, et al., 2001), or
the presence of cations, as for alginates and gelrite. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These forms can be classified into nanospheres and nanocapsules. Nanospheres are solid, monolithic
spheres made of dense polymer matrix, wherein the active ingredient is dispersed, while nano–
capsules creating reservoirs, made of polymer membrane contiguous the drug in solid or liquid form
(Bucolo and Salomone, 2012). The drug absorption mechanism from nano–spheres or nano–
capsules after their application to conjunctival sac includes dispersion of the drug and degradation
of the polymer (Rathore, and Nema, 2009). The advantages of nanoparticles as an ophthalmic
dosage form, rise corneal infiltration and a larger dissolution area, which enhances of the drug
bioavailability when compared to conventional eye drops (Bucolo, and Salomone,

The Human Gastrointestinal Track Is A Complex Time
INTRODUCTION
The human gastrointestinal track is a complex time, position, patient–dependent absorptive,
metabolizing, and excretive organ. Key of physiological factors that control absorption of drugs
from the GIT include gastric, fluid and food intake, bulk fluid and luminal pH, gastric and intestinal
secretions, absorptive mechanisms, enterocyte–based metabolism and secretion. Properties of a
drug, such as its solubility, stability, ionization, and lipophilicity, strongly influence the rate and
extent of drug absorption from GI lumen. Critical assessment of fundamental physicochemical
properties and consideration of interplay with physiological constraints of the GIT are paramount to
successful design of oral drug delivery systems. Ideal oral extended–release systems rely upon
dosage form to control the rate of drug release with no effect from the intrinsic properties of the
drug or the conditions prevailing within GIT [1].
In present years, the interest in multiple–layered tablets as an oral controlled release System has
increased. Multiple–layered tablets have some advantages Compared to conventional tablets.
Commonly used to no chemical Incompatibilities of formulation components by physical
separation. Release profiles of drug may depend on combining layers with different release patterns,
and by combination of slow–release with immediate–release layers. Conte and Maggi have
described an oral controlled–release tablet called Geomatrix, which is based on the

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